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La educación para los estudiantes sordos está en un proceso continuo de revisión, la inclusión de este grupo minoritario es una realidad y un desafío en las aulas de clases. Este articulo tiene como objetivo caracterizar los procesos cognitivos en el aula de clases de estudiantes sordos colombianos y chilenos de educación básica/primaria. Esta es una investigación con enfoque cualitativo, con diseño de estudio de casos múltiples. Los participantes fueron organizados en términos de aulas inclusivas chilenas (sordos y oyentes) y exclusivas colombianas (solo estudiantes sordos) de los niveles 3º, 4º y 5º año. Se aplicó la Pauta de Observación de Procesos Cognitivos (POPC), la que se organiza en 4 dimensiones: Procesos Cognitivos, Procesos Metacognitivos, Aspectos Motivacionales y Actividades suplementarias. Además, se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a los docentes, intérpretes de Lengua de Señas y coeducadores sordos. Los resultados se plantean en función de la descripción de las estrategias pedagógicas que usan los profesores sordos y oyentes para promover procesos cognitivos en el aula, considerando diferentes diadas (estudiante sordo-docente sordo/oyente, estudiante sordo-estudiante oyente, estudiante sordo-intérprete) Las conclusiones apuntan a que las aulas inclusiva favorecen el trabajo colaborativo y el aula exclusiva desarrolla estrategias en la lengua de señas potenciando los aprendizajes de los estudiantes sordos.

The Module-0 Demonstrator is a single-phase 600 kg liquid argon time projection chamber operated as a prototype for the DUNE liquid argon near detector. Based on the ArgonCube design concept, Module-0 features a novel 80k-channel pixelated charge readout and advanced high-coverage photon detection system. In this paper, we present an analysis of an eight-day data set consisting of 25 million cosmic ray events collected in the spring of 2021. We use this sample to demonstrate the imaging performance of the charge and light readout systems as well as the signal correlations between the two. We also report argon purity and detector uniformity measurements and provide comparisons to detector simulations.

La comunicación y el aprendizaje son un referente espontáneo dentro de los procesos educativos de los seres humanos, en los que se incluyen programas para estudiantes sordos. El artículo tiene como objetivo describir los componentes necesarios de un programa para un aula con estudiantes sordos y sordas. Con un enfoque de corte cualitativo, un diseño fenomenológico, se recogió información a través de grupos de discusión con la participación e interacción de profesionales chilenos y colombianos. Los participantes fueron 44, entre ellos: fonoaudiólogos, profesores de sordos, co-educadores/modelos lingüísticos, intérpretes de lengua de señas chilena y colombiana. Los resultados establecieron 3 categorías: perfil profesional, estrategias comunicativas-cognitivas y elementos fortalecedores. Las conclusiones van orientadas a la importancia de considerar elementos articuladores como el trabajo colaborativo y la gestión pedagógica en el desarrollo del trabajo profesional de un programa educativo para un aula con estudiantes sordos.

Antecedentes: En México los embarazos adolescentes son 77 por cada 1,000. De los nacimientos anuales, el 17% son de madres adolescentes, con casi 350,000. Objetivo: Explicar por qué las adolescentes se embarazan a pesar del conocimiento de métodos anticonceptivos. Métodos: Con un estudio exploratorio y observacional, se evaluaron a 300 adolescentes embarazadas de 15 a 19 años, que no tenían antecedentes de consumo de sustancias adictivas y cuyos embarazos no fueron resultado de una violación.. Se aplicó el cuestionario de funcionamiento familiar y una entrevista de los antecedentes sociodemográficos. Resultados: El inicio de vida sexual fue a los 12 años para el 1.7%, de las participantes, a los 13 para el 7.3%, a los 14 para el 18.7%, a los 15 para el 36%, a los 16 para el 19.3% y las restantes (17%) tuvieron un inicio a los 19 años. El 100% manifestó que conocía métodos anticonceptivos, incluyendo la píldora del día siguiente. Conclusiones: El embarazo a temprana edad viene acompañado de mitos sociales e individuales sobre el conocimiento de la sexualidad humana, la anticoncepción y la vida amorosa. El embarazo representa para las jóvenes tener un objeto de amor y obtener un lugar en el mundo y dentro sus familias.

This study uncovered the impacts of microwave (MW) treatments compared to conventional pasteurization (TP) on the quality of functional citrus–maqui beverages, with added sucrose or stevia. The influence of these thermal treatments on the microbiological burden and phytochemical composition was determined by processing under two MW power levels (600 W and 800 W) and TP at 85 °C for 15 s for 60 days at room temperature (20 °C). The results indicated that, beyond the microbiological quality achieved in the juices treated by both MW and TP technology, there were no differences among the treatments regarding the stability of vitamin C, anthocyanin, and flavanone concentrations. However, anthocyanins were more stable in those beverages with sucrose added, rendering a better red color. Besides, all treatments ensured microbiological stability throughout the entire storage time. In conclusion, MW treatment could be considered as an alternative to TP, which ensures microbial safety, protecting functional compounds associated with health effects.

Organic farming is growing rapidly worldwide since it is perceived as more respectful of the environment than conventional farming. In this sense, organic agriculture is highly appreciated by consumers since consumers around the world believe that organic food has a higher content of beneficial compounds for health and consider it of higher quality. For that reason, the objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional, sensorial, and functional quality of the ‘Fino 49’ lemon grafted on Citrus macrophylla in conventional and organic cultivation. Fatty acids, amino acids, total phenol, and polyphenols were quantified, antioxidant activity was measured, and sensory descriptive analysis was performed. Conventional farming led to an increase in amino acid content (641 mg L−1) and an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (254 mg 100 g−1) and monounsaturated fatty acids (37.61 mg 100 g−1). On the other hand, organically produced lemon fruits had better sensory profile (highlighting overall aroma (6.5), lemon odor (6.8), sourness (5.8), floral (0.6), and fresh lemon flavor (9.8)), and lower thrombogenicity index (0.15). The type of cultivation (organic and conventional) had no influence on the antioxidant activity (~1.60, ~3.08, and ~4.16 mmol Trolox L−1 for ABTS+, DPPH•, and FRAP, respectively) and polyphenols content (85.51 and 86.69 conventional and organic, respectively). However, to establish the advantages and disadvantages of different types of cultivation on lemon quality more studies are needed.

El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la relación ESE y el rendimiento de los estudiantes de cuatro unidades educativas del distrito 13D07 Chone-Flavio Alfaro. Se aplicó una encuesta semiestructura dirigida a 120 estudiantes, 120 madres de familia y 80 padres de familia de tercer curso del Bachillerato. Técnicas: K-medias, análisis de conglomerados, análisis discriminante y comparaciones no paramétricas. Estudiantes con alto ESE mostraron que, en las familias chonenses en las unidades educativas seleccionadas, la ocupación materna tuvo más efecto positivo en el logro de los jóvenes que otras medidas de ESE. Con un nivel bajo de ESE: a menor ocupación del padre, menos se ayuda en las tareas de educación. La relación entre el rendimiento académico y el ESE de los estudiantes, siendo un punto en las discusiones sobre la mejora de la calidad educativa. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de evaluar múltiples componentes de ESE en futuras investigaciones.

Mandarin production has increased in recent years, especially for fresh consumption, due to its ease of peeling, its aroma, and its content of bioactive compounds. In this sense, aromas play a fundamental role in the sensory quality of this fruit. The selection of the appropriate rootstock is crucial for the success of the crop and its quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the influence of 9 rootstocks (“Carrizo citrange”, “Swingle citrumelo CPB 4475”, “Macrophylla”, “Volkameriana”, “Forner-Alcaide 5”, “Forner-Alcaide V17”, “C-35”, “Forner-Alcaide 418”, and “Forner-Alcaide 517”) on the volatile composition of “Clemenules” mandarin. For this, the volatile compounds of mandarin juice were measured using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction in a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Seventy-one volatile compounds were identified in the analyzed samples, with limonene being the main compound. The results obtained showed that the rootstock used in the cultivation of mandarins affects the volatile content of the juice, with “Carrizo citrange”, “Forner-Alcaide 5”, “Forner-Alcaide 418”, and “Forner-Alcaide 517” being those that presented the highest concentration.

El Estado de Derecho constituye un elemento imprescindible para una democracia plena. No obstante, su acogida como valor fundamental en los Tratados y la legislación de la Unión Europea, se están produciendo fuertes ataques al mismo, que están intentando ser sofocados con los mecanismos institucionales adecuados, con dispar éxito, lo que lleva a la necesidad de replantear con más contundencia esta cuestión en el seno de la organización comunitaria europea

The by-products of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in the winemaking process present a diverse phytochemical profile of (poly)phenols, essentially represented by phenolic acids, flavonoids, and stilbenes, which have health benefits. In winemaking, solid (grape stems and pomace) and semisolid (wine lees) by-products are generated, negatively impacting the sustainability of the agro-food activity and the local environment. Although information on the phytochemical profile of grape stems and pomace has been reported, especially information concerning (poly)phenols, research on wine lees is necessary to take advantage of the compositional traits of this residue. So, in the present work, an updated, in-depth comparison of the (poly)phenolic profiles of these three resulting matrices in the agro-food industry has been carried out to provide new knowledge and interesting data on the action of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) metabolism in the diversification of phenolic composition; additionally, we extract complementarities for the possible joint application of the three residues. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts was carried out using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MSn. The (poly)phenolic profiles of the residues showed significant discrepancies. The results obtained showed that the greatest diversity of (poly)phenols was found in the stems of the grapes, followed closely by the lees. Through technological insights, it has been suggested that yeasts and LAB, responsible for the fermentation of must, might play a key role in the transformation of phenolic compounds. This would provide new molecules with specific bioavailability and bioactivity features, which might interact with different molecular targets and, consequently, improve the biological potential of these underexploited residues.

Nuts are widely consumed worldwide, mainly due to their characteristic flavor and texture, ease of consumption, and their functional properties. In addition, consumers increasingly demand natural or slightly processed foods with high quality. Consequently, non-thermal treatments are a viable alternative to thermal treatments used to guarantee safety and long shelf life, which produce undesirable changes that affect the sensory quality of nuts. Non-thermal treatments can achieve results similar to those of the traditional (thermal) ones in terms of food safety, while ensuring minimal loss of bioactive compounds and sensory properties, thus obtaining a product as similar as possible to the fresh one. This article focuses on a review of the main non-thermal treatments currently available for nuts (cold plasma, high pressure, irradiation, pulsed electric field, pulsed light, ultrasound and ultraviolet light) in relation to their effects on the quality and safety of nuts. All the treatments studied have shown promise with regard to the inhibition of the main microorganisms affecting nuts (e.g., Aspergillus, Salmonella, and E. coli). Furthermore, by optimizing the treatment, it is possible to maintain the organoleptic and functional properties of these products.

The expansion of the super-high-intensive cultivation of olive groves requires irrigation techniques that are compatible with the increasing scarcity of water due to climate change and olive oil demand. For this, the effect of two regulated deficit irrigation treatments (RDI) and a sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) treatment was studied. The treatments consisted of: (i) control treatment, which supplied 100% of the water lost by evapotranspiration (ET0); (ii) the “optimal RDI” treatment, which only reduced irrigation water (~37–54% reduction) during the pit hardening stage; (iii) the “confederation RDI” which limited water restriction to the donation of the Guadalquivir hydrographic confederation (~72% reduction); and, (iv) the “confederation SDI”, similar water restriction (~72%) but dying the whole tree cycle. In general, the reduction in the irrigation water caused no negative effects on the studied parameters. However, the total phenolic content (TPC) was increased when the deficit irrigation was applied. Fatty acid profile showed changes with respect to the control, increasing oleic acid and the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). For the volatile compound profile, reducing water intake caused changes in mayor volatile compound (trans-2-hexenal), related with green flavors. The application of deficit irrigation treatments increased the value obtained in the fruity parameter with respect to the control. On the other hand, irrigation deficit treatments did not generate changes in the olive oil yield.

Since the end of the 20th century, organic foods have gained interest within the world population. The lemon is a fruit that is acquiring great prominence in the markets. Its use is based on its appreciated aroma and its content of bioactive compounds, but these attributes are greatly influenced by agronomic practices. To study the influence that organic farming has on the quality of “Fino 49” lemon variety in Spain, this citrus fruit has been characterized based on its morphological, functional, aromatic, and sensory properties. The results showed that conventional farming led to larger and elongated fruits (121.75 g of fruit weight and 58.35 and 79.66 mm of equatorial and polar diameter, respectively), with a higher lightness (L*) in lemon skin (73.38) and higher content of organic acids (malic, citric, and succinic) and sugars (glucose and fructose). On the other hand, organic farming had a higher content of volatile compounds in lemon juice (2537 mg L−1), especially limonene (increase of ~20%), which is related to the greater odor and flavor found in the organic samples by consumers (4.8 and 5.2, respectively). Furthermore, organic lemons had a better acceptance rate by consumers.

El Estado de Derecho constituye un elemento imprescindible para una democracia plena. No obstante, su acogida como valor fundamental en los Tratados y la legislación de la Unión Europea, se están produciendo fuertes ataques al mismo, que están intentando ser sofocados con los mecanismos institucionales adecuados, con dispar éxito, lo que lleva a la necesidad de replantear con más contundencia esta cuestión en el seno de la organización comunitaria europea.

Pseudo-nitzschia is a cosmopolitan genus, some species of which can produce domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin responsible for the Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). In this study, we identified P. subpacifica for the first time in Todos Santos Bay and Manzanillo Bay, in the Mexican Pacific using SEM and molecular methods. Isolates from Todos Santos Bay were cultivated under conditions of phosphate sufficiency and deficiency at 16°C and 22°C to evaluate the production of DA. This toxin was detected in the particulate (DAp) and dissolved (DAd) fractions of the cultures during the exponential and stationary phases of growth of the cultures. The highest DA concentration was detected during the exponential phase grown in cells maintained in P-deficient medium at 16°C (1.14 ± 0.08 ng mL-1 DAd and 4.71 ± 1.11 × 10-5 ng cell-1 of DAp). In P-sufficient cultures DA was higher in cells maintained at 16°C (0.25 ± 0.05 ng mL-1 DAd and 9.41 ± 1.23 × 10-7 ng cell-1 of DAp) than in cells cultured at 22°C. Therefore, we confirm that P. subpacifica can produce DA, especially under P-limited conditions that could be associated with extraordinary oceanographic events such as the 2013-2016 "Blob" in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. This event altered local oceanographic conditions and possibly generated the presence of potential harmful species in areas with economic importance on the Mexican Pacific coast.

El agua, además de un elemento imprescindible para la vida, es un derecho humano imprescindible para garantizar la dignidad de las personas. No obstante, sometida el agua a la dinámica del mercado capitalista, la lucha se centra en el reconocimiento y efectivización universal como derecho, que permita sacar de la miseria a millones de personas y garantizando unos niveles mínimos de calidad de vida y de progreso.

Currently, poverty, climate change, environmental pollution and the depletion of natural resources have generated a greater concern for sustainability. The objective is the survival of the human species and the persistence of all components of the biosphere. To achieve sustainability, human participation is essential; sustainable consumption depends on consumers’ perceptions of sustainability and how they affect their behavior. The aim of this study was to understand consumers’ perceptions and attitudes towards food sustainability based on country, age, gender, income and education level. An online survey was carried out in countries in Europe, America and Asia. Consumers were asked questions organized into food categories. The results showed that consumers’ attitude towards sustainability is understood differently in each country, even within the same food category. Consumers with lower education level showed the lowest knowledge and concern about food sustainability. Older generations were less aware of sustainability and its related problems. While income level presented unclear results, gender did not affect attitude towards food sustainability. Therefore, to achieve a sustainable future, raising awareness among the population is increasingly necessary. Consequently, segmenting training campaigns according to the group they are aimed at will provide a greater impact and, therefore, greater awareness.

Water is the most essential resource for food production and socioeconomic development worldwide. Currently, industry and agriculture are the most water consuming activities, creating high levels of pollution, and intensifying the scarcity of water especially in arid regions. The term “hydroSOStainable products” has been used to define those foodstuffs grown under irrigation strategies that involve optimized water management. A study to understand how consumers perceive options to save water in the food chain and how to identify the water sustainable products by a logo, was conducted in Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Spain and USA, with 600 consumers per country. In all countries, consumers think that the food categories in which it is possible to save the most water are those linked directly to agricultural products: (i) “grains and grain products” and (ii) “vegetables, nuts and beans”. Also, consumers do not associate processed products, such as snacks, with high water consumption, even though they come from agricultural products such as grains and require more processing. The logo was positively rated by consumers, especially by young generations. There is a need to properly inform consumers about water sustainability to gain their confidence in the hydroSOS logo.

One of the main current problems in European quality agricultural production is the lack of objective data for linking quality to origin and to evidence environmental concern (CO2 uptake and use of water in Spain). The aim of this study was to develop an agricultural management platform, based on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) principles and with the ability to collect geolocated information from different plots related to Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) wine production. First a survey to farmers, technicians and PDO and PGI managers was carried out to detect the needs of the three groups in relation to ERP platforms; and secondly an ERP platform was developed to collect agronomic information to comply with the Spanish legal requirements. Results showed that the end user completes information database, complies with the legal requirements, and obtains benefits derived from the data analysis. Consequently, the platform (i) solves lack of agricultural data problem; (ii) provides the user with management tools for its agricultural operations; (iii) allows the decision maker to obtain geolocated information in real time; and (iv) sets out the bases for the future development of agricultural systems based on Big Data.

Climate change, the increase in world population, and the intensification of urban and industrial activities, will cause a shortage of water for agriculture. This situation requires conscientious studies to manage water deficits without affecting the quality of the crops. In this study, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies and three rootstocks (P. atlantica, P. integerrima, and P. terebinthus) were applied to pistachio cultivation to study the quality of fruits obtained based on the morphological, functional, aroma, and their sensory properties. The results obtained demonstrated that RDI T1 (during phenological phase II of cultivation the stem water potential was maintained around −1.5 MPa) led to pistachios with same morphological properties, total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, volatile composition, sensory properties, better profile of fatty acids, and being the favorite ones for international consumers, as compared to pistachios obtained under full irrigation treatments. On the other hand, when P. integerrima was used, pistachios obtained had the highest weight, the lowest content of sucrose and the best functional properties.

Citrus limon (L.) Burm is an important crop that grows between latitudes 30° North and 30° South, the main producers being China, the USA, Mexico, India, Brazil, and Spain. In Spain, lemon grows mainly in Mediterranean areas such as Murcia, Valencia, and Andalucía. The most cultivated varieties are “Fino” and “Verna”. In this study, five varieties of lemon, “Verna”, “Bétera”, “Eureka”, “Fino 49”, and “Fino 95” were evaluated on different rootstocks: three new Forner-Alcaide (“FA13”, “FA5”, “FA517”), Citrus macrophylla, Wester, and Citrus aurantium L. Hydrodistillation was used to obtain essential oil from fresh peels and then the volatile profile was studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 26 volatile compounds were identified, limonene being the main one followed by β-pinene, γ-terpinene, sabinene, and α-pinene. The results revealed that Forner-Alcaide rootstocks (“FA5” > “FA517” > “FA13”) proved to be the best rootstocks for the aroma quality as they led to high volatile contents, followed by C. aurantium and C. macrophylla. Among the other varieties, the most aromatic one was “Eureka”. The whole trend was as follows (in decreasing order): “Eureka” > “Bétera” > “Fino 95” > “Verna” > “Fino 49”.

In 2016 a mass mortality period (MMP) of cage cultured tuna occurred in the northwest coast of Baja California, Mexico. Nine die-offs occurred from May 31st to August 2nd in Todos Santos Bay, Salsipuedes Bay and Coronado Islands. The organisms were disoriented, gasping, swimming erratically, and died hours after these signs were detected. Necropsies and histopathological analyses were performed on dead organisms. Abundant mucus and congestion was observed in the gills. Histopathological analysis of the gills showed hyperplasia, fusion of gill filaments and lamellae, telangiectasia, edemas, increased numbers of mucus cells, and in some cases severe hemorrhage. Water samples were analyzed and a sampling campaign was implemented in some cultivation areas to evaluate the presence of ichthyotoxic microalgae. Chattonella spp. (mainly C. cf. marina) were detected in the water column during the MMP. At the end of May abundances of 5 × 103 cells L−1 were detected in sea surface samples and Chattonella spp. represented ~20% of the microphytoplankton community. Abundance of these species at surface increased to 33 × 103 cells L−1 in June and represented 85% of the phytoplankton community. No other environmental stressful variables were detected during the MMP. The presence of Chattonella spp. in the water column explains the dead of the tuna since behavior, necropsies, and histopathological analyses of the gills indicate a severe reaction to an environmental noxa that could be related to the characteristic toxic effect of these species. Before the MMP, ichthyotoxic species have not been reported in the phytoplankton community of the region. Accumulation of Chattonella spp. was probably associated with abnormally high temperatures present during the two previous years before the MMP. Surface temperature anomalies of 3°C were registered during 2015. Mesoscale oceanographic and atmospheric phenomena brought the environmental conditions for a change in the phytoplankton community in the region. Phytoplankton biomass was low and associated with a decrease in the abundance of diatoms and dinoflagellates. The absence of diatoms together with upwelling events followed by stratification before the MMP probably favored the accumulation of Chattonella spp. that affected importantly tuna ranching activities in Northwest Baja California.

In January 2015, a harmful algae bloom (HAB) of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum occurred in the Northern Gulf of California (NGC). This species produces paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), a group of potent neurotoxins. The harvesting and commercialization of geoduck Panopea globosa are important economic activities in this region and were prohibited for several months due to the accumulation of PSTs in clam tissues. We analyzed PSTs concentrations in P. globosa collected on a weekly basis during 2015 near San Felipe, Baja California. The aim of the study was to evaluate the transformation and depuration characteristics of PSTs in different geoduck tissues. The PST content was evaluated in the visceral mass and in the siphon by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation (HPLC-PCOX). Additionally, 10 selected samples were analyzed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). Toxicity in all siphon samples was lower than the regulatory limit (RL) for PSTs of 800 μg STX eq kg-1. In contrast, the maximum toxicity of 16,740 μg STX eq kg-1 detected in the visceral mass exceeded 21 times the RL and it took 210 days to reach values below 800 μg STX eq kg-1. Therefore, P. globosa can be considered a slow detoxifier bivalve with a depuration rate of 4.3% day-1 (calculated by an exponential decay model; R2 = 0.80). The N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins C1 and 2 were the most abundant analogs in the siphon and viscera samples collected close to the HAB occurrence. The concentration of these analogs decreased and GTX5 and more toxic analogs such as dcGTX2 and dcSTX were detected. M-type analogs were detected by HILIC-MS/MS and represented up to 75% of total PSTs in some samples. M-type analogs contributed to 48% of toxicity estimated in the sample. We report for the first time the depuration rate, PSTs profile, and its change over time in P. globlosa. This information is essential to characterize the metabolism of toxins in this economically important bivalve but also to develop management plans for fisheries if the organism is going to be recurrently exposed to PSTs producing blooms, as seems the case for the NGC.

Lasiodiplodia theobromae es un hongo que ha sido informado por varios autores como un productor de gran rendimiento de la fitohormona ácido Jasmónico (AJ). Una cepa autóctona de este hongo ha sido utilizada en el Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Caña de Azúcar para la obtención de un caldo fermentado con un gran contenido de AJ, el cual ha sido registrado como BIOJAS®. Este caldo ha sido aplicado en diversos cultivos agrícolas y ha demostrado su factibilidad agronómica, como regulador del crecimiento vegetal y en el control biológico de diferentes microorganismos fitopatógenos y plagas. Tanto el caldo como la biomasa, obtenidos a partir del proceso fermentativo de este hongo, contienen otros metabolitos que presentan interesantes propiedades bioactivas, entre los que se encuentran los ácidos grasos como componentes fundamentales de la biomasa. En este trabajo se muestra el estudio realizado para cuantificar los ácidos grasos presentes en el extracto obtenido de la biomasa del hongo por Cromatografía de Gases y la identificación del perfil de sustancias presentes en la fracción apolar del caldo fermentado por Cromatografía de Gases acoplada a Espectrometría de Masas. Los ácidos grasos más abundantes en la biomasa fueron los ácidos palmítico, esteárico, oleico, linoleico y α-linolénico, sobresaliendo el ácido oleico, como el componente mayoritario. En la composición del caldo fermentado se encontró un contenido de 2,32 % de

A mediados de la pasada década se publicó un trabajo en el que se analizaba por qué, a pesar del desarrollo experimentado por la psicología y salud en México, en ese entonces se hadan evidentes dos problemas: la falta de reconocimiento profesional de la psicología y los psicólogos en los marcos normativos sobre la materia, por un lado, así como las dificultades que enfrentaban para su integración en los equipos interdisciplinarios de salud, por el otro. Casi una década después nos encontramos que en general la situación no ha cambiado de manera sustancial, lo que a final de cuentas se traduce en un ejercicio profesional que dista mucho de estar impactando positivamente al diseño, instrumentación y evaluación de programas de investigación e intervención en el seno mismo de las instituciones de salud. Con base en el sentido común y la experiencia de los autores, en este trabajo se discute sobre tres asuntos que consideramos pudieran ayudar a revertir dicha situación, en beneficio de la psicología y los psicólogos que se desempeñan en el ámbito de la salud.

Fermented milk-based beverages containing fruits are perceived as healthy foods by consumers and are increasingly demanded. The incorporation of sweet cherry into fermented milks was evaluated in the present study. Maturation stage of cherry 8 and 12 (commercial and over-ripened) and starter culture (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus helveticus) were tested. Antioxidant properties, anthocyanin content, color and microbial counts were used to assess the quality of the fermented milks. L. helveticus exhibited the fastest acidification rate; whereas L. casei and L. paracasei presented the highest microbial counts. Fermented milks containing grade 12 sweet cherries yielded the highest concentration of anthocyanins and color intensity and preserved phenolic compounds and anthocyanins during 10 days of refrigerated storage. L. helveticus preserved the highest content of phenols, whereas L. casei and L. paracasei better preserved anthocyanins. Overall, fermented milk with L. helveticus including grade 12 cherry puree provided the best preservation of bioactive compounds.

El presente trabajo refierese a los Tratados Internacionales de la Unión Europea sobre la Politica Ambiental Comun. Los primeros documentos internacionales, embrión de la CE no previan cualquer politica ambiental comun. Fue con el aumento de los niveles de contaminación y la constatación de que los daños nos se quedavan a un solo Estado y que las legislaciones nacionales no atendian las necesidades, que empesaran los mecanismos comunes de preservación ambiental, apostando la CE por un Desarrollo sostenible.

O presente estudo trata acerca dasmudanças climáticas e os recursos hídricos na União Europeia, mas, sobretudo,trata da sobrevivência da própria espécie humana no planeta. Constatou-se queexiste um consenso na comunidade científica internacional de que as mudançasclimáticas são causadas principalmente pelo modo de produção e consumo. Assim,as conclusões do quarto relatório do IPCC indicam que o futuro é preocupante,dado que as alterações climáticas terão um impacto não só geograficamente, masafetarão setores vitais da existência humana, sendo urgentemente necessárioprevenir que esta catástrofe ocorra ou, pelo menos, mitigar os seus efeitos.Mas é preciso distinguir que a responsabilidade nesse combate é diferente entreos países desenvolvidos e aqueles que não o são, e também as soluções e osmecanismos para alcançar resultados devem ser. A abordagem leva a conclusão deque ao se falar sobre mudanças climáticas e recursos hídricos, essa é umadiscussão fundamentalmente humana, não se resume a uma discussão científica,mas, sobretudo é uma questão de sobrevivência e dignidade de milhões de pessoasno planeta.

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Sin resumen