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1. Increasing intraspecific diversity of wheat affects plant nutrient contents but not N recovery in the plant-soil system

Author

Thomas Bécu, Sébastien Barot, Jean-Christophe Lata, Xavier Le Roux, Jérôme Enjalbert, and Audrey Niboyet

Subjects
Agroecology, Functional diversity, Intraspecific diversity, Nitrogen content, 15N recovery, Plant nutrient content, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Crop homogenization in conventional agriculture has been pervasive while ecology has shown positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning, that arise from complementarity/facilitation and sampling/selection effects. These effects are well documented for interspecific diversity in both natural ecosystems and agroecosystems but remain less documented at an intraspecific level, particularly for the rates of nutrient uptake by plants and nutrient losses from ecosystems. We conducted a field experiment with 88 experimental plots cultivated with 1, 2, 4 or 8 wheat varieties and 1, 2, 3 or 4 functional groups to assess the effects of the number of varietal and functional diversity of winter wheat on plant biomass production, plant nutrient contents (N, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, K, Na and Zn) and fertilizer N recovery in the plant-soil system using a 15N labeling method. We found both negative and positive effects of the number of varieties or number of functional groups on shoot Cu, Fe, Zn, Na and P contents, but no significant effects of intraspecific diversity on biomass production, N content and 15N recovery in the plant-soil system. Our results show differential responses to an increase of intraspecific diversity of wheat on the contents of several essential nutrients in plants and highlight the need to jointly analyze multiple nutrients. Our study also suggests that increasing intraspecific diversity had no overall negative effects on biomass production or N content. Using knowledge on variety functional traits to target specific complementarity mechanisms when designing variety mixtures could thus lead to a positive effect on nutrient absorption and biomass production.

Published
2024
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2. What evidence exists on the possible effects of urban forms on terrestrial biodiversity in western cities? A systematic map protocol

Author

Morgane Flégeau, Hélène Soubelet, Sophie Carré, Sébastien Barot, Xavier Lagurgue, Sabine Bognon, and Philippe Clergeau

Subjects
Urban biodiversity, Infra-city scale, Ecological connectivity, Density, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Abstract Background As urban areas expand, scientists now agree that the city is an important space for biodiversity conservation. Yet, still relatively little is known about how urban forms could have a differential impact on terrestrial species and ecosystems. If some reviews have been conducted to examine the link between biodiversity and urban characteristics at an infra-city scale, none have explored the relationship between urban organization and biodiversity and tried to assess the capacity of various urban forms to maintain and possibly favour flora and fauna in the city. The resulting map will present the state of knowledge regarding possible relationships between urban forms and its features on the establishment and settlement of terrestrial and temperate biodiversity at infra-city scale in western cities. Methods The systematic map will follow the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE) Guidelines. We will collect the relevant peer-reviewed and grey literature in French and English language. The scientific literature will be retrieved with the use of a search string in two publication databases, one environmental and one social science database (Web Of Science Core Collection, and Cairn.info). We will also perform supplementary searches (search engines, call for literature, search for relevant reviews). All references will be screened for relevance using a three-stage process, according to a predefined set of eligibility criteria. Our study will concentrate on urban areas at the infra-city scale in cities of the temperate biogeographical zone. The subject population will include terrestrial species and ecosystems, except for archaea and bacteria. The exposure will consider all types of urban forms described by any urban descriptors or measures including heterogeneity, fragmentation, housing density, organisation of urban matrix, urban fabric) and all types of urban features (e.g. size, age of the buildings, materials, urban artefacts). All relevant outcomes will be considered (e.g. species richness, abundance, behaviour). We will provide an open-access database of the studies included in the map. Our results will also be presented narratively, together with tables and graphs summarising the key information coded from the retained articles (e.g. study characteristics, types and areas of research that has been undertaken, types of exposure, population concerned, etc.).

Published
2021
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3. Short‐term impact of fire on the total soil microbial and nitrifier communities in a wet savanna

Author

Tharaniya Srikanthasamy, Sébastien Barot, Fulgence K. Koffi, Kevin Tambosco, Yoan Marcangeli, David Carmignac, Aya Brigitte N'Dri, Jonathan Gervaix, Xavier Le Roux, and Jean‐Christophe Lata

Subjects
AOA, AOB, Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI), burning, nitrification, perennial grasses, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Savannas are characterized by the coexistence of grasses and trees. Fires are critical for their coexistence, because they decrease the survival of tree seedlings and saplings and their recruitment to the adult stage. In some humid savannas, perennial grasses inhibit nitrification and trees stimulate nitrification, which likely favors coexistence between trees and grasses. However, fires may influence plant capacity to control nitrogen cycling, which could subsequently influence tree–grass coexistence and savanna nitrogen budget. Therefore, we sampled soil in a humid savanna of Ivory Coast under the dominant nitrification‐inhibiting grass species and the dominant nitrification‐stimulating tree species and under bare soil before and after (i.e., 5 days) fire during the long dry season. We quantified the total microbial and nitrifier abundances and transcriptional activities and the nitrification enzyme activity. Fire decreased soil water content, probably by increasing evaporation and, maybe, by triggering the growth of grasses, and increased soil ammonium availability likely due to ash deposition and increased mineralization. Fire did not impact the total archaeal, bacterial, or fungal abundances, or that of the nitrifiers. Fire did not impact archaeal transcriptional activity and increased bacterial and fungal total transcriptional activities. In contrast, fire decreased the archaeal nitrifier transcriptional activities and the nitrification enzymatic activity, likely due to the often reported resumption of the growth of nitrification‐inhibiting grasses quickly after the fire (and the subsequent increase in root exudation). These results pave the way for a better understanding of the short‐term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling and tree–grass competition for nitrogen.

Published
2021
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4. sOilFauna - a global synthesis effort on the drivers of soil macrofauna communities and functioning

Author

Jérôme Mathieu, Ana C. Antunes, Sébastien Barot, Ana E. Bonato Asato, Marie L. C. Bartz, George G. Brown, Irene Calderon-Sanou, Thibaud Decaëns, Steven J. Fonte, Pierre Ganault, Benoit Gauzens, Konstantin B. Gongalsky, Carlos A. Guerra, Tomislav Hengl, Patrick Lavelle, Raphael Marichal, Henry Mehring, Clara P. Peña-Venegas, Daniel Castro, Anton Potapov, Elisa Thébault, Wilfried Thuiller, Martijn Witjes, Chi Zhang, and Nico Eisenhauer

Subjects
Microbiology, QR1-502, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Understanding global biodiversity change, its drivers, and the ecosystem consequences requires a better appreciation of both the factors that shape soil macrofauna communities and the ecosystem effects of these organisms. The project “sOilFauna” was funded by the synthesis center sDiv (Germany) to address this major gap by forming a community of soil ecologists, identifying the most pressing research questions and hypotheses, as well as conducting a series of workshops to foster the global synthesis and hypothesis testing of soil macrofauna. The overarching goal is to analyze the most comprehensive soil macrofauna database - the MACROFAUNA database - which collates abundance data of 17 soil invertebrate groups assessed with a standardized method at 7180 sites around the world, and seeks to foster the collection of future data. In a recent kick-off workshop in May 2022, the first research priorities and collaboration guidelines were determined. Here, we summarize the main outcomes of this workshop and highlight the benefits of creating an open global community of soil ecologists providing standardized soil macrofauna data for future research, evaluation of ecosystem health, and nature protection.

Published
2022
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5. The Demographic Response of Grass Species to Fire Treatments in a Guinean Savanna

Author

Kouamé Fulgence Koffi, Aya Brigitte N’Dri, Tharaniya Srikanthasamy, Jean-Christophe Lata, Souleymane Konaté, Marcel Konan, and Sébastien Barot

Subjects
fire treatment, Guinean savanna, perennial grass, demography, population growth rate, size-classified matrix model, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Fighting tree encroachment using fire promotes C4 perennial grasses but likely affects their demography according to the fire date during the dry season. We analyzed the impact of four fire treatments (early, middle, late and no fire) on the demography of the four dominant perennial grasses (Andropogon canaliculatus, Andropogon schirensis, Hyparrhenia diplandra and Loudetia simplex) in a Guinean savanna of West Africa (Lamto, Côte d’Ivoire). We carried out a yearly demographic monitoring of each grass individual during five years (2015–2019) on three plots by treatment and parametrized a size-classified matrix model with five circumference classes. The results showed that A. schirensis, H. diplandra and L. simplex declined (λ < 1.0) under late fire and will disappear after 10 years, as did L. simplex under the middle fire. Stasis influenced the most λ values and stable class distribution was nearly achieved in all species under all treatments. The size of L. simplex should increase under early and late fires. Our results suggest that late fire is the most detrimental fire regime for grasses in this Guinean area, contrary to early and middle fires, which could be recommended to savanna managers.

Published
2022
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6. KEYLINK: towards a more integrative soil representation for inclusion in ecosystem scale models. I. review and model concept

Author

Gaby Deckmyn, Omar Flores, Mathias Mayer, Xavier Domene, Andrea Schnepf, Katrin Kuka, Kris Van Looy, Daniel P. Rasse, Maria J.I. Briones, Sébastien Barot, Matty Berg, Elena Vanguelova, Ivika Ostonen, Harry Vereecken, Laura M. Suz, Beat Frey, Aline Frossard, Alexei Tiunov, Jan Frouz, Tine Grebenc, Maarja Öpik, Mathieu Javaux, Alexei Uvarov, Olga Vindušková, Paul Henning Krogh, Oskar Franklin, Juan Jiménez, and Jorge Curiel Yuste

Subjects
Soil fauna, Model, Soil organic matter (SOM), Hydrology, Pore size distribution (PSD), Soil biota, Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

The relatively poor simulation of the below-ground processes is a severe drawback for many ecosystem models, especially when predicting responses to climate change and management. For a meaningful estimation of ecosystem production and the cycling of water, energy, nutrients and carbon, the integration of soil processes and the exchanges at the surface is crucial. It is increasingly recognized that soil biota play an important role in soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling, shaping soil structure and hydrological properties through their activity, and in water and nutrient uptake by plants through mycorrhizal processes. In this article, we review the main soil biological actors (microbiota, fauna and roots) and their effects on soil functioning. We review to what extent they have been included in soil models and propose which of them could be included in ecosystem models. We show that the model representation of the soil food web, the impact of soil ecosystem engineers on soil structure and the related effects on hydrology and soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization are key issues in improving ecosystem-scale soil representation in models. Finally, we describe a new core model concept (KEYLINK) that integrates insights from SOM models, structural models and food web models to simulate the living soil at an ecosystem scale.

Published
2020
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7. Soil carbon mineralization in response to nitrogen enrichment in surface and subsurface layers in two land use types

Author

Nazia Perveen, Mariam Ayub, Tanvir Shahzad, Muhammad Rashid Siddiq, Muhammad Sohail Memon, Sébastien Barot, Hamid Saeed, and Ming Xu

Subjects
Soil c mineralization, Nitrogen enrichment, Land use types, C sequestration, Subsurface soil C, Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition increases N availability in soils, with consequences affecting the decomposition of soil carbon (C). The impacts of increasing N availability on surface soil C dynamics are well studied. However, subsurface soils have been paid less attention although more than 50% soil C stock is present below this depth (below 20 cm). This study was designed to investigate the response of surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm and 40–60 cm) C dynamics to 0 (0 kg N ha−1), low (70 kg N ha−1) and high (120 kg N ha−1) levels of N enrichment. The soils were sampled from a cropland and a grass lawn and incubated at 25 °C and 60% water holding capacity for 45 days. Results showed that N enrichment significantly decreased soil C mineralization (Rs) in all the three soil layers in the two studied sites (p

Published
2019
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8. Impact of temperature shifts on the joint evolution of seed dormancy and size

Author

Yang Liu, Sébastien Barot, Yousry A. El‐Kassaby, and Nicolas Loeuille

Subjects
climate change, eco‐evolutionary dynamics, life‐history traits, seed dormancy, seed size, structured population model, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Seed dormancy and size are two important life‐history traits that interplay as adaptation to varying environmental settings. As evolution of both traits involves correlated selective pressures, it is of interest to comparatively investigate the evolution of the two traits jointly as well as independently. We explore evolutionary trajectories of seed dormancy and size using adaptive dynamics in scenarios of deterministic or stochastic temperature variations. Ecological dynamics usually result in unbalanced population structures, and temperature shifts or fluctuations of high magnitude give rise to more balanced ecological structures. When only seed dormancy evolves, it is counter‐selected and temperature shifts hasten this evolution. Evolution of seed size results in the fixation of a given strategy and evolved seed size decreases when seed dormancy is lowered. When coevolution is allowed, evolutionary variations are reduced while the speed of evolution becomes faster given temperature shifts. Such coevolution scenarios systematically result in reduced seed dormancy and size and similar unbalanced population structures. We discuss how this may be linked to the system stability. Dormancy is counter‐selected because population dynamics lead to stable equilibrium, while small seeds are selected as the outcome of size‐number trade‐offs. Our results suggest that unlike random temperature variation between generations, temperature shifts with high magnitude can considerably alter population structures and accelerate life‐history evolution. This study increases our understanding of plant evolution and persistence in the context of climate changes.

Published
2017
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9. Signal molecules mediate the impact of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa on growth, development and defence of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.

Author

Ruben Puga-Freitas, Sébastien Barot, Ludivine Taconnat, Jean-Pierre Renou, and Manuel Blouin

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Earthworms have generally a positive impact on plant growth, which is often attributed to a trophic mechanism: namely, earthworms increase the release of mineral nutrients from soil litter and organic matter. An alternative hypothesis has been proposed since the discovery of a signal molecule (Indole Acetic Acid) in earthworm faeces. In this study, we used methodologies developed in plant science to gain information on ecological mechanisms involved in plant-earthworm interaction, by looking at plant response to earthworm presence at a molecular level. First, we looked at plant overall response to earthworm faeces in an in vitro device where only signal molecules could have an effect on plant growth; we observed that earthworms were inducing positive or negative effects on different plant species. Then, using an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with an impaired auxin transport, we demonstrated the potential of earthworms to stimulate root growth and to revert the dwarf mutant phenotype. Finally, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana in the presence and absence of earthworms; we found that genes modulated in the presence of earthworms are known to respond to biotic and abiotic stresses, or to the application of exogenous hormones. A comparison of our results with other studies found in databases revealed strong analogies with systemic resistance, induced by signal molecules emitted by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and/or elicitors emitted by non-virulent pathogens. Signal molecules such as auxin and ethylene, which are considered as major in plant-microorganisms interactions, can also be of prior importance to explain plant-macroinvertebrates interactions. This could imply revisiting ecological theories which generally stress on the role of trophic relationships.

Published
2012
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10. Can We Predict How Earthworm Effects on Plant Growth Vary with Soil Properties?

Author

Kam-Rigne Laossi, Thibaud Decaëns, Pascal Jouquet, and Sébastien Barot

Subjects
Agriculture (General), S1-972, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Earthworms are usually assumed to enhance plant growth through different mechanisms which are now clearly identified. It is however difficult to determine their relative importance, and to predict a priori the strength and direction of the effects of a given earthworm species on a given plant. Soil properties are likely to be very influential in determining plant responses to earthworm activities. They are likely to change the relative strength of the various mechanisms involved in plant-earthworm interactions. In this paper, we review the different rationales used to explain changes in earthworm effect due to soil type. Then, we systematically discuss the effect of main soil characteristics (soil texture, OM, and nutrient contents) on the different mechanisms allowing earthworm to influence plant growth. Finally, we identify the main shortcomings in our knowledge and point out the new experimental and meta-analytical approaches that need to be developed. An example of such a meta-analysis is given and means to go further are suggested. The result highlights a strong positive effect size in sandy soil and a weakly negative effect in clayey soil.

Published
2010
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11. A tale of four stories: soil ecology, theory, evolution and the publication system.

Author

Sébastien Barot, Manuel Blouin, Sébastien Fontaine, Pascal Jouquet, Jean-Christophe Lata, and Jérôme Mathieu

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Soil ecology has produced a huge corpus of results on relations between soil organisms, ecosystem processes controlled by these organisms and links between belowground and aboveground processes. However, some soil scientists think that soil ecology is short of modelling and evolutionary approaches and has developed too independently from general ecology. We have tested quantitatively these hypotheses through a bibliographic study (about 23000 articles) comparing soil ecology journals, generalist ecology journals, evolutionary ecology journals and theoretical ecology journals. FINDINGS: We have shown that soil ecology is not well represented in generalist ecology journals and that soil ecologists poorly use modelling and evolutionary approaches. Moreover, the articles published by a typical soil ecology journal (Soil Biology and Biochemistry) are cited by and cite low percentages of articles published in generalist ecology journals, evolutionary ecology journals and theoretical ecology journals. CONCLUSION: This confirms our hypotheses and suggests that soil ecology would benefit from an effort towards modelling and evolutionary approaches. This effort should promote the building of a general conceptual framework for soil ecology and bridges between soil ecology and general ecology. We give some historical reasons for the parsimonious use of modelling and evolutionary approaches by soil ecologists. We finally suggest that a publication system that classifies journals according to their Impact Factors and their level of generality is probably inadequate to integrate "particularity" (empirical observations) and "generality" (general theories), which is the goal of all natural sciences. Such a system might also be particularly detrimental to the development of a science such as ecology that is intrinsically multidisciplinary.

Published
2007
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13. Do morphological traits of ground-dwelling ants respond to land use changes in a neotropical landscape?

Author

Catalina Sanabria, Sébastien Barot, Steven J. Fonte, Florence Dubs, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Department of Soil and Crop Sciences [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Colombian Ministry of Agriculture., PDBCEX Conv.568, from Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovacion - COLCIEN-CIAS in Colombia., and Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China

Subjects
Soil management, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], RLQ analysis, Soil Science, Land uses, Soil properties, Ant species
Abstract

International audience; Analyzing the impacts of agricultural activities on biodiversity requires a full knowledge of the ecology of the studied species. Using a trait-based approach may improve our ability to understand land use impacts on less well-studied species in order to establish general trends that will facilitate the prediction of these impacts. In this study, we applied a trait-based approach to understand the impact of land use change on ant communities in the Colombian Llanos region. Five common land uses were considered (annual crops, rubber plantations, oil palm plantations, improved pastures and semi-natural savannas) to test whether some morphological traits respond to soil properties and land uses. An RLQ analysis shows a significant common structure between species distribution, environmental factors, and morphological ant traits. This indicates that morphological traits could be used to predict the response of ant communities in different land uses since they respond to environmental characteristics as vegetation complexity, composition and management. Based on the selected morphological ant traits,three groups of land uses were differentiated: grazing-based systems, agroforestry plantations and annual crops. Agroforestry plantations, especially rubber plantations tend to host larger and specialized ant species, while grazing-based systems (i.e. improved pastures) mainly host small and generalist ants, and annual crops host more pigmented ants. These findings suggest that certain morphological traits can reflect the ability of ant species to settle down and survive in a given land use system. Our study shows that improving knowledge about trait-environment associations could be a useful way to better understand how ecological filtering shape neotropical ant communities and how they respond to landscape transformation and land use changes.

Published
2022
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14. Demography of the dominant perennial grass species of a humid African savanna

Author

Kouamé Fulgence Koffi, Aya Brigitte N'Dri, Sarah Konaré, Tharaniya Srikanthasamy, Jean-Christophe Lata, Souleymane Konaté, Marcel Konan, Sébastien Barot, Université Nangui Abrogoua (UNA), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Tomsk Polytechnic University [Russie] (UPT)

Subjects
Perennial tussock grass, Demographic matrix model, Population growth rate, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Size-classified matrix model, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Guinean savannas, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

International audience; Perennial grasses are the main source of fuel during fires in savannas. The demography of these grasses likely varies between species although they have the same general architecture and coexist in savannas. However, very few studies compare their demography. Similarly, their demography likely varies between years because of the variability in weather condition and fire intensity. We described and compared the demography and life-cycle of the four dominant perennial grass species (Andropogon canaliculatus, Andropogon schirensis, Hyparrhenia diplandra and Loudetia simplex) of the Lamto savanna (Ivory Coast) and assessed the influence of their demographic features (stasis, fecundity, growth, fragmentation and retrogression) on this demography. Grass species were monitored over three consecutive years (2015-2016, 2016-2017 and 2017-2018) on three 5 m × 10 m plots. We used a size-classified matrix model with 5 circumference classes (3-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-35 cm, 35-50 cm and >50 cm). Results showed differences in the age-based parameters, asymptotic growth rates (λs) and elasticities of the λs of the grass species. The population of A. canaliculatus, A. schirensis and H. diplandra were slowly declining while L. simplex was significantly declining. There were noticeable year-to-year variations in the demography of these four species. The most important demographic parameter influencing λs was the stasis in all species, while retrogression and fragmentation contributed to a relative homogeneity of ages between size-classes 2 to 5. This study provides new insights about the demography of Guinean savanna grasses that could be used to describe the mechanisms of their coexistence, and inform fire management policies.

Published
2022
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15. Interplay between the paradox of enrichment and nutrient cycling in food webs

Author

Pierre Quévreux, Sébastien Barot, Elisa Thébault, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, enrichment, Nutrient cycle, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, diversity, Food chain, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Nutrient, mineral nutrients, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Paradox of enrichment, Trophic level, Biomass (ecology), Primary producers, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, paradox of enrichment, Food web, detritus, Environmental science, size structured, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract

Nutrient cycling is fundamental to ecosystem functioning. Despite recent major advances in the understanding of complex food web dynamics, food web models have so far generally ignored nutrient cycling. However, nutrient cycling is expected to strongly impact food web stability and functioning. To make up for this gap, we built an allometric and size structured food web model including nutrient cycling. By releasing mineral nutrients, recycling increases the availability of limiting resources for primary producers and links each trophic level to the bottom of food webs. We found that nutrient cycling can provide a significant part of the total nutrient supply of the food web, leading to a strong enrichment effect that promotes species persistence in nutrient poor ecosystems but leads to a paradox of enrichment at high nutrient inputs. The presence of recycling loops linking each trophic level to the basal resources weakly affects species biomass temporal variability in the food web. Recycling loops tend to slightly dampen the destabilising effect of nutrient enrichment on consumer temporal variability while they have opposite effects for primary producers. By considering nutrient cycling, this new model improves our understanding of the response of food webs to nutrient availability and opens perspectives to better link studies on food web dynamics and ecosystem functioning.

Published
2020
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16. The causes of the selection of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) in relation to ecosystem functioning and a research agenda to explore them

Author

Jean-Christophe Lata, Xavier Le Roux, Kouamé Fulgence Koffi, Lambiénou Yé, Tharaniya Srikanthasamy, Sarah Konaré, Sébastien Barot, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Nangui Abrogoua (UNA), Université de Dédougou (UDDG), Université Polytechnique Nazi Boni Bobo-Dioulasso (UNB), European Joint Programme on Soil (EJP Soil), and ANR-19-CE02-0009,GAIN-GRASS,Évaluation globale de l'inhibition de la nitrification par les Poacées tropicales(2019)

Subjects
[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Biology nitrification inhibition, Ecology, Evolution, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Soil Science, Research agenda, Biological nitrification inhibition, Agronomy and Crop Science, Microbiology, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) has already led to several studies mainly focused on underlying molecular mechanisms and applications to agriculture. We argue that it is also important to study BNI more systematically from the ecological and evolutionary points of view to understand its implications for plants and soil nitrifiers as well as its consequences for ecosystems. Therefore, we propose here a dedicated research agenda identifying the most critical research questions: (1) How is BNI distributed across plant phylogeny and why has it been selected? (2) What are the costs-to-benefits balance of producing BNI compounds and the relative impacts on BNI evolution? (3) Can we understand the evolutionary pressures leading to BNI and identify the environmental conditions favorable to BNI plants? (4) How has BNI coevolved with plant preference for ammonium vs. nitrate? (5) Diverse BNI compounds and various inhibition mechanisms have been described, but implications of this diversity are not understood. Does it allow inhibition of various groups of nitrifiers? (6) Does this diversity of BNI compounds increase the efficiency, spatial extension, and duration of BNI effect? (7) What are the impacts of BNI compounds on other soil functions? (8) Can field experiments, coupled to scanning of the diversity of BNI capabilities within plant communities, evaluate whether BNI influences plant-plant competition and plant coexistence? (9) Can field quantification of various nitrogen (N) fluxes assess whether BNI lead to more efficient N cycling with lower losses and hence increased primary production? (10) Can the impact of BNI on N budgets and climate (through its impact on N2O emissions and its indirect impact on carbon budget) be evaluated at the regional scale? We discuss why implementing this research program is crucial both for the sake of knowledge and to develop applications of BNI for agriculture.

Published
2022
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17. What evidence exists on the possible effects of urban forms on terrestrial biodiversity in western cities? A systematic map protocol

Author

Hélène Soubelet, Philippe Clergeau, Sabine Bognon, Sébastien Barot, Xavier Lagurgue, Morgane Flégeau, Sophie Carré, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Urban biodiversity, Ecology, business.industry, Ecological connectivity, Environmental resource management, Forest management, Population, Biodiversity, Density, Grey literature, Scientific literature, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Pollution, Environmental sciences, Geography, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, Relevance (information retrieval), GE1-350, Species richness, Infra-city scale, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, education, Scale (map)
Abstract

Background As urban areas expand, scientists now agree that the city is an important space for biodiversity conservation. Yet, still relatively little is known about how urban forms could have a differential impact on terrestrial species and ecosystems. If some reviews have been conducted to examine the link between biodiversity and urban characteristics at an infra-city scale, none have explored the relationship between urban organization and biodiversity and tried to assess the capacity of various urban forms to maintain and possibly favour flora and fauna in the city. The resulting map will present the state of knowledge regarding possible relationships between urban forms and its features on the establishment and settlement of terrestrial and temperate biodiversity at infra-city scale in western cities. Methods The systematic map will follow the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE) Guidelines. We will collect the relevant peer-reviewed and grey literature in French and English language. The scientific literature will be retrieved with the use of a search string in two publication databases, one environmental and one social science database (Web Of Science Core Collection, and Cairn.info). We will also perform supplementary searches (search engines, call for literature, search for relevant reviews). All references will be screened for relevance using a three-stage process, according to a predefined set of eligibility criteria. Our study will concentrate on urban areas at the infra-city scale in cities of the temperate biogeographical zone. The subject population will include terrestrial species and ecosystems, except for archaea and bacteria. The exposure will consider all types of urban forms described by any urban descriptors or measures including heterogeneity, fragmentation, housing density, organisation of urban matrix, urban fabric) and all types of urban features (e.g. size, age of the buildings, materials, urban artefacts). All relevant outcomes will be considered (e.g. species richness, abundance, behaviour). We will provide an open-access database of the studies included in the map. Our results will also be presented narratively, together with tables and graphs summarising the key information coded from the retained articles (e.g. study characteristics, types and areas of research that has been undertaken, types of exposure, population concerned, etc.).

Published
2021
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18. Universality of priming effect: An analysis using thirty five soils with contrasted properties sampled from five continents

Author

Nazia Perveen, M. Francesca Cotrufo, Bassem Dimassi, Catherine E. Stewart, Bruno Mary, Sébastien Fontaine, Evgenia Blagodatskaya, Muhammad Rashid Siddiq, Weixin Ding, Sébastien Barot, Vincent Maire, and Tanvir Shahzad

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Soil organic matter, Soil Science, Soil classification, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, complex mixtures, Microbiology, Grassland, Nutrient, chemistry, Agronomy, Microbial population biology, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Organic matter, Orchard
Abstract

A general occurrence of the phenomenon of priming effect (PE) across varying land use and soil types has not been established so far, particularly on a large geographical scale. Moreover, the impacts of soil properties and soil organic matter (SOM) distribution among physical fractions on the magnitude of PE are still unclear. We addressed these knowledge gaps by incubating thirty five soils with or without addition of 13C labeled cellulose for 262 days. The soils were sampled from different land uses and depths of contrasting soil types from five continents (Asia, Europe, America, Australia and Africa). Results showed positive PE in all soils including grassland, cropland, forest, savannah and orchard. On average, the cumulative PE represented 27.0 ± 28.7% of the CO2 efflux in control soils and 28.48 ± 21.08% of the remaining/unrespired cellulose-C. The PE was 72.1% higher in surface than deep soils suggesting that surface soils are more prone to PE induced by cellulose addition. Variations in PE were mainly explained by soil characteristics and not by land use. We found that the PE increased with the relative abundance of SOM not associated with minerals and rich in nitrogen (N). The observation of systematic positive PE in all soils suggested that microbial co-metabolism to decompose SOM is a widespread microbial strategy. Our results also support the idea that microorganisms use co-metabolism to mine nutrients in SOM since they target N-rich fractions. However, other mechanisms are also at play since positive PE was maintained despite the high availability of mineral nutrients. Overall, PE is a worldwide process playing a major role for soil C dynamics, especially in N-rich soils.

Published
2019
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19. Effects of livestock on nitrogen and carbon cycling in a savanna in Burkina Faso

Author

Hassan Bismarck Nacro, Sébastien Barot, Dominique Masse, Jean-Christophe Lata, Lambiénou Yé, Université Polytechnique Nazi Boni Bobo-Dioulasso (UNB), Université de Dédougou (UDDG), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Tomsk Polytechnic University [Russie] (UPT), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), LMI IESOL Intensification Ecologique des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de l’Ouest [Dakar] (IESOL), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Sénégal]), AIRD Program BSTD and EC2CO, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil test, Carbon and nitrogen cycles, Grass Livestock, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Nutrient, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Grazing, parasitic diseases, 13C and 15N, Ecosystem, Nitrogen cycle, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 2. Zero hunger, Grazed savanna, Herbivore, Ecology, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Soil type, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science
Abstract

International audience; The nitrogen and carbon cycles are fundamental ecosystem processes influenced by several factors including soil type and other abiotic factors, plant species, grazing and soil organisms. Herbivores profoundly influence the functioning of ecosystems and the recycling of nutrients in interaction with plants in natural ecosystems. This study focuses on the effects of livestock on carbon and nitrogen cycling in a grazed savanna in Burkina Faso. Dominant grass species (aerial and root parts) and soil samples were collected under grasses and bare soil patches in 48 plots (24 protected and 24 unprotected plots), 18 months after setting up herbivores exclosures. Soil and grass 13C and 15N were used as integrative indicators of carbon and nitrogen cycles. The results revealed no significant effect of livestock on soil total carbon and nitrogen and on soil δ13C and δ15N values. Moreover, grazing had no significant effect on grass carbon and δ13C, while it significantly increased grass total nitrogen and δ15N. Therefore, our hypothesis that grazing would increase soil 13C and 15N values and plant biomass was only verified for grass 15N. Grass δ15N results suggest that grazing improves the immediate availability of nitrogen but could also increase nitrogen losses.

Published
2021
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20. Modeling the biomass allocation of tree resprout in a fire-prone savanna

Author

Jacques Gignoux, Xavier Raynaud, Kouadio Jean-Philippe Akpoué, Sébastien Barot, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biomass (ecology), 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecological Modeling, Plant architecture, Vegetation, Resprouting ability, Biomass allocation strategy, 15. Life on land, Biology, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Individual level, Fire, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Tree (graph theory), Translocation rate, Deciduous, Agronomy, Disturbance (ecology), Dry season, medicine, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Photosynthesis rate
Abstract

International audience; Young savanna trees can quickly grow back from belowground storage structures after topkill. This capacity is atolerance trait that confers persistence at the plant individual level, enabling them to survive diverse disturbanceregimes.We simulated the growth of a single resprouting stem (without and with fire) of a deciduous tree species thatallocates its photo-assimilates during the vegetation season to reserves, belowground and aboveground parts(leaves and stem). As savannas grow under highly seasonal climates, the model considers that trees are leaflessduring the dry season and following growth is only possible thanks to reserves. Stem architecture constrains theleaf biomass to be proportional to stem length rather than biomass. We compared the success of differentallocation strategies, with and without fire and according to the seasonality. To do so, the height of theresprouting stem after 50 yrs and the time to reach 2 m were modeled for three species of a humid savanna.The viable and faster growth strategies are those for which allocation to belowground parts is

Published
2021
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21. Spatial heterogeneity in nitrification and soil exploration by trees favour source–sink dynamics in a humid savanna: A modelling approach

Author

Jacques Gignoux, Xavier Raynaud, Sarah Konaré, Sébastien Barot, Jean-Christophe Lata, Simon Boudsocq, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Cote d'Ivoire, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Perennial plant, horizontal soil exploration, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Nutrient, nitrogen cycling, preference for NH4+ versus NO3, Ecosystem, Nitrogen cycle, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, nitrification control, 2. Zero hunger, Biomass (ecology), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, trees, 15. Life on land, savanna, Spatial heterogeneity, grasses, Agronomy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Nitrification, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Savannas are structured ecosystems characterized by a grass layer interspersed with trees. Trees strongly modify their local environment and favour nutrient accumulation under their canopies. Tree roots can also forage horizontally far beyond the canopy projection to increase nutrient uptake. In the Lamto savanna (Cote d'Ivoire), grasses are able to inhibit nitrification while trees stimulate it.Here, we used a two-patch model simulating nitrogen (N) dynamics in a humid savanna between an open patch (without tree) associated with a low nitrification rate and a patch of tree clump associated with a high nitrification rate. The model also includes horizontal N fluxes between these two patches corresponding to horizontal soil exploration by tree roots. We analysed the impact of spatial heterogeneity in nitrification and soil horizontal exploration on N budget and plant biomass.Despite high N losses under trees due to nitrification stimulation by trees, our results show that the ability of trees to explore horizontally the open allows them to uptake more nutrients in total. This leads to an asymmetric N flux from the open to tree clumps, which contributes to nutrient enrichment under tree clumps and thereby to tree growth.Although trees have the ability to horizontally explore the soil to accumulate nutrients under their canopy, increasing the surface occupied by tree clumps increases N losses per hectare of savanna due to the increased nitrification under trees and the subsequent increase in NO3- leaching.While perennial savanna grasses show a restricted horizontal soil exploration to control nutrient availability, our results predict that the extension of tree roots outside their canopy increases their nutrient acquisition in the Lamto savanna. This study is the first one emphasizing the influence of horizontal exploration of trees and tree cover on savanna N budget and functioning. Overall, the proportion of tree cover and horizontal soil exploration are important factors to consider in savannas characterized by spatial heterogeneity in N cycling created by trees and grasses. These factors appear critical to the functioning of West African humid savannas and should be investigated in other savanna types.A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Published
2021
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22. Plant functional trait variability and trait syndromes among wheat varieties: the footprint of artificial selection

Author

Isabelle Goldringer, Xavier Le Roux, Sébastien Saint-Jean, Bruno Andrieu, Jonathan Gervaix, Jérôme Enjalbert, Amélie A. M. Cantarel, Vincent Allard, Sébastien Barot, Thomas Pommier, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Génétique Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales (GDEC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) (GQE-Le Moulon), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), INRAE meta-programme EcoServ INRAE meta-programme EcoServ DIVERSITAS/Future Earth German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, DIVERSITAS/Future Earth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, ANR-13-AGRO-0008,WHEATAMIX,Augmenter la diversité génétique au sein des parcelles de blé pour renforcer la multifonctionnalité et la durabilité de la production dans le Bassin Parisien(2013), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and INRAE meta-programme EcoServANR Wheatamix INRAE meta-programme EcoServ DIVERSITAS/Future Earth German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, wheat variety selection, Physiology, Plant Science, Crop species, root nutrient absorption capacity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, MAGIC lines, Common wheat, Triticum, Selection (genetic algorithm), 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, biology, landraces, organic farming varieties, Syndrome, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Pooideae, conventional varieties, [SDV.BV.AP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Plant breeding, Phenotype, Evolutionary biology, Above- and below-ground functional traits, intraspecific trait variation, Plant species, Absorption capacity, Trait, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Although widely used in ecology, trait-based approaches are seldom used to study agroecosystems. In particular, there is a need to evaluate how functional trait variability among varieties of a crop species compares to the variability among wild plant species and how variety selection can modify trait syndromes. Here, we quantified 18 above- and below-ground functional traits for 57 varieties of common wheat representative of different modern selection histories. We compared trait variability among varieties and among Pooideae species, and analyzed the effect of selection histories on trait values and trait syndromes. For traits under strong selection, trait variability among varieties was less than 10% of the variability observed among Pooideae species. However, for traits not directly selected, such as root N uptake capacity, the variability was up to 75% of the variability among Pooideae species. Ammonium absorption capacity by roots was counter-selected for conventional varieties compared with organic varieties and landraces. Artificial selection also altered some trait syndromes classically reported for Pooideae. Identifying traits that have high or low variability among varieties and characterizing the hidden effects of selection on trait values and syndromes will benefit the selection of varieties to be used especially for lower N input agroecosystems.

Published
2021
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23. Temperature and soil management effects on carbon fluxes and priming effect intensity

Author

Naoise Nunan, Sébastien Barot, Raphaël Guttières, Luc Abbadie, Cyril Girardin, Xavier Raynaud, Jean-Christophe Lata, Pierre Barré, Gérard Lacroix, Bertrand Guenet, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Tomsk Polytechnic University [Russie] (UPT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
priming effect, Organic matter biodegradibility, Soil Science, agricultural practices, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Microbiology, organic matter biodegradibility, Soil management, Nutrient addition, Nutrient, Ecosystem, Organic matter, Priming effect, Global change, global change, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Decomposition, decomposition, Soil organic matter, Soil classification, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Mineralization (soil science), 15. Life on land, Agricultural practices, Agronomy, chemistry, 13. Climate action, nutrient addition, Soil water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Crop vs. forest soils, crop vs. forest soils
Abstract

International audience; Any change in the intensity and sign of CO2 flux between soil and atmosphere is expected to have a significant impact on climate. The net emission of CO2 by soils depends on antagonistic processes: the persistence of dead plant matter and the mineralization of soil organic matter. These two processes are partly interdependent: their interaction is known as the “priming effect” (PE), i.e. the stimulation of the mineralization of stable soil organic matter by more labile fresh organic matter.Documenting the response of PE to global change is needed for predicting long term dynamics of ecosystems and climate change. We have tested the effects on PE of temperature, nutrient availability, biodegradibility of added organic matter (fresh vs. decomposed), soil cover (agricultural vs. forest soil) and interactions.Our results suggest that the biodegradability of plant debris (wheat straw, fresh or pre-decomposed) is the first determinant of the intensity of PE, far ahead of temperature and nutrients: fresh wheat straw addition induced up to 800% more CO2 emission than pre-decomposed one. The raise of temperature from 15 to 20 °C, increased basal soil organic matter mineralization by 38%, but had little effect on PE. Interactions between biodegradability of straw and the other factors showed that the agricultural soil was more responsive to all factors than the forest soil.We have shown in our study that the intensity of PE could be more dependent on soil cover and plant residue management than on other drivers of global change, particularly temperature and nutrients. There is an urgent need to assess the genericity of our results by testing other soil types and plant debris for a better integration of PE in models, and for identifying alternative land carbon management strategies for climate change mitigation

Published
2021
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24. Topsoil characteristics of forests and lawns along an urban–rural gradient in the Paris region (France)

Author

Naoise Nunan, Ludovic Foti, Luc Abbadie, Sébastien Barot, François Nold, Thomas Z. Lerch, Jean-Christophe Lata, Xavier Raynaud, Michel Grimaldi, Jacques Gignoux, Florence Dubs, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Tomsk Polytechnic University [Russie] (UPT), Paris Green Space and Environment Division (DEVE), Regional Agency for Biodiversity ile-de-France (ARB idF), ANR-14-CE22-0021,ECOVILLE,La végétalisation des murs et des rues comme outil de résilience urbaine ?(2014), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
physical urban soil characteristics, characteristics, hydrostructural urban soil characteristics, Soil Science, urban-rural gradient, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Urban forest, Urban planning, Urbanization, 11. Sustainability, physical urban soil, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, forests, Topsoil, chemical urban soil characteristics, Lawn, anthrosols, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Pollution, Soil quality, Geography, lawns, Soil water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Urban ecosystem, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

International audience; Urban soils are a crucial component of urban ecosystems, especially in public green spaces, because of the ecosystem services they provide (e.g. public recreation, urban cooling or water infiltration). In this study, we describe the chemical, physical and hydrostructural characteristics of 180 forest and lawn surface soil samples, taken along an urban-rural gradient in the Paris region. This was done in order to identify how these soils have been affected by urbanization. Forests and lawns are the main vegetation types found in this region and represent 21% and 22.2% of the territory's surface area, respectively. Many of the properties of urban forest soils differed from those of other sites (e.g. texture, organic carbon content, total nitrogen and carbonate contents), possibly because the urban forests are much older than the lawns and because of the legacy of the historical management of soils in this region (Haussmann period). Urban lawn soils were more compacted than urban forests, probably due to higher foot traffic. The effects of urbanization were, at times, confounded with other factors (e.g. sandier texture of urban forests), which suggests that surface soil characteristics were influenced by past urban planning. Finally, this study constitutes a baseline analysis for the monitoring of soil quality in the region.

Published
2020
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25. KEYLINK: towards a more integrative soil representation for inclusion in ecosystem scale models. I. review and model concept

Author

Juan J. Jiménez, Beat Frey, Elena Vanguelova, Andrea Schnepf, Sébastien Barot, Maarja Öpik, Daniel P. Rasse, Maria J. I. Briones, Gaby Deckmyn, Tine Grebenc, Harry Vereecken, Kris Van Looy, Alexei V. Uvarov, Mathias Mayer, Jorge Curiel Yuste, Oskar Franklin, Paul Henning Krogh, Aline Frossard, Alexei V. Tiunov, Ivika Ostonen, Matty P. Berg, Katrin Kuka, Jan Frouz, Laura M. Suz, Olga Vindušková, Mathieu Javaux, Xavier Domene, Omar Flores, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), University of Barcelona, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), OVAM MECHELEN BEL, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Forest Research [Great Britain], Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Slovenian Forestry Institute, Conservation Ecology Group, Animal Ecology, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Root system, talna biota, lcsh:Medicine, hydrology, Ecosystem Science, 01 natural sciences, 2511.06 Conservación de Suelos, Soil Organic Matter, Soil biota, udc:630*1, PSD, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, General Neuroscience, Environmental resource management, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, velikosti por, 2511 Ciencias del Suelo (Edafología), Root water uptake, Pore size distribution (PSD), [SDE]Environmental Sciences, pedofavna, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, soil fauna, Engineering sciences. Technology, Nutrient cycle, Soil biology, distribucija, Soil Science, Genetics and Molecular Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Ecosystem engineer, soil biota, Soil fauna, pore size distribution, Soil food web, hidrologija, Ecosystem, ddc:610, ecosystem, ekosistem, model, Soil organic matter (SOM), business.industry, Soil organic matter, lcsh:R, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, SOM, Soil structure, 13. Climate action, General Biochemistry, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, 2508 Hidrología, Hydrology, business, 010606 plant biology & botany, Model
Abstract

Altres ajuts: COST Actions BIOLINK (FP1305) and KEYSOM (ES 1406). Jorge Curiel Yuste received funding by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018-2021 program. The relatively poor simulation of the below-ground processes is a severe drawback for many ecosystem models, especially when predicting responses to climate change and management. For a meaningful estimation of ecosystem production and the cycling of water, energy, nutrients and carbon, the integration of soil processes and the exchanges at the surface is crucial. It is increasingly recognized that soil biota play an important role in soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling, shaping soil structure and hydrological properties through their activity, and in water and nutrient uptake by plants through mycorrhizal processes. In this article, we review the main soil biological actors (microbiota, fauna and roots) and their effects on soil functioning. We review to what extent they have been included in soil models and propose which of them could be included in ecosystem models. We show that the model representation of the soil food web, the impact of soil ecosystem engineers on soil structure and the related effects on hydrology and soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization are key issues in improving ecosystem-scale soil representation in models. Finally, we describe a new core model concept (KEYLINK) that integrates insights from SOM models, structural models and food web models to simulate the living soil at an ecosystem scale.

Published
2020
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26. Plant-pollinator interactions on green roofs are mediated by substrate characteristics and plant community composition

Author

Xavier Raynaud, Jean-Christophe Lata, Emmanuel Gendreau, Yann Dusza, Luc Abbadie, Sébastien Barot, Eric Motard, Jacques Meriguet, Yvan Kraepiel, Isabelle Dajoz, David Carmignac, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Geoecology an dGeochemistry, Tomsk Polytechnic University [Russie] (UPT), Institut de biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), CCSD, Accord Elsevier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Pollination, Green roof, Biodiversity, Plant community, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Pollinator, Vegetation type, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Ecology, fungi, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, Substrate (marine biology), [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Urban ecology, Monoculture, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Substrate depth and type, Soil-plant interactions
Abstract

International audience; Green roofs can support pollinator communities in cities. However, little is known about the influence of green roof characteristics such as substrate and vegetation type on the abundance and diversity of attracted pollinators. Here we aimed to assess how green roof design impacts their attractiveness to pollinators. Using mesocosms on a rooftop in Paris (France), we studied the impact of two substrate types, two substrate depths (10 and 30 cm) and either monocultures or mixtures of 5 plant species on plant pollinator interactions. In the case of mixtures, we also tested the effect of substrate type (natural soil vs. artificial substrate). We counted the number of floral units and recorded the visits by pollinators once a week from mid-June to mid-August. The pollinator assemblage visiting plant communities included 4 functional groups of pollinators: domesticated honey bees, bumble bees, solitary bees and syrphid flies. Effects of treatments on pollinator community composition were variable and plant species dependent. Deep monoculture treatments resulted in the highest number of floral units and visits. Although plants grown on natural soil had less floral units than on artificial substrate, both treatments resulted in a similar number of visits. This paper provides evidence that plant-pollinator interactions on green roofs are modulated by substrate type, substrate depth and plant community. We suggest that combining plant species with diverse flowering morphologies and phenologies can enhance pollinator diversity. When possible, increasing substrate depth can result in higher levels of attractiveness.

Published
2020
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27. Short-term changes in the structure of ant assemblages in a Guinean savanna under differing fire regimes at Lamto Scientific Reserve, Côte d'Ivoire

Author

Sébastien Barot, Aya Brigitte N’Dri, Kanvaly Dosso, Akissi Evelyne Kouakou, Mouhamadou Kone, N’golo Abdoulaye Koné, Wouter Dekoninck, Christine Dakele Yode, and Julien K. N’Dri

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Fire regime, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Fauna, Vegetation, Generalist and specialist species, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, ANT, Predation, Geography, Species richness, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Invertebrate
Abstract

To maintain savanna vegetation, mid-seasonal fire has been applied since 1961 in the Lamto Savanna (Côte d'Ivoire). However, this prescribed fire has not impeded tree encroachment during recent years, nor have its effects on insect assemblages been documented. Also the impact of tree intrusion on insect assemblages is poorly studied in savanna. To prevent tree density increasing, a change in fire regime might be a solution. In this study, we examined the effect of different fire regimes (early, mid-seasonal and late fires) on leaf-litter ant assemblages in order to suggest appropriate measures for preventing tree invasion without having an effect on insect communities. Sampling was implemented by combining pitfall trapping and leaf-litter sampling before and after three different fire regimes, early, mid-seasonal and late fires. While the ant species richness declined after the passage of early and mid-seasonal fires, significantly more species were found in the burnt savanna after the late fire. However, the losses or gains of species due to different fire regimes did not cause severe changes in the ant species composition. Of the functional groups identified, only the generalists and specialist predators were respectively strongly affected by the early and mid-seasonal fires, certainly due to micro-habitat modification. Based on the trends observed in the present study, we suggest sampling other invertebrate fauna in similar savanna plots to find out if other insect groups have similar reactions to the applied fire regimes.

Published
2018
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28. Role of substrate properties in the provision of multifunctional green roof ecosystem services

Author

Luc Abbadie, Jean-Christophe Lata, Emmanuel Gendreau, J. Mériguet, Xavier Raynaud, Eric Motard, Sébastien Barot, Yann Dusza, David Carmignac, Yvan Kraepiel, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mission Economie de la Biodiversite of CDC-Biodiversite (Caisse des Depots group), City of Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Zanella, A. (ed.), and Ascher-Junell, J. (ed.)

Subjects
Trade-offs, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, business.industry, Trade offs, Green roof, Environmental resource management, Soil Science, Green roof substrate, 010501 environmental sciences, Substrate (biology), 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecosystem services, Substrate type, Urban ecology, 11. Sustainability, Urban ecosystem, business, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Urban ecosystems are increasingly recognized as key providers of ecosystem services. Among them, green roofs are particularly fashionable, and are in high demand by citizens, politicians, urban planners and architects. Surprisingly, the functioning of green roofs and the impact of substrate type have been so far poorly studied and impede to optimize a green roof and its substrate to provide targeted services. This article thus discusses the different types of substrate that can be used for green roof and outlines the possible consequences for green roof functioning.

Published
2018
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29. Modelling facilitation or competition within a root system: importance of the overlap of root depletion and accumulation zones

Author

Henri de Parseval, Jacques Gignoux, Sébastien Barot, Jean-Christophe Lata, Xavier Raynaud, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Natural Resources, Tomsk Polytechnic University [Russie] (UPT), French Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-07-CIS7-001], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, Plant Science, Root system, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Modelling, Competition (biology), Diffusion, Nutrient, Spatial distribution, education, media_common, Rhizosphere, education.field_of_study, Phosphorus, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, 15. Life on land, chemistry, Agronomy, Exudation, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Facilitation, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Unit root, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Aims: The concept of intra-plant, inter-root competition considers the overlap of nutrient depletion zones around roots, but neglects the spatial pattern of root exudates that can increase nutrient availability. We tested the hypothesis that interactions between nutrient accumulation zones due to exudation by different roots can lead to intra-plant inter-root facilitation.Methods: We used the PARIS model (Raynaud et al. 2008) to simulate phosphorus uptake by a population of roots that are able to increase phosphorus availability by exuding citrate. We carried out several simulations with the same parameters but with increasing root density in order to study out if changes in root densities would alter nutrient uptake per unit root.Results: Emerging relationships between root uptake efficiency and root length density indicated cases of inter-root competition or facilitation. The sizes of the accumulation and depletion zones were calculated to explain these results. Our simulations showed a continuum between cases of inter-root competition and facilitation. Facilitation occurred at low exudation rates, when phosphorus supply was not saturated within the phosphorus depletion zone surrounding roots. Low exudation systems led to a lower phosphorus uptake per unit root length, but minimized phosphorus losses in the process.Conclusions: Based on our model, we derived conditions that allowed predicting whether competition, facilitation or no interaction, is the dominant interaction between roots within a root system, based on the different distances to which an isolated root alters P concentration and supply.

Published
2017
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30. Contrasted effects of annual and perennial grasses on soil chemical and biological characteristics of a grazed Sudanian savanna

Author

Jean-Christophe Lata, N.H. Diallo, Lambiénou Yé, Hassan Bismarck Nacro, Sébastien Barot, Dominique Masse, Roger Kissou, Centre Universitaire Polytechnique de Dédougou (CUP-D), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo [Ouagadougou] (UJZK), LERF, IDR, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso (UPB), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geoecology and Geochemistry, Tomsk Polytechnic University [Russie] (UPT), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Bureau National des Sols du Burkina Faso (BUNASOLS), LEMSAT, Centre ISRA-IRD de Bel-Air, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre Universitaire Polytechnique de Dédougou, Université de Ouagadougou, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, 0106 biological sciences, Nutrient cycle, Perennial plant, Soil test, Annual and perennial tropical grasses, Soil Science, Biology, graminée pérenne, complex mixtures, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, savannah, Nutrient, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Soil pH, Savanna, Botany, caractérisation physicochimique, Ecosystem, burkina faso, savane, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, Soil chemical and biological characteristics, food and beverages, Plant community, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, graminée fourragère tropicale
Abstract

Growth and composition of plant communities depends on physico-chemical and biological characteristics of soils. Conversely, plants influence nutrient cycling and soil characteristics. Thus, they affect the long-term availability of nutrients, which feedbacks on their own growth and the primary productivity of ecosystems. This study focuses on the fertility and functioning of soils of a grazed savanna in Burkina Faso. It describes the effects of annual and perennial grasses involved in fallow succession, on chemical and biological (microbial biomass, mineralization and enzymatic activities) characteristics of soils. To do this, soil samples were collected under the four dominant species of grasses (A. ascinodis, A. gayanus, A. pseudapricus and L. togoensis) and under bare areas within 48 plots, as well as above- and belowground grass biomass. Results show that root biomass, pHKCl, basal respiration and fluorescein diacetate activities were significantly higher under perennial grasses (A. gayanus and A. ascinodis) than annual (A. pseudapricus and L. togoensis) and bare soil. Nitrate levels were higher under A. gayanus that had the lowest root biomass. Total carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass and acid phosphatase were higher under the perennial grass A. ascinodis. pHwater was lower under A. pseudapricus. Finally, ammonium and β-glucosidase activities weren’t significantly different between species. Overall, these results appear complex certainly due to factors of variability that remain to be identified. Nevertheless, they support the general hypothesis that perennial grasses have a greater influence on soil than annuals. Soil biological parameters (Basal respiration, microbial biomass, Beta-glucosidase, fluorescein-diacetate and acid phosphorus) exhibited strong relationship with soil pH, total C and N.

Published
2017
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31. Effects of Mineral Nitrogen Partitioning on Tree–Grass Coexistence in West African Savannas

Author

Simon Boudsocq, Sarah Konaré, Jean-Christophe Lata, Sébastien Barot, Xavier Raynaud, Jacques Gignoux, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Tomsk Polytechnic University [Russie] (UPT), Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Côte d’Ivoire, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [INFO.INFO-CC]Computer Science [cs]/Computational Complexity [cs.CC], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrate, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Nitrification control, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Savanna, Environmental Chemistry, Resource partitioning, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Biomass (ecology), Herbivore, Ecology, Niche differentiation, 15. Life on land, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Mineral nitrogen, West african, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Tree–grass coexistence, Environmental science, Nitrification, Tree (set theory), NH4+ versus NO3− preference, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ammonium
Abstract

International audience; Coexistence between trees and grasses in savannas is generally assumed to be due to a combination of partial niche separation for water acquisition and disturbances impacting the demography of trees and grasses. We propose a mechanism of coexistence solely based on the partitioning of the two dominant forms of mineral nitrogen (N), ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−). We built a mean-field model taking into account the capacity of grasses and trees to alter nitrification fluxes as well as their relative preferences for NH4+ versus NO3−. Two models were studied and parameterized for the Lamto savanna (Côte d’Ivoire): In the first model, the nitrification only depends on the quantity of available NH4+, and in the second model the nitrification rate is also controlled by tree and grass biomass. Consistent with coexistence theories, our results show that taking these two forms of mineral N into account can allow coexistence when trees and grasses have contrasting preferences for NH4+ and NO3−. Moreover, coexistence is more likely to occur for intermediate nitrification rates. Assuming that grasses are able to inhibit nitrification while trees can stimulate it, as observed in the Lamto savanna, the most likely case of coexistence would be when grasses prefer NH4+ and trees NO3−. We propose that mineral N partitioning is a stabilizing coexistence mechanism that occurs in interaction with already described mechanisms based on disturbances by fire and herbivores. This mechanism is likely relevant in many N-limited African savannas with vegetation composition similar to the one at the Lamto site, but should be thoroughly tested through empirical studies and new models taking into account spatiotemporal heterogeneity in nitrification rates.

Published
2019
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32. CARBON AND NUTRIENT LOSSES THROUGH BIOMASS BURNING, AND LINKS WITH SOIL FERTILITY AND YAM ( DIOSCOREA ALATA ) PRODUCTION

Author

Sebastien K. K. Loukou, Jacques Gignoux, Sébastien Barot, Aya Brigitte N’Dri, Armand W. Koné, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [INFO.INFO-CC]Computer Science [cs]/Computational Complexity [cs.CC], Chromolaena odorata, Biomass, 01 natural sciences, Nutrient, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, Soil health, biology, Slash (logging), business.industry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Soil fertility, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Mulch, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

SUMMARYBiomass burning has links with a number of global concerns including soil health, food security and climate change. In central Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa), we conducted a field study to compare nutrient losses, soil fertility and yam yield in slash-and-burn versus slash-and-mulch agriculture. Trials involved five sites established in the dominant Chromolaena odorata fallows of the region, each consisting of paired plots: slash and burnt biomass (SB) versus slashed and unburnt biomass, but left to serve as mulch (SM). Carbon and five elemental nutrients were assessed in the aboveground biomass prior to burning and in ash after fires; losses were assessed by subtraction. The greatest proportions of loss occurred with C (95%), N (95%) and K (74%), corresponding to losses into the atmosphere of 3532 ± 408, 200 ± 36, 132 ± 36 kg ha−1. Six weeks after the fire, soil properties were assessed: soil organic C, total N and Mg2+ were higher in SM than in SB sites. At final harvest, yam tuber yield was twice as large in SM as in SB (18 ± 4 vs. 9 ± 2 Mg ha−1) with soil C, total N and K+ as the main influential soil parameters. The key finding was that the elements lost in greatest proportion during burning were those mostly influencing yam yields. Because a clear negative relationship between biomass burning and yam production has been established the promotion of the more productive, alternate slash-and-mulch system compared to slash-and-burn system, is warranted. The findings of our research can be used in support of developing a sustainable yam production system in the region and in West Africa more generally.

Published
2019
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33. Effect of fire regimes on the demographic parameters of the perennial tussock grasses of a humid savanna

Author

Sébastien Barot, Aya Brigitte N’Dri, Kouamé Fulgence Koffi, Souleymane Konaté, Jean-Christophe Lata, Sarah Konaré, Marcel Konan, Tharaniya Srikanthasamy, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nangui Abrogoua, Direction of Research and Training in the South of the Institute of Research for Development (IRD-DPF), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), and Université Nangui Abrogoua (UNA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Lamto, Perennial plant, MESH: Humid savanna, Tussock, fecundity, tussock retrogression, Plant Science, Biology, MESH: Fecundity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, MESH:, MESH: Fire regime, MESH: Perennial tussock grass, MESH: Tussock fragmentation, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, tussock fragmentation, MESH: Tussock circumference, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, Fire regime, MESH: Mortality, MESH: Lamto, tussock circumference, MESH: Tussock retrogression, MESH: Demographic parameter, 15. Life on land, Circumference, Fecundity, mortality, Agronomy, humid savanna, fire regime, perennial tussock grass, 010606 plant biology & botany, demographic parameter
Abstract

Questions Perennial tussock grasses represent the principal fuel source for savanna fires; however, basic information about the impact of fire on their demography remains scarce. Do dominant perennial grass species differ in their demographic parameters? What is the overall impact of tussock circumference and fire regimes on grass demographic parameters? Do grass species differ in the sensitivity of their demographic parameters to fire regimes and tussock circumference? Location The study site is located in the savanna of the Lamto reserve, in the center of Ivory Coast (6 degrees 9 ' to 6 degrees 18 ' N, 5 degrees 15 ' to 4 degrees 57 ' E). Methods Data on the nine dominant species of tussock grasses were sampled over one year under four fire treatments (early fire, mid-season fire, late fire and no fire). We studied the impact of these fire treatments and tussock circumference on five demographic parameters: mortality, fragmentation (the division of a tussock into several smaller ones), growth, retrogression (the decrease in tussock size) and fecundity. Results All demographic parameters varied among species and across the fire regimes. Late fire had the largest negative effect on all parameters except fecundity. Schizachyrium platyphyllum was the most disadvantaged species by fire in terms of mortality, retrogression and growth, whilst Andropogon ascinodis was the most prone to fragmentation. Hyparrhenia smithiana and Sorghastrum bipennatum produced the most seeds and Brachiaria brachylopha produced the most new tussocks. The circumference of perennial grasses impacted all demographic parameters. Small individuals had the highest mortality and growth rates, while large individuals showed the highest fragmentation and retrogression rates, and produced the most seeds. Conclusions This study showed that perennial grass species differed in their sensitivity to fire treatments. Nevertheless, the mid-season fire could be advised to managers for the sustainable management of the Lamto savanna.

Published
2019
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34. Earthworms promote greater richness and abundance in the emergence of plant species across a grassland-forest ecotone

Author

Julia Clause, Estelle Forey, Sébastien Barot, Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (IEES Paris), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, aboveground-belowground interactions, Plant Science, earthworm casts, seedling, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, seed bank, Abundance (ecology), emergence, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 2. Zero hunger, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Agroforestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Ecotone, secondary succession, 15. Life on land, seedling emergence, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Plant species, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Species richness
Abstract

International audience; AimsChalk grasslands are subject to vegetation dynamics that range from species-rich open grasslands to tall and encroached grasslands, and woods and forests. In grasslands, earthworms impact plant communities and ecosystem functioning through the modification of soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties, but also through their selective ingestion and vertical transportation of seeds from the soil seed bank. Laboratory experiments showed that seed-earthworm interactions are species specific, but little is known on the impact of seed-earthworm interactions in the field. The overall aim of this study was to better understand seed-earthworm interactions and their impact on the plant community. First we analyzed the composition of seedlings emerging from casts after earthworm ingestion. Then we compared seedling composition in casts to the plant composition of emerging seedlings from the soil and of the aboveground vegetation along four stages of the secondary succession of chalk grasslands.MethodsFour stages of the secondary succession of a chalk grassland-from open sward to woods-were sampled in Upper Normandy, France, in February 2010. Within each successional stage (x3 replicates), we sampled the standing vegetation, soil seed bank at three soil depths (0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 cm) and earthworm surface casts along transects. Soil and cast samples were water sieved before samples were spread onto trays and placed into a greenhouse. Emerging seedlings were counted and identified. Effect of successional stage and origin of samples on mean and variability of abundance and species richness of seedlings emerging from casts and soil seed banks were analyzed. Plant compositions were compared between all sample types. We used generalized mixed-effect models and a distance-based redundancy multivariate analysis.Important FindingsSeedling abundance was always higher in earthworm casts than in the soil seed bank and increased up to 5-fold, 4-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively, in the tall grassland, woods and encroached grassland compared to the soil surface layer. Species richness was also higher in earthworm casts than in the soil seed bank in all successional stages, with a 4-fold increase in the encroached grassland. The plant composition of the standing vegetation was more similar to that of seedlings from casts than to that of seedlings from the soil seed bank. Seedlings diversity emerging from casts in the tall and encroached grasslands tended toward the diversity found in woods. Our results indicate that earthworms may promote the emergence of seedlings. We also suggest that the loss of some plant species in the seed bank and the tall grass vegetation in intermediary successional stages modify the local conditions and prevent the further establishment of early-successional plant species.

Published
2016
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35. Effect of fire regime on the grass community of the humid savanna of Lamto, Ivory Coast

Author

Sébastien Barot, Aya Brigitte N’Dri, Marcel Konan, Tharaniya Srikanthasamy, Jean-Christophe Lata, Kouamé Fulgence Koffi, Souleymane Konaté, Université Nangui Abrogoua (UNA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Réunion]), Tomsk Polytechnic University, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Direction of Research and Training in the South of the Institute of Research for Development (IRD-DPF), IRD within the 'Young Associated Team' programme (JEAI-GIDES), and Université Nangui Abrogoua

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, 0106 biological sciences, Fragmentation (reproduction), savanna fire, Fire regime, Perennial plant, Tussock, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Loudetia simplex, tussock circumference, tussock density, 15. Life on land, perennial grass, Circumference, Fire regimes, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Andropogon canaliculatus, Geography, Agronomy, humid savanna, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Relative species abundance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

This study assesses the impact of four fire treatments applied yearly over 3 y, i.e. early fire, mid-season fire, late fire and no fire treatments, on the grass communities of Lamto savanna, Ivory Coast. We describe communities of perennial tussock grasses on three replicated 5 × 5-m or 10 × 5-m plots of each fire treatment. Tussock density did not vary with fire treatment. The relative abundance of grass species, the circumference of grass tussocks and the probability of having a tussock with a central die-back, varied with fire treatment. Mid-season fire had the highest proportion of tussocks with a central die-back while the late fire had the smallest tussocks. Tussock density, circumference, relative abundance and probability of having a central die-back varied with species.Andropogon canaliculatusandHyparrhenia diplandrawere the most abundant of the nine grass species. They had the largest tussocks and the highest proportion of tussock with a central die-back.Loudetia simplexwas the third most abundant species but was very rare in no fire plots. The distribution of tussock circumferences was right skewed and dominated by small tussocks. The proportion of the tussocks with a central die-back strongly increased with circumference, which could lead to tussock fragmentation. Taken together, this study suggests that fire regimes impact grass demography and that this impact depends on grass species and tussock size.

Published
2019
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36. Influence of the residence time of street trees and their soils on trace element contamination in Paris (France)

Author

Maryse Castrec-Rouelle, Aleksandar Rankovic, Emmanuel Aubry, Katell Quénéa, Jean-Christophe Lata, Sébastien Barot, Iry Andrianjara, Erika Gan, Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Agronomie de la ville de Paris, Direction des Espaces Verts et de l'Environnement (DEVE), Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (IDDRI), Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, Tomsk Polytechnic University [Russie] (UPT), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Ile-de-France region (R2DS), GIS 'Climate, Environment, Society' (CCTV2 Project), PIR IngEcoTech (IESUM project), Sorbonne Universities (Dens' project, Convergences program), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Leaves, Paris, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Tilia tomentosa, Soil, Urban soils, Road traffic impact, 11. Sustainability, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Chemistry, Humans, Soil Pollutants, Recycling, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, biology, Trace element, Soil chemistry, Leaves Roots, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, Contamination, biology.organism_classification, Roots, Pollution, Soil contamination, Bioaccumulation, Trace Elements, Plant Leaves, 13. Climate action, Soil water, Environmental science, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

International audience; With the actual increasing interest for urban soils, the evaluation of soil contamination by trace elements and the dynamics of this contamination appear mandatory to preserve plant and thereby human health. Street trees and the associated soil placed in pits located nearby roads could represent convenient indicators of urban and vehicle traffic influences on soils and plants. However, data on these soils remain scarce, many studies investigating park soils rather than street tree soils. Furthermore, trace elements could be one of the main factors causing the observed urban tree decline, while practitioners more and more question the possible reuse of these soils after the death of trees as well as tree litter collected in the streets. We evaluated the contamination in anthropogenic trace elements (TE), namely Zn, Pb, and Cd, of street trees (Tilia tomentosa) and their soils distributed all over Paris (France). Street tree soils are imported from rural areas at the plantation of each new tree so that tree age corresponds to the time of residence of the soil within an urban environment allowing the evaluation of temporal trends on TE concentration in soils and trees. The TE concentration revealed an important soil pollution, especially for the older soils (mean age of 80 years old). The consideration of the residence time of trees and soils in an urban environment evidenced an accumulation of Zn and Pb (ca. 4.5 mg kg−1 year−1 and 4 mg kg−1 year−1 for Zn and Pb, respectively). However, leaf concentrations in TE were low and indicate that soil-root transfer was not significant compared to the contamination by atmospheric deposition. These results underlined the necessity to deepen the evaluation of the recycling of urban soils or plants submitted to urban contamination.

Published
2019
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37. Urban ecology, stakeholders and the future of ecology

Author

Carole Barthelemy, Philippe Clergeau, Philippe Billet, Dorothée Labarraque, Jean Louis Morel, Marianne Hédont, Anne-Marie Le Bastard, Cédric Devigne, Jean-Noël Consalès, Yann Dusza, Anne Gaillard, Magali Deschamps-Cottin, Etienne Bérille, Luc Abbadie, Elisabeth Rémy, Apolline Auclerc, Véronique Dham, Yves Petit-Berghem, Ambre David, Emma Rochelle-Newall, Sébastien Barot, Marion Veyrières, Emmanuelle Gonzalez, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire Population-Environnement-Développement (LPED), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut de Droit de l'Environnement (IDE), Environnement, Ville, Société (EVS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Egis Environnement, Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique (LETG - Caen), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique UMR 6554 (LETG), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Environnement Ville Société (EVS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), and Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology (disciplines), Population, Biodiversity, Research agenda, Context (language use), 010501 environmental sciences, Ecological systems theory, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Ecosystem services, Stakeholders, 11. Sustainability, Human sciences, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, Cities, education, Waste Management and Disposal, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, education.field_of_study, Ecology, Research, Urbanization, 15. Life on land, Ecological engineering, Biological Evolution, Pollution, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Geography, Urban ecology, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

International audience; The world human population is more and more urban and cities have a strong impact on the biosphere. This explains the development of urban ecology. In this context, the goal of our work is fourfold: to describe the diversity of scientific questions in urban ecology, show how these questions are organized, to assess how these questions can be built in close interactions with stakeholders, to better understand the role urban ecology can play within ecological sciences. A workshop with scientists from all relevant fields (from ecology to sociology) and stakeholders was organized by the Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB). Three types of scientific issues were outlined about (1) the biodiversity of organisms living in urban areas, (2) the functioning of urban organisms and ecosystems, (3) interactions between human societies and urban ecological systems. For all types of issues we outlined it was possible to distinguish both fundamental and applied scientific questions. This allowed building a unique research agenda encompassing all possible types of scientific issues in urban ecology. As all types of ecological and evolutionary questions can be asked in urban areas, urban ecology will likely be more and more influential in the development of ecology. Taken together, the future of towns, their biodiversity and the life of city dwellers is at stake. Increasing the space for ecosystems and biodiversity within towns is more and more viewed as crucial for the well-being of town dwellers. Depending on research and the way its results are taken into account, very different towns could emerge. Urban areas can be viewed as a test and a laboratory for the future of the interactions between human and ecological systems.

Published
2019
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38. Vermicompost significantly affects plant growth. A meta-analysis

Author

Julien Barrere, Sébastien Barot, Jérôme Mathieu, Manuel Blouin, Nicolas Meyer, Silène Lartigue, Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire de biostatistique, CHU Strasbourg, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), and Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Environmental Engineering, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Amendment, Greenhouse, Biomass, engineering.material, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Earthworm-worked soil amendment, 01 natural sciences, Commercial yield, Toxicology, Mathematics, Plant growth, 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, Compost, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Manure, Meta-analysis, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, engineering, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Fertilizer, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Vermicompost, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Food production and waste management are two increasing issues ensuing from the growing world population. Recycling organic residues into amendment for food production seems to appear as an opportunity to partially solve this double challenge. Vermicomposting is a process whereby earthworms transform organic residues into compost that can be used as a substrate for plant growth. Many studies have evaluated the effect of vermicompost on plant growth, but a quantitative summary of these studies is still missing. This is the first meta-analysis providing a quantitative summary of the effect size of vermicompost on plant growth. We found that vermicompost brought about average increases of 26% in commercial yield, 13% in total biomass, 78% in shoot biomass, and 57% in root biomass. The positive effect of vermicompost on plant growth reached a maximum when vermicompost represented 30 to 50% of the soil volume. The best original material to be used for vermicompost production was cattle manure. The effect was stronger when no fertilizer was added, and lower when the standard Metro-Mix 360 substratum recommended by some authors was used as a growing medium in greenhouse or climatic chambers. Herbs (especially Cucurbitaceae and Asteraceae) and legumes exhibited the largest biomass increase in the presence of vermicompost. These results are discussed through an analysis of potential publication biases showing an over-representation of studies with a high effect size. We finally recommend authors of primary research to provide a minimum set of statistical parameters, output variables, and experimental condition parameters to make it easier to include their work in meta-analyses. Overall, our study provides synthetic information on the beneficial effects of vermicompost for plant growth, which could help bring waste management and agriculture together towards a society with a more circular economy.

Published
2019
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39. Impact of crop genetic diversity on a litter consumer

Author

Pierre Chassé, Céline Pelosi, Jean-Christophe Lata, Sébastien Barot, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), WHEATAMIX project - French National Research Agency [ANR-13-AGRO-0008], and École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biodiversity, Context (language use), Biology, Cultivar mixture, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Genetic diversity, Crop, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Earthworms, Genetic erosion, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Biomass (ecology), Balanced diet hypothesis, Earthworm, Sustainable agriculture, food and beverages, biology.organism_classification, Agronomy, Litter, Mixed diet hypothesis, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Belowground communities, and especially earthworms, provide numerous services in agroecosystems. In the current context of crop genetic erosion, this study aims at assessing the effect of wheat cultivar diversity on earthworm growth and survival. Our laboratory experiment was divided into two periods: (1) the “feeding period” (4 months), simulating conditions in autumn with cool temperatures and high food availability, and (2) the “non-feeding period” (1 month) simulating conditions in winter with cold temperatures and low food availability because litter had already been consumed without replacement. The aerial biomass of mixtures of wheat cultivars was used as food for earthworms and their growth was measured twice during the feeding period and once during the non-feeding period. We found two major effects on earthworm growth. Increasing the cultivar number (i) increased juvenile earthworm growth and earthworm survival and (ii) decreased adult earthworm growth. A consistent positive effect of nitrogen concentration of the biomass was found on growth and this effect was independent of biodiversity effects. This study suggests that the loss of litter intraspecific genetic diversity has an impact on earthworm populations, probably through mechanisms linked to the variance in edibility or the balanced diet hypotheses. While they remain to be tested in the field, these results suggest that the current losses of crop genetic diversity could potentially impact processes at the community or ecosystem level through a decrease in food quality.

Published
2019
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40. Sur l’impact des pesticides, la recherche scientifique doit éclairer la décision publique

Author

Marion Desquilbet, Laurence Huc, Jean Francois Humbert, Bernard Salles, Stefan Ambec, Isabelle Arpin, Fabienne Barataud, Luc Barbaro, Jean Marc Barbier, Cécile Barnaud, Sébastien Barot, Carole Bedos, Pierre Benoit, Antoine Bernard de Raymond, Gabrielle Bouleau, Nicolas Bricas, ProdInra, Archive Ouverte, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt (ASTER Mirecourt), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural (DYNAFOR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation (UMR Innovation), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Sciences Sociales (IRISSO), Université Paris Dauphine-PSL-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés (LISIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-ESIEE Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs (UMR MOISA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Contaminants & Stress Cellulaire (ToxAlim-COMICS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE-R), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, [SHS.ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance
Abstract

L’appel à projets annoncé par le gouvernement le 9 mai ne suffira pas à couvrir l’ensemble des problématiques liées à l’utilisation des pesticides, déplore un collectif de près de 260 scientifiques, qui prônent une gestion plus ambitieuse « au nom du bien commun ».

Published
2019

41. Biodiversité et fonctionnement écologique des sols

Author

Jean-Christophe Lata, Sébastien Barot, Julie Leloup, Thomas Lerch, Naoise Nunan, Xavier Raynaud, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), and Raynaud, Xavier

Subjects
[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

42. Principaux indices de l’intensité du feu dans une savane Guinéenne d’Afrique de l’Ouest

Author

Mouhamadou Kone, Tionhonkélé Drissa Soro, Sébastien Barot, Aya Brigitte N’Dri, Julien K. N’Dri, Madoussou Fongbe, N’golo Abdoulaye Koné, Kanvaly Dosso, Jacques Gignoux, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES)

Subjects
040101 forestry, [INFO.INFO-CC]Computer Science [cs]/Computational Complexity [cs.CC], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 01 natural sciences, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, 13. Climate action, Hauteur des flammes, indices post-feu, intensité du feu, savane de Lamto, régime de feu, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

La mesure directe de l’intensite du feu n’etant pas toujours possible car fastidieuse et couteuse, les indices post-feu substituent celle-ci et permettent de mieux comprendre les caracteristiques du feu et son impact sur la vegetation. Cette etude a ete menee dans la reserve de Lamto (Cote d’Ivoire) dans le but d’identifier les indices post-feu qui sont de bons indicateurs de l’intensite du feu. Trois regimes de feu ont ete experimentes de 2013 a 2017: le feu precoce, le feu de mi-saison, et le feu tardif. L’intensite du feu a ete determinee durant chaque feu. Ensuite, les indices post-feux que sont : la hauteur des flammes, l’efficacite de combustion, le volume d’eau evaporee, et les fractions de cendre fine et grossiere ont ete mesures, et la surface couverte par le feu estimee. La hauteur des flammes est le meilleur indicateur de l’intensite du feu. Plus le feu est intense plus la zone d’action des flammes est haute, et plus il est susceptible de reduire le recrutement des jeunes ligneux. Cette etude propose en savane Guineenne un indice facile a mesurer, qui permettrait aux gestionnaires des aires protegees en savane de mieux evaluer l’intensite du feu et son impact sur la vegetation. Mots cles : Hauteur des flammes, indices post-feu, intensite du feu, savane de Lamto, regime de feu.

Published
2018
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43. Author Correction: Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on terrestrial-aquatic carbon transfer and a downstream aquatic microbial community

Author

Audrey Niboyet, Gérard Lacroix, Simon Chollet, Ludwig Jardillier, Mathieu Llavata, Sébastien Barot, Elisa de Santis, Emma Rochelle-Newall, and Sarah Fiorini

Subjects
Ecology, Downstream (manufacturing), Microbial population biology, Co2 concentration, Ecology (disciplines), Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Aquatic Science, Carbon transfer, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Water Science and Technology
Published
2018
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44. Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on terrestrial-aquatic carbon transfer and a downstream aquatic microbial community

Author

Sarah Fiorini, Ludwig Jardiller, Mathieu Llavata, Audrey Niboyet, Sébastien Barot, Emma Rochelle-Newall, Gérard Lacroix, Simon Chollet, and Elisa de Santis

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Heterotroph, 15. Life on land, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Colored dissolved organic matter, Microbial population biology, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, Dissolved organic carbon, Carbon dioxide, Organic matter, Water content, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Under higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations, increases in soil moisture and, hence in terrestrial-aquatic carbon transfer are probable. In a coupled terrestrial-aquatic experiment we examined the direct (e.g. through changes in the CO2 water concentration) and indirect (e.g. through changes in the quality and quantity of soil leachates) effects of elevated CO2 on a lake microbial community. The incubation of soils under elevated CO2 resulted in an increase in the volume of leachates and in both chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption and fluorescence in leachate. When this leachate was added to lake water during a 3-day aquatic incubation, we observed negative direct effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthetic microorganism abundance and a positive, indirect effect on heterotrophic microbial community cell abundances. We also observed a strong, indirect impact on the functional structure of the community with higher metabolic capacities under elevated CO2 along with a significant direct effect on CDOM absorption. All of these changes point to a shift towards heterotrophic processes in the aquatic compartment under higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

Published
2018
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45. Inoculation of an ecosystem engineer (Earthworm: Lumbricus terrestris ) during experimental grassland restoration: Consequences for above and belowground soil compartments

Author

Julia Clause, Sékou F.M. Coulibaly, Matthieu Chauvat, Estelle Forey, Sébastien Barot, Estelle Langlois, Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie et biologie des interactions (EBI), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose (EES), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Soil biodiversity, Soil biology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem engineer, Restoration ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Plant-soil interactions, Ecology, biology, Earthworm, food and beverages, Functional types, Plant community, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, Disturbance, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), In situ experiment, Alkaline peat, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Collembola, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Lumbricus terrestris, Plant productivity
Abstract

Although soil organisms might strongly affect the dynamics and composition of natural vegetation, relatively few studies have tried to in-situ manipulate soil fauna, especially in restoration ecology. The objective of this study was thus to observe the impact of a soil ecosystem engineer (Lumbricus terrestris L.) on plant communities as well as on soil organisms (springtails) in a reclaimed floodplain previously devoid of earthworms. Within a randomized factorial design based on buried frames (depth 0.45 m), half of the quadrats (1 m2) were inoculated with 100 earthworms, the other half served as control. After one year of experiment, earthworm inoculation doubled the plant biomass and favored grass species over forbs. Both abundance and diversity of Collembola (depending on functional groups) were negatively impacted by the presence of earthworms. Using a path analysis we found that this negative impact was probably indirect and due to an earthworm effect on plant community structure and plant functional groups. We suggest in our particular case that vegetation, and more precisely plant biomass and functional traits, may be more influential than soil properties in driving Collembola assemblages. Regarding restoration, we conclude that manipulating earthworms could be an interesting tool for increasing plant productivity but may disfavor soil biodiversity and alter above-belowground linkages.

Published
2018
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46. Contrasting effects of grasses and trees on microbial N-cycling in an African humid savanna

Author

Xavier Le Roux, Kouamé Fulgence Koffi, Xavier Raynaud, Tharaniya Srikanthasamy, Julie Leloup, Jean-Christophe Lata, Sébastien Barot, Aya Brigitte N’Dri, Armand W. Koné, Jonathan Gervaix, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), French national programme EC2CO-MicrobiEn (project: Impact de la diversité des Graminées et ligneux de savane sur la diversité microbienne et le fonctionnement des sols), IRD programme JEAI (project: GIDES - Gestion Intégrée et Durable des Écosystèmes de Savane), Sorbonne Universités programme Emergence [SU-16-R-EMR-37-WASCINNI], Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Perennial plant, Soil Science, Biology, Microbiology, Tropical savanna climate, Trees, 03 medical and health sciences, Denitrifying bacteria, Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), parasitic diseases, Ecosystem, Nitrogen cycle, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Tropical savanna, 2. Zero hunger, Perennial grasses, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Nitrification, 030104 developmental biology, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Denitrification, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil fertility, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Cycling
Abstract

International audience; African humid savannas are highly productive ecosystems, despite very low soil fertility, where grasses and trees coexist. Earlier results showed that some perennial grass species are capable of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) while trees likely influence differently on nitrogen cycling. Here we assessed the impact of the dominant grass and tree species of the Lamto savanna (Ivory Coast) on soil nitrifying and denitrifying enzyme activities (NEA and DEA, respectively) and on the abundances of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers (AOA and AOB, respectively) and nitrite reducers. This is one of the first studies linking nitrifying and denitrifying activities and the abundances of the involved groups of microorganisms in savanna soils. NEA was 72-times lower under grasses than under trees while AOA and AOB abundances were 34- and 3-times lower. This strongly suggests that all dominant grasses inhibit nitrification while trees stimulate nitrification, and that archaea are probably more involved in nitrification than bacteria in this savanna. While nitrite reducer abundances were similar between locations and dominated by nirS genes, DEA was 9-times lower under grasses than trees, which is likely explained by BNI decreasing nitrate availability under grasses. The nirS dominance could be due to the ferruginous characteristics of these soils as nirS and nirK genes require different metallic co-enzymes (Fe or Cu). Our results show that the coexistence of grasses and trees in this savanna creates a strong heterogeneity in soil nitrogen cycling that must be considered to understand savanna dynamics and functioning. These results will have to be taken into account to predict the feedbacks between climate changes, nitrogen cycling and tree/grass dynamics at a time when savannas face worldwide threats.

Published
2018
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47. L'utilisation des vers de terre comme outils de restauration écologique de prairies humides (Yville Sur Seine) : conséquences pour les communautés épigées et endogés

Author

Estelle Forey, Estelle Langlois, Matthieu Chauvat, Audrey Boigné, Fabrice Bureau, Sekou Fanta Mady Coulibaly, Sébastien Barot, Julia Clause, Forey, Estelle, Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, [SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Yville Sur Seine, de prairies humides, outils de restauration écologique, vers de terre, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

48. Unfolding the potential of wheat cultivar mixtures : a meta-analysis perspective and identification of knowledge gaps

Author

Jérôme Enjalbert, Isabelle Goldringer, Lars Pødenphant Kiær, Arnaud Gauffreteau, Sébastien Barot, Christophe Lecarpentier, Sébastien Saint-Jean, Julie Borg, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) (GQE-Le Moulon), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Agronomie, AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), and Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) )

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biodiversity, Soil Science, Stress gradient hypothesis, Meta-regression, Plant disease resistance, 01 natural sciences, Disease reduction, Cultivar, Agroecology, Mathematics, 2. Zero hunger, Phenology, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Overyielding, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, Agronomy, Homogeneous, Cultivar mixtures, Meta-analysis, Wheat, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science, Cropping, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Increasing the biodiversity of cropped plants is a key leverage for agroecology, aiming to replace chemical inputs by ecological processes and regulations. Cultivar mixtures are a straightforward way to increase within-crop diversity, but they have so far been poorly used by farmers and they are not encouraged by advisory services. Based on the methodology developed by Kiær et al. (2009), we achieved a meta-analysis of cultivar mixtures in wheat. Among the 120 publications dedicated to wheat, we selected 32 studies to analyze various factors that may condition the success or failure of wheat mixtures by calculating overyielding, i.e. the difference in productivity of a variety mixture compared with the weighted mean of its component varieties in pure stand. The analysis highlighted a significant global overyielding of 3.5%, which reached 6.2% in condition of high disease pressures. Overyielding was not affected by seeding density or plot size. Under high disease pressure, overyielding increased by 3.2% point per added component variety. Overyielding was respectively 5.3% and 3.3% higher for mixtures heterogeneous in disease resistance or phenology than for homogeneous ones, and did not vary when considering height. Overyielding reached its highest values in the 1980s and 1990s, which reflects the predominance of disease-focused studies during this period. Our results confirm that cultivar mixtures are a potential way to increase yield relatively to pure varieties, especially under low pesticide cropping systems. Literature suggests that mixture practice is impeded by the lack of general rules that could help to mixing varieties. To design such rules it is needed to (1) achieve new experiments manipulating the heterogeneity in variety traits, (2) determine experimentally the ecological mechanisms underlying mixture performance and (3) develop new models allowing testing and analyzing these mechanisms.

Published
2018
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49. Soils as a key component of the critical zone 6 : ecology

Author

Manuel Blouin, Sébastien Barot, Philippe Lemanceau, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Lemanceau P., Blouin M., Lemanceau, P. (ed.), Blouin, M. (ed.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, and ProdInra, Migration

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, business.industry, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Environmental resource management, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, Ecological engineering, 01 natural sciences, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil management, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, [SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, business, Evolutionary dynamics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Prod 2018-76h équipe EA SPE BIOME INRA AGROSUP; International audience

Published
2018

50. Biodiversity and ecological functioning of soils

Author

Xavier Raynaud, Sébastien Barot, Thomas Z. Lerch, Jean-Christophe Lata, Naoise Nunan, Julie Leloup, Lemanceau, P. (ed.), Blouin, M. (ed.), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Raynaud, Xavier

Subjects
[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, Soil water, Biodiversity, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

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