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Theranostic radiopharmaceuticals have shown tremendous capabilities in the last decade in the treatment and diagnosis of human diseases via nuclear medicine procedures. In particular, the use of radiometals has experienced a great increase as a result of the development of relevant production technologies. This publication presents the outcome of an IAEA coordinated research project (CRP) focusing on the production, quality control and radiopharmaceutical aspects of three key radionuclides, 67CU, 186Re and 47Sc, which have been selected based on their theranostic potential and their dual production routes. The publication was compiled using inputs from experts in the field as well as presenting the overall results of the CRP. It contains separate sections for each radionuclide including: nuclear data and information on targetry, irradiation, chemical separation, quality control as well as sample radiopharmaceutical production. The findings and considerations will be of use to scientists and technologists interested in translating research reactor and cyclotron based radioisotope production into practice, as well as to post graduate students in the field.

This study reports the results of a survey of several hundred public affairs faculty concerning what they look for when evaluating candidates for academic positions. Although fit with program needs is the most important criteria followed by publications, there is a great deal of diversity on what faculty value in job candidates. Faculty from PhD granting institutions place more emphasis on research and publications while those at non-PhD granting programs focus more on department fit and teaching experience. Faculty with greater experience are more likely to emphasize letters of recommendation and the quality of the dissertation.

Experimental cross section data for the production of (7)Be by (9)Be(d,x)(7)Be reactions are presented for the first time at deuteron energies up to 50 MeV. For the (9)Be(p,x)(7)Be reaction values up to 65 MeV are presented and compared to literature values. The cross sections were measured using an activation method in stacked foil irradiations followed by gamma-ray spectroscopy. Thick target yields were calculated and discussed in comparison with other (7)Be producing reactions. The cross section data calculated with the latest versions of the TALYS code (TENDL2012 and TENDL2013 libraries) are discussed.

The spread of poliomyelitis seemed to one of us (J. A. T.) to be synchronous with an increased consumption of certain fruits particularly abundant during the summer season. No one, however, has been able to demonstrate any connection between intake of food and this disease.1 Although the common house fly Musca domestica can carry poliomyelitis virus mechanically and thus contaminate food, this does not adequately explain the epidemiology of the disease.2

The field distribution for superconducting cylinders and slabs with field dependent critical current densities in combined DC and AC magnetic fields and the corresponding magnetic fluxes are calculated. It is shown that all features of experimental magnetic-field profile measurements can be explained in the framework of field dependent critical current density. Even the quantitative agreement between the experimental and theoretical results using Kim's model is very good.

This study compares three linear optimal controllers for stationkeeping with respect to reference orbits around Phobos. The dynamics of the Mars-Phobos system are constrained to the synodical plane of the circular restricted three-body problem (CRTBP) with Phobos modelled as an ellipsoid. The controllers rely on periodic orbits which permit the dynamics to be expressed as a linear system with periodic coefficients. A novel method of determining the necessary conditions for periodic orbits is formulated through nonlinear optimization techniques, where the function to be minimized is the vector norm of the difference between the initial and final conditions of the orbit. The optimization algorithm is a Nelder-Mead simplex and is shown to outperform any gradient-based methods as well as other techniques for determining such orbits. Two controllers, constant feedback and scheduled, are developed from the algebraic Riccati equation (ARE), which is solved at specific points on the reference orbits. These controllers are then compared to the optimal solution which uses the time-varying Riccati equation. At high orbits, the periodicity of the linearized system is very small and the controllers are nearly identical in performance. Closer orbits reveal increases in the periodicity of the dynamics, leading to an increase in performance of the time-varying Riccati equation-based controller over the scheduled and constant feedback gain cases

Two models (localization of carriers in normal regions, bag-like excitations of the superconducting condensate) are given for possible explanation of additional structure in the tunnelling current of high-T c superconductors above the gap voltage.

Flexner's M.V. strain of poliomyelitis can produce paralysis in Eastern cotton rats.1 Another experiment was started on 8/13/40 to see if our previous results could be duplicated.1 The usual injections of cord brain suspension in these experiments were 0.06 cc intracerebrally (IC), 0.06 cc intranasally (IN) and 0.5 cc subcutaneously (SQ) of a 10% suspension in “enteric organism filtrate.” The starting injection in the first generation was made with monkey cord. Each subsequent generation got the rat cord and brain of the preceding generation. Ten animals in Generation (Gen.) I were injected. All died between the 16th and 30th day; none had paralysis. Three animals in Gen. II were injected on 8/29 with Gen. I rat which died on the 16th day. These animals died between 42 and 46 days. Three animals in Gen. Ill were injected on 10/16 with a combination of all 3 animals from Gen. II. This time an additional injection of 1.0 cc was made IP. Two animals died on the 3rd and 1 on the 5th day; all were weak; none h...

Krumwiede, Mishulow and Oldenbusch1 stated that the serum obtained from rabbits that had been injected with recently isolated pertussis strains grown on chocolate brown agar medium, agglutinated organisms grown on chocolate agar medium well and those grown on unadjusted blood agar but poorly. They found also that certain serums obtained from rabbits that had been injected with freshly isolated strains grown on unheated blood medium (Bordet-Gengou-Povitzky) agglutinated organisms grown on chocolate brown agar better than they did the homologous organisms grown on blood agar medium. They concluded that there were two types of H. pertussis?type A, where the strain serum agglutinated its homologous and heterologous organisms, and type B, where the strain serum agglutinated its homologous, but not its heterologous organisms. Their work was repeated elsewhere and confirmed when their cultures were used. In Paris,2 as well as in Copenhagen,3 no such comparable variation could be obtained from experiments with freshly isolated strains obtained from local sources, although it was admitted that the two American cultures acted like two separate types of organisms and in the manner described by Krumwiede et al. We grew freshly isolated organisms on 20*^ placental blood agar medium (Bordet-Povitzky modification)4 and the same organisms on the same stock medium, heating it to a chocolate brown color. The agglutinin titer of rabbit serum obtained after the injection of organisms continuously grown on 20(^ placental blood agar medium (Bordet) in the manner described previously5 was still high against the homologous organisms grown on blood agar (1:10240), but dropped markedly against 10 organisms grown on chocolate brown agar. In this paper, homologous organisms means the same organisms grown on the same medium; heterologous means the same organisms grown on different mediums. The results of our experiments are summarized in table 1.

Freshly isolated H. pertussis organisms when grown on 20*^ to 25% human placental hemoglobin blood agar medium (Bordet), having a pu of from 6.0 to 6.4 as modified by Povitzky, appear as small ovoid bacilli which at times are nearly indistinguishable from coccoid bacteria. These organisms appear entirely unlike the typical bacillary forms that are usually considered when speaking of H. pertussis. This coccoid stage was originally termed the "state I" of the organism by Bordet and Sleeswyck1 and later "phase I" by Lesslie and Gardner.2 We have called it the disease producing state3 because it is in this state that the organism is most virulent for guinea pigs,4 produces the highest agglutinin titer when injected into rabbits5 and causes the disease in human beings and monkeys.6 When the coccoid or ovoid organisms are transferred every 4 days on the same medium (hemoglobin blood agar), they all begin to become ovoid in form within a few generations and only bacillary at about the 160th to the 180th generation removed from the parent strain. In sequence, under unfavorable conditions, the morphology changes first, the virulence later and finally the antigenic producing ability of the organisms, even though they may have been continuously transplanted on hemoglobin blood agar.7 If the organisms that have become bacillary at about the 160th generation are injected into a guinea pig, and if the organisms now recovered from its peritoneal cavity 24 hours later, are replanted on hemoglobin blood agar and the hemolytic colonies again transplanted from these to other plates of the same medium, it will be found that the bacillus has again become ovoid or occasionally even coccoid in form, and that its antigenic ability to produce agglutinins and virulence have likewise returned. If the organism is transplanted for more than 160 generations, its morphology may become fixed. As long as the organisms remain coccoid or ovoid in form and are grown on hemoglobin blood agar with a pu of 6.0, they will not produce the sticky exudate to which attention has been previously drawn.8 The coccoid forms may be arranged in

Rosenthal et al (1) concluded that the original prontosil of Domagk might prevent or modify the production of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice. Because of their experiments and some suggestive clinical evidence, neoprontosil has been used in the treatment of poliomyelitis (2) despite the fact that 1) the original prontosil of Domagk and the neoprontosil sold in this country are not the same drug; 2) the results of experiments with one drug are not necessarily the same as those following the use of another; 3) the results in one species of animals may not be the same as those obtained in another even when the same drug is used; 4) the effects of treatment in one virus disease may have no bearing on the effects that may be produced in another. Our experiments were performed to determine whether neoprontosil, the American product, or the original prontosil of Domagk would prevent the infection of small animals with virus from lymphocytic choriomeningitis.

Since freshly isolated strains of H. pertussis are used to vaccinate the human being against whooping cough, it was thought interesting to determine what protection such strains would bestow upon guinea pigs, animals highly susceptible to this type of organism. The first experiment was planned to determine the difference in protection acquired by guinea pigs that had been actively immunized against a freshly isolated strain grown on blood agar and those that had been actively immunized against the same strain acclimated to and grown on veal brain agar when both vaccinated groups were subsequently injected intraperitoneally with an MLD of a freshly isolated culture. The MLD of the freshly isolated organism was 3 mgm. by wet weight in 1 cc. of saline. The MLD of the same strain acclimated to and grown on veal brain agar was 35 mgm. by wet weight in 1 cc. of saline. The "disease producing" and "fixed" phases' were grown on their respective mediums and both harvested after 2 days and standardized so that 1 cc.-5 mgm. of wet weighed organisms. Fortyeight animals weighing from 210 to 250 grams were used. Thirty-two animals were immunized; 16 with the "disease producing" or freshly isolated and 16 with the "fixed" or old phase of the same organism. Five tenths of a cc. of the standardized vaccine was injected the first day, 1.0 cc. 4 days later and again 1.0 cc. 4 days after that. Miller2 reported protective antibodies at their height within 12 days after the injection of freshly isolated vaccine so that an interval of 12 days was allowed to elapse and then all of the animals including 16 controls were injected intraperitoneally with 1 MLD (3 mgm.) of the freshly isolated or the "disease producing" phase of the organism. Only one animal lived and it had been protected by the fixed strain. Fortyseven of the 48 injected animals died, 39 of them within 3 days after the intraperitoneal injection. The typical reaction seen at the autopsy of guinea pigs that died after injections of freshly isolated organisms was a massive dilatation of the capillaries with splotchy hemorrhages in the parietal abdominal wall, a salmon red color of the small intestines and a free serosanguinous exudate. Of the various groups of animals tested, there was but slight difference in the pathological reactions of those that died. Five of the first and 4 of the second group had atypical reactions as compared to only 2 of the control group. This nu

It is important to know whether lower laboratory animals can harbor poliomyelitis virus and act as carriers, or if the disease produced in them is different from that produced in the M. malatta monkey and that which develops in man. If small laboratory animals are not susceptible to poliomyelitis virus, it would be likewise important to know why they are resistant. A review has been made of the many attempts to produce poliomyelitis in such animals.1 Most of the reported successful transmissions of poliomyelitis in smaller animals have occurred in rabbits, flaccid and spastic types of paralysis having developed after injections of the virus. The results seemed so divergent and erratic that before injecting poliomyelitis virus, it was decided to determine what effect the intracerebral injection of nonspecific materials would have on young rabbits.

I N A previous experiment, twelve M~cacus malatta monkeys were each given sulfapyridine through a catheter passed into the stomach, the dosage being 0.5 gm. of the drug in 10 c.c. of water twice a day for ten days, 10 gin. in all. Two other animals received varying amounts of the drug for fifty-two days, each one having been given approximately 27 and 32 gm., respectively. Thirteen of the fourteen animals died and were subjected to complete autopsy. Grossly, the findings in the ur inary tract were similar and characteristic in all thirteen animals. 1 The blood sulfapyridine level taken at irregular intervals in eight animals ranged from 1.2 mg./100 c.c. to 8.2 Ing./100 c.c. Specimens for blood urea nitrogen (B.U.N.) determinations were taken simultaneously in these aniina]s. They ranged from 33.8 reg./a00 e.c. to as high as I60.4 rag./100 c.c. There was a decrease in the total number of red blood cells and in their hemoglobin content. Since most of these monkeys were ill with poliomyelitis, 2 the effects caused solely by the drug could not be accurately determined. The recommended dose of this drug for patients ill with pneumonia depends upon physical signs. ~ Adults are given 4 gm. immediately, followed by 1 gin. every four hours until the temperature becomes normal and has remained thus for at ]east forty-eight hours. In approximating the dosages, it was assumed that the temperature would come down within the first twenty-four hours. Subsequently, the dose is decreased to I gin. every six hours until the pneumonic process begins to resolve. The time when this happens is indefinite, but usually it is approximately from the fourth to the sixth day of the infection. The drug is then continued, giving 0.5 gin. four times a day until the lungs are clear. By physical signs this usually does not occur before the fifteenth day, and if x-ray evidenceis considered, not even by that time. The total initial and subsequent doses for children are less and depend upon the weight of the child, The doses estimated in Table I were based upon the considerations noted above.

It has been shown that Flexner's M.V. poliomyelitis strain carried in monkeys can be acclimated to rats1 and subsequently retransferred from rats to monkeys, in which latter typical disease was produced.2 The first 2 experiments of this report were performed in order to determine whether the virus could be retransferred from the collateral monkey generation back to rats.Experiment I. Monkey No. 2379 was 4 generations removed from the original rat transfer. Generation I monkey had received intracerebrally 1 cc of a 10% lineal generation VI cotton rat cord virus. Generations II, III, and IV monkeys were given 1 cc of a 10% cord virus obtained from the generations I, II, and III monkeys, respectively.Generation I Rat Re transfer. On 11/11/40, 5 cotton rats were injected with 0.06 cc IN, 0.06 cc IC, 0.5 cc SQ, and 1 cc IP of a 10% cord virus suspension of generation IV, Monkey No. 2379. (The doses mentioned here are the same in all the subsequent experiments of this type.)Two animals died—1 on 11/27, the sixt...

The effect of acclimatization of recently isolated H. pertussis organisms (phase I, "disease producing stage") on various bloodless mediums has been previously described.1 This paper is a report of the characteristics of the freshly isolated H. pertussis organisms when grown on mediums containing either human, sheep or horse blood. On March 23, 1936, H. pertussis strain "O" was isolated on placental blood Bordet agar (20(^ placental blood). When it had been well acclimated and was growing luxuriantly on human blood agar, it was transferred to 20% horse and sheep blood agar and kept growing on human blood Bordet agar as well at pn 6.6, and re transplanted on like mediums every fourth day thereafter.

Forty-five cotton rats were injected with 9 strains of poliomyelitis virus (Flexner M. V., Flexner W. E., Toomey, Philadelphia, Kramer, Harmon, Howitt, Trask, W. E., Australian). The doses injected were the same as those used by Armstrong1 to produce poliomyelitis, i. e., 0.06 cc intranasally, 0.06 cc intracerebrally and 0.5 cc subcutaneously of a 10% cord brain suspension. After 6 weeks of observation, 11 animals had died—2 after the injection of Harmon's and one each after the injection of the other strains, except Toomey's and Trask's. The cords and brains of those animals that died were made up into 10% suspensions in saline and injected into other animals. None of the latter either died or developed paralysis even after 4 months of observation.Flexner's M.V. virus strain, which was also our most potent monkey poliomyelitis virus strain and the one most recently passaged by us, was injected into 25 other cotton rats in the same manner as described before. The results were negative.Previously, it was f...

Flexner and Clark1 and Howard and Clark2 have demonstrated that artificially contaminated house flies can carry the virus of poliomyelitis. Rosenau and Brues3 and Anderson and Frost4 allowed stable flies to bite poliomyelitis-infected monkeys first and then non-infected animals, which subsequently came down with poliomyelitis. Rosenow, South and McCormack5 were able to produce the disease by injecting filtrates of flies collected in epidemic areas, although the disease was not transferable to other monkeys. Recently, Paul, Trask and associates7 isolated virus from flies obtained from two widely separated areas—Connecticut and Alabama.During the past 10 years, 20 experiments were done in this laboratory to recover poliomyelitis virus from house flies, all of which were unsuccessful. Dead flies were washed and the suspension filtered. The filtrate was injected either intracerebrally or intranasally, or both, into M. mulatta monkeys. A few experiments with filtrates of ground stable flies were also unsuccess...

Each year since 1932 we have searched in vain for poliomyelitis virus in the gastrointestinal contents of fish caught in waters near epidemic areas with consistently negative results. There might have been several reasons for our failures. (1) the gastrointestinal contents used in our experiments could not always be rendered completely sterile and the pyogenic infection which usually followed intracerebral injections at that time may have overshadowed any effects from the virus that might have been present.

ConclusionBearing in mind the percentage of experimental error, the number of natural deaths that would occur and those that would follow immediately or within 24 hours after injection, etc., one could conclude that specificity had been demonstrated and that this strain of rat virus was truly an acclimated one from Flexner's Philadelphia virus.B. Armstrong's Lansing Strain. All the positive controls (Group E) died; all negative controls (Group A) lived. All animals injected with “early horse serum”and virus (Group B) died. Two (6.6%) of Group C, the “convalescent horse serum”protected and 4 (13.3%) of Group D, given pooled convalescent human serum, died.

SINCE we believe that the gastrointestinal tract, from the stomodeum down, is the prime portal of entry in poliomyelitis, we thought that a food (probably fruit) which enters the gastrointestinal tract could in some way act as a precursor or catalytic enzyme on a normal constituent of the tract and accelerate the production of poliomyelitis. Various materials, together with fruit extracts, were tested. A toxic factor has been demonstrated in the stools and urines of patients ill with poliomyelitis, 1 a fact confirmed by Kramer and his associates. 2 The agglutinin titers of blood serum for enteric organisms were observed to be increased during convalescence from poliomyelitis. 3 Coliform organisms isolated from the stools of patients ill with poliomyelitis, the toxins of these organisms and virulent poliomyelitis virus, when combined and injected into Macacus rhesus monkeys, accelerated the production of poliomyelitis in an experiment described by one of us (J.

ConclusionThe Lansing strain of virus isolated by Armstrong easily produces disease in Sigmodon hispidus littoralis rats. Thus far, we have been unable to produce poliomyelitis with any of the 9 stock virus strains carried in our laboratory and named in this paper.

The experiments reported in this paper are the first of a series, the purpose of which is to determine whether Flexner's M.V. strain, which has been acclimated to Eastern cotton rats, could in turn be acclimated to white rats by some vitamin deficiency or imbalance.This first series was with B1-deficient animals. White rats were fed a vitamin B1 test diet made up as follows: sucrose—62.1%; vitamin free casein—18.6%; peanut oil—7.8%; salt mixture—4.2%; cod liver oil—2.3%; and alkaline autoclaved brewer's yeast—5.0%. When the animals first started this diet, they were from 22 to 26 days old and weighed between 40 and 50 g.We had ascertained that white rats from our colony had to be kept on this diet 30 days before they developed full-blown B1 deficiency. If the diet were continued the animals would start to die beginning about the thirty-eighth day. This left 8 days in which to demonstrate additive effects of poliomyelitis virus. Signs and symptoms should appear after the fifth or at least before the eighth...

It is of great importance to know (1) how poliomyelitis virus enters the human body and (2) how it passes into the central nervous system. Hurst 1 has demonstrated that poliomyelitis can be produced in monkeys by injection of the virus into the sciatic nerve. His results established the theory that poliomyelitis virus spreads by way of axonic pathways. We, as well as others, repeated Hurst's experiments and confirmed his findings. However, we were not uniformly successful when subpassage of the virus was attempted by way of other peripheral nerves (Toomey 2 ). The fact that poliomyelitis was not uniformly produced when the virus was injected in the peripheral nerves of monkeys was of no particular importance, since it was realized that even in nature the disease does not occur in all animals or human beings. It has been our belief that the virus has nearly an obligate affinity for naked gray fibers

Kopeloff and his associates1gave many injections of normal horse serum or egg white to Macacus rhesus monkeys. These investigators found that their blood serums contained precipitins and that the animals had become sensitized, since they could be shocked to death by subsequent injections of the specific antigen. Recently, a report was made of the results of the clinical use of horse serum scarlet fever antitoxin from which the factor causing serum sickness had been removed.2If monkeys sensitized to normal horse serum according to the methods of Kopeloff and his co-workers are given injections of this type of scarlet fever antitoxin, which lacks the factor causing serum reactions in man, they should have no reactions. METHODS AND MATERIALS The plan of the work reported on here was to give monkeys injections either of concentrated scarlet fever antitoxin or of normal horse serum until sensitization occurred, that is

An outbreak of poliomyelitis occurred last year in the town of Perrysburg, Ohio. Although the total number of cases was comparatively small, the epidemic would probably have been one of the greatest in history had it developed in the same relative proportions in a larger community. Several patients who became ill lived near a creek at the eastern border of the town (point 2 on the map, fig. 1). The local chief of police stated that children of his relatives and friends had been wading in the creek at a place marked point 3 on the accompanying map and that several of them had had gastrointestinal upsets which preceded the epidemic. The creek, which traveled over a loam bottom studded with rocks, received drainage water from farms. The experiments reported in this communication were performed in order to determine whether the water in the creek was infected with the virus

EPIDEMICS of poliomyelitis usually start about the time fruits and vegetables begin to ripen. This is true not only for epidemics in the north, but also for those in the south temperate zone. 1 Many patients with poliomyelitis admitted to City Hospital, Cleveland, gave a history of eating fruits just prior to the onset of the disease and often spontaneously connected the eating of fruits with the disease. One of us (Toomey) has often suggested that the virus which causes the infection could be carried into the gastrointestinal tract either in or on food. He has made numerous, but unsuccessful, attempts to initiate and to propagate the disease in animals by injecting extracts or washings from fruits and vegetables. 2 Peaches are frequently implicated by the laity, and these stone fruits are often infected with viruses. It occurred to us that Prunus virus I (peach yellows), or some other virus

It has been suggested that poliomyelitis virus given intravenously is excreted along the area supplied by the olfactory nerve 1 and that Macacus rhesus monkeys thus inoculated contract the disease because the virus is reabsorbed by the end fibers of the first and thirteenth nerves, the virus being then carried to the central nervous system along the nerve fibers. It seems logical to suppose that after the virus is injected intravenously it is excreted not only along the region derived from the stomodeum, i. e., the nasal area, but also along the gastrointestinal tract. Instillation of a 1 per cent solution of zinc sulfate in the nasal area prevents poliomyelitis from occurring in experimental animals if the virus is subsequently introduced by way of the nose. If the virus is excreted only by the nasal route after being intravenously injected, zinc sulfate should prevent the disease in animals thus inoculated.

Ultraviolet rays kill poliomyelitis virus. 1 They also detoxify and inactivate bacteria and toxins. Perhaps blood, which is capable of absorbing ultraviolet rays, would give off secondary emanations which would destroy virus in vivo. Macaca mulatta monkeys were given poliomyelitis virus intracerebrally and treated as follows: For each treatment, 2 cc. of blood per pound (4.5 Kg.) of body weight was withdrawn from the femoral veins and citrated with one part of 2.5 per cent solution of sodium citrate to five parts of whole blood. It was then run through the irradiation chamber, a labyrinth of beveled plates (to insure thorough turbulation of the blood) and a quartz glass window. Through the latter, held at approximately contact distance from the burner, the ultraviolet rays from a water-cooled ultraviolet generator act on the blood. The blood was then returned to the vein of the monkey through sterile rubber tubing. The rate

Between August and September of 1938, 12 smooth strains of Haemophilus pertussis which had grown continuously on a human blood agar medium (20 per cent blood content at p H 6) for approximately thirty to four hundred and fifty generations and 5 rough strains which had been acclimated to and had grown continuously on a veal brain agar medium for approximately four hundred to six hundred generations were each retested, and the minimum lethal doses for both smooth and rough strains were determined. The organisms grown on blood agar responded to all the tests for a smooth, phase 1 organism despite the fact that they had been grown for from six months to five years on this medium. The rough strains had been grown from five to seven years on veal brain agar without any change in characteristics. The minimum lethal dose was the lowest number of milligrams of wet

It has been suggested that there is a toxic factor in the stools and urine of patients with poliomyelitis, 1 the effects of which can be neutralized by the previous injection of convalescent poliomyelitis serum, although not by serums obtained during the acute stage of the disease. 2 Kramer and associates 3 have alluded to this toxic factor. It causes depression of the rabbit's intestine—a depression which is prevented by convalescent poliomyelitis serum. 4 No specimen obtained from human beings ill with other contagious diseases, except influenza, contains a like factor. It has been found in the stools of monkeys ill with experimental poliomyelitis and not in those of normal animals. The colon bacillus is present in these fecal specimens, and in this connection it has been shown that as patients with poliomyelitis become better there is a rise in the agglutinin titer of their blood serums against enteric organisms.

KLING and associates 1 suggested that micro-organisms in sewage—probably of the genus Bodo—might be carriers of poliomyelitis virus. Recently, Evans and Osterud 2 reported that protozoa from pond, lake and river water failed to yield a significant increase of poliomyelitis virus when several strains of the virus were used. Six strains of Bodo, two of Monas and one each of Pleuromonas, Oikomonas, Tetrahymena and Uronema derived from sewage failed to support the growth of poliomyelitis virus to an extent which would be significant with reference to the finding of the virus in sewage. 2 In our experiments, we tried to determine whether Amoeba proteus, normally found in fresh water, could be infected, and, if so, whether it could carry the virus of poliomyelitis. METHODS AND MATERIALS This experiment was initiated over two years ago with Amoeba proteus obtained from Elon College, N. C. The original material was in spring

L’identità dell’autore del canone giambico oggetto dell’Exegesis in canonem iambicum di Eustazio è problematica: nel proemio, Eustazio dimostra la falsa attribuzione a Giovanni Damasceno e ravvisa il vero autore in un misterioso Giovanni ‘Arklas’. In virtù del suo soprannome, dalla valenza scoptica, questi è accostato a Giorgio Cherobosco, anch’egli latore di un epiteto dispregiativo. Tale connessione potrebbe suggerire una consonanza di cronologie e di attività tra i due personaggi, che si possono presumere operanti all’epoca del Secondo Iconoclasmo, forse presso la corte imperiale. Viene addotta la testimonianza parallela della Vita di Giovanni e Cosma di Giovanni Mercuropulo, che avvalora la testimonianza dell’Exegesis attribuendo anch’essa il canone giambico non a Giovanni Damasceno ma a Giovanni Arklas. Su quest’ultimo, tuttavia, Mercuropulo fornisce poche notizie. Quanto a Eustazio, dopo una tortuosa argomentazione, che l’articolo si studia di schematizzare e chiarire in lingua inglese, al termine del proemio il grande filologo bizantino finisce per suggerire ai suoi lettori o uditori (con ogni probabilità intellettuali ecclesiastici) di non disconoscere, almeno ufficialmente, l’attribuzione del canone a Giovanni Damasceno: l’ossequio della tradizione ortodossa – secondo cui la paternità degli inni liturgici più popolari poteva essere assegnata ad autori di fama come “garanzia di sopravvivenza” – vince le ragioni della verità filologica, almeno nelle pubbliche dichiarazioni. E’ questa la risposta di Eustazio all’anonima ma insistente richiesta (axiosis) menzionata all’inizio del proemio dell’Exegesis. The identity of the author of the iambic canon de Pentecoste, the subject of Eustathius’s Exegesis in canonem iambicum, is problematic: in the proem, Eustathius reveals the false attribution to John of Damascus and identifies the true author in a mysterious John ‘Arklas’. By virtue of his derisive nickname, the latter is associated with George Choeroboscus, who was also saddled with a disdainful epithet. Such a connection could suggest that the two characters, who were presumably active at the time of the Second Iconoclasm, perhaps at the imperial court, shared similar chronologies and activities. John Merkouropoulos’ parallel testimony in the Life of John and Cosmas reinforces proof in the Exegesis by also attributing the iambic canon to John Arklas rather than John Damascene. However, Merkouropoulos supplies little information on the former. As for Eustathius, after torturous argumentation, which the article outlines and clarifies in English, the great Byzantine philologist concludes the proem by suggesting that his readers and listeners (most likely church intellectuals) not disclaim, at least officially, the canon’s attribution to John Damascene. Deference to the orthodox tradition, according to which the paternity of the most popular liturgical hymns could be attributed to famous canonical authors as a “guarantee of survival,” wins out over philological truth, at least in public declarations. This is Eustathius’s answer to the anonymous but insistent request (axiosis) mentioned at the beginning of the proem to the Exegesis.