Search

© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety disorders, its correlation with sociodemographic characteristics, its comorbidities with other psychiatric disorders and its predictors in school-aged children. Methods: This study is part of a representative, multi-centered national study that is planned by the Turkish Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health to evaluate the prevalence of psychopathology among elementary school students in Turkey between the years 2014–2015. Children are screened via Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children Present and Lifetime Version. Impairment is assessed by a 3-point Likert type scale independently by the parent and the teacher. The final sample included 5842 children with the mean age of 8.7 years. Results: The prevalence of any anxiety disorder without considering impairment is 16.7% and considering impairment is 5.2% in children according to our study. We found significant differences for comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Disruptive Behavior Disorder, Mood Disorders, Tic Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Enuresis Nocturna, Encopresis, and Intellectual Disability. Having a history of paternal physical disorder, living in the regions of Marmara, Mediterranean and Black Sea were found to be the main predictors of having childhood anxiety disorders according to the logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Better understanding of childhood anxiety disorders, comorbid conditions and predictors will result in earlier diagnosis and more appropriate treatment.

Objective Takayasu arteritis is a rare large vessel vasculitis with incompletely understood etiology. This study was undertaken to perform the first unbiased genome-wide association analysis of Takayasu arteritis. Methods Two independent cohorts of patients with Takayasu arteritis from Turkey and North America were included in our study. The Turkish cohort consisted of 559 patients and 489 controls, and the North American cohort consisted of 134 patients and 1,047 controls of European ancestry. Genotyping was performed using the Omni1-Quad and Omni2.5 genotyping arrays. Genotyping data were subjected to rigorous quality control measures and subsequently analyzed to discover genetic susceptibility loci for Takayasu arteritis. Results We identified genetic susceptibility loci for Takayasu arteritis with a genome-wide level of significance in IL6 (rs2069837) (odds ratio [OR] 2.07, P = 6.70 × 10−9), RPS9/LILRB3 (rs11666543) (OR 1.65, P = 2.34 × 10−8), and an intergenic locus on chromosome 21q22 (rs2836878) (OR 1.79, P = 3.62 × 10−10). The genetic susceptibility locus in RPS9/LILRB3 lies within the leukocyte receptor complex gene cluster on chromosome 19q13.4, and the disease risk variant in this locus correlates with reduced expression of multiple genes including the inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor gene LILRB3 (P = 2.29 × 10−8). In addition, we identified candidate susceptibility genes with suggestive levels of association (P < 1 × 10−5) with Takayasu arteritis, including PCSK5, LILRA3, PPM1G/NRBP1, and PTK2B. Conclusion Our findings indicate novel genetic susceptibility loci for Takayasu arteritis and uncover potentially important aspects of the pathophysiology of this form of vasculitis.

Uzun, Feyzahan/0000-0002-3050-0714 WOS: 000429276400005 PubMed: 28707522 Purpose: To investigate the effect of Bosentan (non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist) and BQ123 (ETA receptor antagonist) on intraocular inflammation in an endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) rabbit model.Methods: Uveitis was induced by intravitreal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The animals were divided into 7 groups and there were six rabbits in each group (saline, saline and ethanol, bosentan, BQ123, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bosentan and LPS, BQ123 and LPS-injected groups). Bosentan and BQ123 were applied before LPS injection. Aqueous humour was collected at 24th hour post-injections and enucleation was performed for the evaluation of histopathological changes.Results: BQ123 decreased clinical score, cell counts and protein amount more than bosentan and it was significant for cell counts (p=0.018). Bosentan significantly diminished inflammatory reactions more than BQ123 as shown in histopathological specimens (p=0.002).Conclusions: ETA receptor blockage is effective on uveitis treatment by its protective effect on blood aqueous barrier.

alper, murat/0000-0001-7069-0623; Uzun, Feyzahan/0000-0002-3050-0714 WOS: 000338073500001 PubMed: 25165412 Purpose. We investigated the effect of eritoran, a Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, on retinochoroidal inflammatory damage in an endotoxin-induced inflammatory rat model. Methods. Endotoxin-induced inflammatory model was obtained by intraperitoneal injection of 1.5mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Group 1 had control rats; in groups 2-3 LPS and 0.5mg/kg sterile saline were injected; and in groups 4-5 LPS and 0.5mg/kg eritoran were injected. Blood samples were taken and eyes were enucleated after 12 hours (h) (groups 2 and 4) or 24 hours (Groups 3 and 5). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the serum and retinochoroidal tissue and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF kappa B) levels in retinochoroidal tissue were determined. Histopathological examination was performed and retinochoroidal changes were scored. Results. Eritoran treatment resulted in lower levels of TNF-alpha, MDA, and NF kappa B after 12 h which became significant after 24 h. Serum TNF-alpha and retinochoroidal tissue NF kappa B levels were similar to control animals at the 24th h of the study. Eritoran significantly reversed histopathological damage after 24 h. Conclusions. Eritoran treatment resulted in less inflammatory damage in terms of serum and retinochoroidal tissue parameters. Gazi University Scientific Projects and Research CenterGazi University [01/2007-75] Gazi University Scientific Projects and Research Center supported this work with a Project no. 01/2007-75.

The effect of temperature, pH, different inhibitors and additives on activity and stability of crude laccase obtained from repeated-batch culture of white rot fungus Funalia trogii ATCC 200800 was studied. The crude enzyme showed high activity at 55–90°C, which was maximal at 80–95°C. It was highly stable within the temperature intervals 20–50°C. The half life of the enzyme was about 2 h and 5 min at 60°C and 70°C, respectively. pH optimum of fungal laccase activity was revealed at pH 2.5. The enzyme from F. trogii ATCC 200800 was very stable between pH values of 3.0–9.0. NaN3 and KCN were detected as the most effective potent enzyme inhibitors among different compounds tested. The fungal enzyme was highly resistant to the various metal ions, inorganic salts, and organic solvents except propanol, at least for 5 min. Because of its high stability and efficient decolorization activity, the use of the crude F. trogii ATCC 200800 laccase instead of pure enzyme form may be a considerably cheaper solution for biotechnological applications.

This study aims to investigate the contribution of presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) sub-types to nicotine-induced enhancement in electrical field stimulation (EFS) EFS-mediated contractile responses in rabbit urine bladder smooth muscle preparations.Rabbit urine bladder smooth muscle strips were placed in organ baths containing 20 ml of an aerated Krebs-Henseleit solution, and contractions were recorded using isometric force displacement transducers. Following the acquisition of control EFS (60 V, 8 Hz, 1 ms) responses, nicotine was added to the bath at a 3×10-5 M concentration, and EFS responses were obtained. The effect of nAChR antagonists on nicotine-induced augmentation in EFS-mediated responses was investigated in the presence of hexamethonium, dihydro-β-erythroidine, mecamylamine, and α-bungarotoxin.Tetrodotoxin (TTX; 10-6 M) completely blocked EFS-induced contractile responses in smooth muscle strips. Similarly, Atropine (10-6 M), when administered with α,β-methylene adenosine triphosphate (α,β-methylene-ATP) (10-5 M), completely blocked EFS responses. Nicotine significantly enhanced EFS-mediated contractile responses (23.67% ± 1.75). Nicotine-induced increases in EFS responses were largely inhibited by hexamethonium, mecamylamine, and dihydro-β-erythroidine, whereas α-bungarotoxin only partly inhibited these enhancements.These findings demonstrate that EFS-induced neurogenic contractions in rabbit urine bladder smooth muscle strips are mediated by purinergic and cholinergic transmissions, and the α4β2, α3β4, and α7 sub-types of nAChRs contribute to the enhancement effect of nicotine on EFS-induced contractile responses.

The origin of fatigue failure that occurs on the air ventilation holes of a newly designed heavy commercial vehicle steel wheel in dynamic radial fatigue tests is studied. In these tests, all of the test samples failed in the same regions. The cause of this damage was studied via finite element analysis. In order to determine the reason of the fatigue failure, stress analysis was performed via the finite element method. In this way, stress concentrated regions, where fatigue failure is expected, were determined. Mechanical properties of the wheel material were determined by tensile tests and hardness measurements. The fatigue life of the damaged wheel was estimated using the stress-life (S-N) approach, utilising the ultimate tensile strength of the processed wheel material and the Mann factors determined for the critical regions. To extend the life of the wheel disc and delay the onset of fatigue, design enhancement solutions were applied. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Background Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is an aggressively growing, malignant, and eventually fatal tumor of the central nervous system. Testing chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity under in vitro conditions would be a useful strategy to determine sensitive or resistant drugs for fatal brain cancers. Objective To establish primary cell cultures of excised tumor tissue from pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma-bearing patients and to test their sensitivity against various anticancer chemotherapy drugs. Methods Prepared suspensions of the excised tumor tissue from a patient who had a recurrent grade 3 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma was cultured in culture dishes until cells began to grow. Immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical visualizations were performed using confocal and light microscopy. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in comparison with ³H-thymidine incorporation assay was used to test cellular toxicity of several anticancer drugs. Results We established vigorously growing primary cells of the tumor. Drug sensitivity testing was conducted successfully. Conclusion Primary cell cultures of surgically removed tumor tissues may be useful in studies of cancer biology and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity for recurrent malignant brain tumors, particularly for anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and safety of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD). 20 children and adolescents, ranging in age from 6–16 years, participated in a single-center, open-label study (19 to completion). We began treating patients with 2.5 mg of aripi­prazole in an open-label fashion for 8 weeks. ­Outcome measures included the Turgay DSM-IV-based child and adolescent behavior disorders screening and rating scale (T-DSM-IV), the clinical global impressions-severity and improvement scales (CGI-S and CGI-I), the child behavior checklist (CBCL), the teachers report form (TRF) and the extrapyramidal symptom rating scale (ESRS), along with laboratory assessments. The mean daily dosage of aripiprazole at the end of 8 weeks was 8.55 mg (SD=1.73), with a maximum dosage of 10 mg. Based on the global improvement subscale of the CGI, we classified 12 of 19 patients (63.1%) as responders (very much or much improved). We observed significant improvements after aripiprazole treatment with regard to inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, ODD, and CD subscales of the T-DSM-IV (parent, teacher and clinician forms). We also observed significant improvements on many of the CBCL and TRF subscales (e. g., attention problems as well as delinquent and aggressive behavior). The participants tolerated aripiprazole, and no patient was excluded from the study because of adverse drug events. Aripiprazole is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for ADHD and CD symptoms; however, additional studies (specifically, placebo-controlled and double-blind studies) are needed to better define the clinical use of ­aripiprazole in children and adolescents with ADHD-CD.

WOS: 000353775900027, PubMed ID: 25604533, Objective. Takayasu arteritis is a rare large vessel vasculitis with incompletely understood etiology. This study was undertaken to perform the first unbiased genome-wide association analysis of Takayasu arteritis. Methods. Two independent cohorts of patients with Takayasu arteritis from Turkey and North America were included in our study. The Turkish cohort consisted of 559 patients and 489 controls, and the North American cohort consisted of 134 patients and 1,047 controls of European ancestry. Genotyping was performed using the Omni1-Quad and Omni2.5 genotyping arrays. Genotyping data were subjected to rigorous quality control measures and subsequently analyzed to discover genetic susceptibility loci for Takayasu arteritis. Results. We identified genetic susceptibility loci for Takayasu arteritis with a genome-wide level of significance in IL6 (rs2069837) (odds ratio [OR] 2.07, P = 6.70 x 10(-9)), RPS9/LILRB3 (rs11666543) (OR 1.65, P = 2.34 x 10(-8)), and an intergenic locus on chromosome 21q22 (rs2836878) (OR 1.79, P = 3.62 x 10(-10)). The genetic susceptibility locus in RPS9/LILRB3 lies within the leukocyte receptor complex gene cluster on chromosome 19q13.4, and the disease risk variant in this locus correlates with reduced expression of multiple genes including the inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor gene LILRB3 (P = 2.29 x 10(-8)). In addition, we identified candidate susceptibility genes with suggestive levels of association (P < 1 x 10(-5)) with Takayasu arteritis, including PCSK5, LILRA3, PPM1G/NRBP1, and PTK2B. Conclusion. Our findings indicate novel genetic susceptibility loci for Takayasu arteritis and uncover potentially important aspects of the pathophysiology of this form of vasculitis., University of MichiganUniversity of Michigan System; Vasculitis Foundation; NIH (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases)United States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases (NIAMS) [U54-AR-7319, U01-AR5-1874-04]; NIH (National Center for Research Resources)United States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) [U54-RR-9497]; NIH (National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Office of Rare Diseases Research); NIHUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [3-P50-CA-093459, 5-P50-CA-097007, 5-R01-ES-011740, 5-R01-CA-133996]; AbbVieAbbott Laboratories; MSD; PfizerPfizer; Hoffmann-La RocheHoffmann-La Roche; GlaxoSmithKlineGlaxoSmithKline; Arthritis Research UKVersus Arthritis [19289], Supported by the University of Michigan and the Vasculitis Foundation. The Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium has received support from the NIH (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases grants U54-AR-7319 and U01-AR5-1874-04, National Center for Research Resources grant U54-RR-9497, and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Office of Rare Diseases Research). Genotyping data from European American controls were obtained from the High Density SNP Association Analysis of Melanoma: Case-Control and Outcomes Investigation data set (dbGaP study accession: phs000187.v1.p1). Research support for this data set was provided by the NIH (grants 3-P50-CA-093459, 5-P50-CA-097007, 5-R01-ES-011740, and 5-R01-CA-133996).; Dr. Aydin has received consulting fees, speaking fees, and/or honoraria from AbbVie, MSD, and Pfizer (less than $10,000 each). Dr. Pagnoux has received consulting fees, speaking fees, and/or honoraria from Hoffmann-La Roche and GlaxoSmithKline (less than $10,000 each).

Background: Although inflammation is a normal part of wound healing, if the inflammatory response is excessive the repair process might be prolonged. Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in healing inflammation and wounds. Objective: Endotoxins and cytokines associated with sepsis induce NO synthesis in the tissues. This study used tensile strength and tissue hydroxyproline levels as proxies for wound healing to determine whether wound healing in the presence of endotoxemia is improved when NO synthase is inhibited by N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or N5-(1-Imino-methyl)-l-ornithine (L-NIO). Methods: In this investigator-blinded, controlled, experimental study, male Wistar albino rats (275-300 g) were divided into 4 groups. The first group received an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin 10 mg/kg and an SC injection of 0.9% sodium cloride (NaCl). The second group received IP E coli 10 mg/kg and SC L-NAME 2 mg/kg. The third group received IP E coli 10 mg/kg and L-NIO 10 mg/kg. The control group was administered an IP and an SC injection of 0.9% NaCl. Each group received both injections at 24 and 16 hours before surgery. All rats underwent a 3-cm dorsal midline incision, which was subsequently closed. Five days after surgery, all rats were euthanized and skin from the healing wound was excised. Hydroxyproline levels and tensile strength were then measured. Results: Forty-four male rats (mean age, 16 weeks; mean [SD] weight, 284 [16] g) were included in the study. Each of the groups receiving endotoxin (endotoxin, L-NAME, and L-NIO groups) had 12 rats; the control group consisted of 8 rats. All the groups that received endotoxin showed significant declines in hydroxyproline levels versus controls (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.002, respectively). Compared with the control group, the endotoxin-only group had a significant reduction in both mean (SD) hydroxyproline levels and mean (SD) wound tensile strength (298.27 [17.66] vs 175.82 [18.73] g/cm2 and 7.16 [0.51] vs 4.01 [0.29] μg/mg wet tissue; both, P < 0.001). Compared with the endotoxin- only group, rats that received L-NIO had significantly greater mean (SD) hydroxyproline levels and mean (SD) wound tensile strength (6.44 [0.34] vs 4.01 [0.29] μg/mg wet tissue and 280.12 [14.38] vs 175.82 [18.73] g/cm2; both, P < 0.001). Wound tensile strength in the L-NIO group was not significantly different from that in the control group. A significant difference was observed between the L-NIO and L-NAME groups in wound tensile strength (280.12 [14.38] vs 241.38 [20.69] g/cm2; P = 0.001), but not in tissue hydroxyproline levels. Conclusion: Inhibition of NO synthesis might improve wound tensile strength, which suggests a possible role for NO inhibitors in improved wound healing in the presence of endotoxemia. © 2006 Excerpta Medica, Inc.

Background: Both nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins have been proposed as inhibitor substances involved in collagen deposition in the hepatic parenchyma. The possible reciprocal connections between NO and eicosanoids in the development of liver fibrosis were investigated during the initial phase of common bile duct obstructions. Methods: A total of 30 male albino guinea pigs were randomly and equally assigned to three groups. Group 1 underwent sham laparotomy. Group 2 and group 3 were subjected to permanent common bile duct ligature for 24 and 72 h , respectively. Changes in the liver prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene C4, malondialdehyde contents and plasma nitrite plus nitrate concentrations were measured. To evaluate the extent of hepatic fibrosis, histological assessment of liver was confirmed with the equivalent hydroxyproline contents of liver. Results: Twenty-four hours after ligature, the amount of malondialdehyde and PGE2 and plasma nitrite plus nitrate concentrations increased significantly, whereas liver hydroxyproline contents did not change. However, 72 h after ligature (Group 3), lipid peroxidation and collagen deposition were significantly higher than that of the group 2 animals. The PGE2 : leukotriene C4 ratio peaked at 24 h and later decreased, whereas PGE2 : NO ratio remained unchanged in both group 2 and group 3 animals. Conclusions: The initiation of collagen synthesis occurred in portal tract as early as within the first 72 h of bile duct obstruction. The optimum function of reactive oxygen species on the stellate cell activation might be determined by the interaction between NO and PGE2.

L-tryptophan (TRP) is the precursor amino acid for the synthesis of serotonin (5-HT). 5-HT is effective both on the food intake and gastrointestinal system contractility. The aim of this study was to search the effects of systemic TRP treatment on 5-HT levels of ileum and searching the effect of ileal contractility and oxidant status. Swiss-albino mice were divided into two groups: 1. Control, 2. TRP-treated (100 mg/kg/24 h, i.p., for 7 days). Body weights were recorded at the beginning and at the end of experiments. Acetylcholine-induced contractile responses in the isolated ileum were recorded on polygraph. Ileal tissue malondialdehyde and glutathione levels determined by spectrophotometric and ileal tissue 5-HT levels were measured by immunohistochemical methods. TRP treatment decreased body weight and increased ileal contractile response. In the TRP-treated group, ileum malondialdehyde levels increased and glutathione levels decreased. Immunohistochemical detection showed that ileal 5-HT levels were increased by TRP treatment. There is a relationship between increased oxidative stress and increased contractility in the ileal tissue of the TRP-treated animals. These effects may be related to increased ileal 5-HT synthesis.

e.VII7 akoru tonal sistemin oluşumunda en etkili akordur. Bünyesinde barındırdığı k3’lerden (k3 + k3 + k3) dolayı e.VII7’li akorunu oluşturan her ses akorun birlisi olarak da işlev görebilir. Bu durumda akorun enarmonikleri oluşmakla birlikte fonksiyonu da değişir. e.VII7’li akorunun bu özelliğinden dolayı tonal müzikteki tüm tonlara (12 majör, 12 minör ton olmak üzere toplam 24 ton) çözülebilir. e.VII7’li, çözümünde tüm tonların elde edilebileceği tek akordur. Bu nedenle e.VII7’li tonal armonide dolayısıyla tonal müzikte en kapsamlı, en üniversal akordur., The full-diminished leading-tone seventh chord (d.VII7) is the most effective chord in constituting the tonal system. Every voice constituting the d.VII7 chord could function as a root of the chord because of minor 3rds contained. In that case, the enharmonic equivalents of the chord arise and the function of the chord changes as well. The chord could be resolved into all tones because of this feature. The d.VII7 chord is the only chord that all tones could be obtained from its resolution. Therefore, the d.VII7 chord is the most comprehensive and universal chord in tonal harmony.

Yerli ve yabancı birçok kaynakta dominantın beşlisi yerine tınlayan altılı sesi akora yabancı ses olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Oysa, gerek armonik analiz gerekse armonizasyon bu ses kümesinin bağımsız bir dominant fonksiyonu olarak kullanımını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Çünkü dominantın beşlisi yerine tınlayan altılı sesini dominant fonksiyonuna yabancı ses olarak tanımlamak her zaman mümkün değildir. Ayrıca, bu ses kümesine bağımsız bir dominant işlevi yüklemek armonik olanakları da büyük ölçüde artırmaktadır., Dominant chord's fifth may be substituted by the sixth. In such a case, dominant chord’s sixth is defined as nonharmonic tone in most of the national and international literature. However, both of the harmonic analysis and harmonization are required to consider this sound group as an independent dominant chord. Because mostly dominant’s sixth is not possible to define as non-harmonic tone. Moreover, considering this sound group as independent dominant chord also increase the harmonic opportunity.

Bu çalısmada, ikincil yedili akorların (sekvens akorlar) çözümleri anlatılmıstır. İkincil yedili akorlar öncelikle sekvens akorlar olarak ele alınmıs, daha sonra ise bağımsız fonksiyon gibi ele alınarak akor çözümü yapılmıstır. Çalısmanın sonuç bölümünde ise ikincil yedili akorların çözümü tabloya dönüstürülmüstür., In this study, resolution of secondary seventh chords were explained. Initially, secondary seventh chords were evaluated as sequence chords and then chord resolutions were done as they were thought as independent function. In the final part of the study, resolution of secondary seventh chords were converted into the table.

The effect of temperature, pH, different inhibitors and additives on activity and stability of crude laccase obtained from repeated-batch culture of white rot fungus Funalia trogii ATCC 200800 was studied. The crude enzyme showed high activity at 55-90 degrees C, which was maximal at 80-95 degrees C. It was highly stable within the temperature intervals 20-50 degrees C. The half life of the enzyme was about 2 h and 5 min at 60 degrees C and 70 degrees C, respectively. pH optimum of fungal laccase activity was revealed at pH 2.5. The enzyme from F. trogii ATCC 200800 was very stable between pH values of 3.0-9.0. NaN3 and KCN were detected as the most effective potent enzyme inhibitors among different compounds tested. The fungal enzyme was highly resistant to the various metal ions, inorganic salts, and organic solvents except propanol, at least for 5 min. Because of its high stability and efficient decolorization activity, the use of the crude F. trogii ATCC 200800 laccase instead of pure enzyme form may be a considerably cheaper solution for biotechnological applications.

The full-diminished leading-tone seventh chord (d.VII7) is the most effective chord in constituting the tonal system. Every voice constituting the d.VII7 chord could function as a root of the chord because of minor 3rds contained. In that case, the enharmonic equivalents of the chord arise and the function of the chord changes as well. The chord could be resolved into all tones because of this feature. The d.VII7 chord is the only chord that all tones could be obtained from its resolution. Therefore, the d.VII7 chord is the most comprehensive and universal chord in tonal harmony. Key words: Fully-diminished leading-tone seventh chord, chord resolution., e.VII7 akoru tonal sistemin oluşumunda en etkili akordur. Bünyesinde barındırdığı k3'lerden (k3 + k3 + k3) dolayı e.VII7'li akorunu oluşturan her ses akorun birlisi olarak da işlev görebilir. Bu durumda akorun enarmonikleri oluşmakla birlikte fonksiyonu da değişir. e.VII7'li akorunun bu özelliğinden dolayı tonal müzikteki tüm tonlara (12 majör, 12 minör ton olmak üzere toplam 24 ton) çözülebilir. e.VII7'li, çözümünde tüm tonların elde edilebileceği tek akordur. Bu nedenle e.VII7'li tonal armonide dolayısıyla tonal müzikte en kapsamlı, en üniversal akordur. Anahtar kelimeler: Eksiltilmiş yedinci derece yedili akoru, akor çözümü.

In this study, functions of chords built on diatonic scale degrees were explained. Main subject considered under two titles as primary chords and secondary chords was supported with examples. In the result part, chord progressions were transformed into the harmonic formulas. Key words: Chord functions, chord progressions, Bu çalışmada, diyatonik dizi derecelerinde oluşan akorların işlevleri anlatılmıştır. Konu ana akorlar ve yardımcı akorlar olmak üzere temelde iki başlık altında ele alınmış ve örneklerle desteklenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde ise akor ilerleyişleri armonik formüllere dönüştürülmüştür. Anahtar kelimeler: Akorların işlevleri, akor ilerleyişleri

Dominant chord's fifth may be substituted by the sixth. In such a case, dominant chord's sixth is defined as non-harmonic tone in most of the national and international literature. However, both of the harmonic analysis and harmonization are required to consider this sound group as an independent dominant chord. Because mostly dominant's sixth is not possible to define as non-harmonic tone. Moreover, considering this sound group as independent dominant chord also increase the harmonic opportunity. Key Words: Dominant chords with sixth, leading-tone seventh chord with fourth., Yerli ve yabancı birçok kaynakta dominantın beşlisi yerine tınlayan altılı sesi akora yabancı ses olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Oysa, gerek armonik analiz gerekse armonizasyon bu ses kümesinin bağımsız bir dominant fonksiyonu olarak kullanımını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Çünkü dominantın beşlisi yerine tınlayan altılı sesini dominant fonksiyonuna yabancı ses olarak tanımlamak her zaman mümkün değildir. Ayrıca, bu ses kümesine bağımsız bir dominant işlevi yüklemek armonik olanakları da büyük ölçüde artırmaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: Ekaltılı dominant akorları, ekdörtlü yedinci derece yedili akorlar.

In-stent restonosis is an important limitation for coronary stenting. The cause of in-stent restenosis is neointimal hyperplasia developed from smooth muscle and matrix. We aimed to investigate the association between urotensin II (U-II) and in-stent restenosis after coronary stenting, which causes endothelial and muscle proliferation and accumulation of collagen.Total 153 patient was enrolled to the study who meet criteria for angiographic indication underwent coronary artery angiography. All patients have history undergone for coronary stent implantation 3 to 9 months ago. In-stent restenosis is identified as ≥50% narrowing inside the stent. In-stent restenosis was observed in 73 and remaining of 80 patients revealed no critical lesion in stent on angiographic evaluation. Plasma level measurement of U-II was performed in all subjects.Urotensin II levels were found to be significantly higher in Group I compared to Group II (1.44±0.74 ng/mL and 1.21±0.59 ng/mL, respectively, P=0.03). In a subgroup analysis, U-II levels were significantly higher in group I than group II in patients treated with bare metal stent (BMS) (1.50±0.76 ng/mL and 1.18±0.56 ng/mL, P=0.016); however, there was not significant change in patients treated with drug-eluted stent (1.26±0.64 ng/mL and 1.27±0.63 ng/mL, P=0.9). Multivariate statistical significance: negative correlation was found between in-stent restenosis and renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) blocker usage (P=0.040) and right coronary artery (RCA) lesion interventions (P=0.018).This study revealed high plasma U-II level might be accepted as a risk factors for in-stent restenosis with BMS. In-stent restenosis is less developed after RCA interventions and taking drug of RAS blockages. Our study findings need to be confirmed in further studies.

Bu makalede, Müzik öğretmeni yetiştiren kurumlardaki piyano eğitiminin II. yarıyılındaki teknik ve müzikal disiplinlere ilişkin öğelerin neler olduğu belirlenmiş, tanımlanmış ve bu öğelerin öğretimi ile ilgili "analitik yaklaşım merkezli" kişisel yaklaşımlar sergilenmiştir., In this article, It has been identified what the technical and musical disciplines are in the second terms of piano education in the academies educating music teachers.

Bu çalışmada, tonal müzikteki armoni dışı sesler tanımlanmış ve kullanımları örneklerle açıklanmıştır., In this study, It has been identified Nonharmonic Tones in Common Practice and explaned with examples.

In this study, the effects of BQ123 (an ET A receptor antagonist), bosentan (a nonselective ET A -ET B antagonist), and phosphoramidon (an endothelin converting enzyme inhibitor) were investigated on intestinal mucosal lesion formation and changes in tissue PGE 2 and LTC 4 levels due to intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Following 30 min of ischemia, the substances were given via the inferior caval vein, and 10 min later the intestine was subjected to reperfusion for 30 min. The intestinal specimens were evaluated both microscopically and the tissue PGE 2 and LTC 4 levels were obtained for each group. The histopathologic examination revealed a significant reduction in tissue injury in both BQ123 and phosphoramidon pretreated groups compared with the control group. Bosentan, on the contrary, did not decrease the injury. The pharmacologic examination revealed a significant reduction of PGE 2 -like activity in both BQ123 and phosphoramidon pretreated groups, compared with the control group, while LTC 4 -like activity remained unchanged except for an increase in the bosentan pretreated group.

Time-dependent variations in the vasodilator effects of β-adrenergic agonists terbutaline (Ter) and dobutamine (Dob) were studied in isolated rings of rat thoracic aorta in both endothelium-intact and endothelium-de-nuded preparations. Rats were housed in light from 08: 00 to 20: 00 and in darkness from 20: 00 to 08: 00 and sacrificed at six different times of the day. In endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings precontracted submaximally with phenylephrine (Phe), addition of Ter and Dob produced concentration-dependent relaxations. Removal of endothelium reduced the relaxant responses and area under curve (AUC) values and augmented the EC50 values to Ter and Dob at most, but not all, time points. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that AUCs, maximum responses, and EC50values significantly depended on both treatment (endothelium intact/endothe-lium denuded) and time of sacrifice. Results of the present study clearly show that in vitro sensitivity of rat thoracic aorta to P-adrene...

We aimed to investigate the relationship between PCOS and epicardial fat thickness with transthoracic echocardiography.PCOS patients were divided into two groups according to the lean or obesity status: PCOS patients with lean 34 subjects (BMI: 23.3±2.8; mean age: 25.5±4), PCOS patients with obese16 subjects (BMI: 32.3±7.6; mean age: 27.2±3.7) were compared with control healthy lean subjects (BMI: 23.5±1.7; mean age: 25.9±2.2).There was increased epicardial thickness in obese PCOS subjects compared to lean PCOS subjects (6.3±0.9 mm, 4.7±0.5, respectively, p0.001). However, epicardial fat thickness between lean PCOS subjects and lean healthy control groups were not significantly varied (4.7±0.5 mm, 4.5±0.5, respectively, p = 0.6). There was increased epicardial thickness in obese PCOS subjects compared to lean healthy control subjects (6.3±0.9 mm, 4.5±0.5, respectively, p0.001). This sudy showed for the first time that increased epicardial fat thickness measured using transthoracic echocardiography is associated with increased BMI in PCOS subjects.Epicardial fat thickness between lean PCOS subjects and lean healty control group were similar which indicate the importance of obesity in PCOS subjects.

It is well known that an association exists between the pathogenesis of lymphomas and autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies are detected at higher frequency in lymphoproliferative diseases, but neither the precise role of the immune system nor the cause of this is comprehensively understood. In this study we evaluated the presence and significance of some autoantibodies for patients with non- Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).150 patients with NHL who had either newly diagnosed disease, or active disease being under chemotherapy or were disease-free during follow-up, were analyzed. The frequency of autoantibodies and the relationship between autoantibodies and several clinicopathological factors were evaluated.The majority of the patients (50%) had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Thirty-two patients (21.4%) were newly diagnosed, 81 (54%) had active disease and were receiving chemotherapy and 37 (24.6%) were disease-free and followed-up. Fifty-one patients (34%) had stage IV disease. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were found in 7 (4.7%) patients, perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) in 10 (6.7%), anti dsDNA in 1 (0.7%), anti ssDNA in 16 (10.7%), anti Jo-1 in 3 (2%), anti-scleroderma antibody (anti Scl-70) in 4 (2.7%), and rheumatoid factor (RF) in 85 (56.7%) patients. No c7horbar;ANCA positivity was found. The mean levels of anti Jo-1 (p=0.028), anti ssDNA (p=0.014), c-ANCA (p=0.015), ANA (p=0.026) and RF (p=0.046) were significantly higher in cases with DLBCL compared to patients with non-DLBCL. In addition, in patients with newly diagnosed NHL the mean levels of anti Scl- 70 (p=0.023), anti Jo-1 (p7equals;0.017), and RF (p=0.046) were significantly higher than the other patient groups. No significant correlation was detected between the presence of autoantibodies and other clinicopathological factors.Our results show that the frequency of autoantibodies is high in NHL patients, especially in DLBCL and newly diagnosed cases. Autoantibodies may be helpful for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, but regular and long follow-up is needed in NHL patients with high levels of autoantibodies.

In this experimental study we studied the effect of verapamil and iloprost on endothelin release in ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury of the rat intestine. Endothelin levels in the portal blood and malondialdehyde (MDA), PGE2, and LTC4 levels in the intestinal tissue were determined. The MDA levels increased in the control group and this increase was reversed with iloprost, verapamil and both. The change in the LTC4 levels was insignificant between the groups. Iloprost reduced PGE2 and endothelin release, but verapamil was not as effective and no synergistic effect was encountered. The increased PGE2/LTC4 ratio was also reversed in the experimental groups, verapamil being less effective. Endothelin release seems to be related to both PGE2 levels and the PGE2/LTC4 ratio after mesenteric IR injury.