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Tai Chi is a traditional Chinese martial art characterized by maintaining postures and performing slow, fluid movements. This exercise involves actions like extending the knees and hips, shifting weight, flexing, rotating the trunk, and coordinating arm movements. All of this improves balance, motor coordination, and also mental stability. In this review, we explore the relationship between practicing Tai Chi and the improvement of physical abilities in individuals with Parkinson's Disease. We will also compare Tai Chi to other alternative methods for improving physical abilities.

Gaucher’s Disease (GD) has a special place among ultra-rare diseases, which is a disease that occurs in less than onein 50 000 persons. The disease is caused by a hereditary autosomal deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. The pathognomonic feature of GD is the presence of storage cells or gaucher cells in spleen, liver and other organs and tissues. There are several clinical types of gaucher disease, differing in manifestation, prognosis and treatment. It is very important to diagnose the disease early so that the correct treatment can be implemented. Nowadays, it is not uncommon for general practitioners and specialists to make the wrong diagnosis due to the low probability and lack of knowledge of the disease, leading to a worsening patient's condition. A proper examination consists of a medical history, physical examination and targeted radiological examinations, which are of particular importance in the diagnosis due to changes in the body that are not otherwise detectable, but which already offer a chance to make a diagnosis. The latest treatment is based on enzyme replacement therapy, but unfortunately the prognosis in some cases is still unfavourable. This is why early diagnosis and research to find an effective treatment are so important.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) was characterized as alternation in brain function or any other sign of brain pathology resulting from external force. Sport-related traumatic brain injury (SR-TBI) calculated as up to 20% of all TBA. Different diagnostic tools, such as CT scan or MRI, are utilized in clinical assessment of the patients, however there is a necessity of further investigation of new diagnostic methods such as biomarkers. A long-term repetitive brain injury can lead in consequence to a Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). Neuroprotection, treatment and rehabilitation play a crucial role in both prevention and recovery of TBI patients.

Cirrhosis is a serious condition associated with progressive damage to this organ. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is one of the causes leading to the development of cirrhosis. This disease is characterized by chronic inflammation with damage to hepatocytes and presence of specific immune markers. The diagnosis of AIH is based on biochemical, immunoserological and histopathological tests. There are defined diagnostic criteria, liver biopsy is important in determining the extent of the disease. Symptoms of AIH are nonspecific and include weight loss, fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain and symptoms associated with the overactivity of an immune system. Advanced cases of AIH can lead to cirrhosis. AIH most often affects middle-aged women, although it can occur in people of any age. Epidemiological data indicate an increase in the incidence of AIH, which may be related to various environmental factors. The rate of progression of AIH to cirrhosis and depends on a number of factors. Effective treatment includes immunosuppression, mainly the use of glucocorticosteroids and azathioprine. Monitoring, healthy lifestyle and patient education are key. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

According to the European Union definition, a rare disease is a disease that occurs with a frequency of less than 5 per 10,000. Rare diseases pose a major diagnostic problem for physicians. Due to the often uncharacteristic symptoms and rarity of the disease, it can take a long time before a correct diagnosis and treatment is made. Fabry disease is classified as a rare disease. It is an X-linked hereditary syndrome caused by alpha-galactosidase A deficiency. This leads to accumulation of glycosphingolipids in tissues and dysfunction of many organs. The clinical picture is variable and dependent on residual alpha-galactosidase A activity. The classic form of the disease occurs most often in males due to the presence of only one X chromosome. When alpha-galactosidase A activity is partially preserved, a non-classical form develops, which is more commonly seen in the female sex. The most common clinical manifestations reported by patients are angiokeratoma, anhidrosis, diarrhoea or left ventricular hypertrophy. To diagnose Fabry disease, alpha-galactosidase A activity can be measured in whole blood - dry blood drop test (DBS), plasma or leukocytes. Fabry disease can be treated effectively, but treatment must last for life. The treatments reimbursed in Poland are agalsidase alfa and beta preparations and migalastat.

Mitral valve prolapse is a common valvular defect. In its overt clinical form, the condition known as mitral valve leaflet prolapse syndrome, or also known as Barlow's syndrome or flaccid valve syndrome, is a significant clinical problem, worsening the quality of life of patients, and in its severe forms is a risk factor for diseases such as congestive heart failure, endocarditis or cardiac arrhythmias, or even lead to death from sudden cardiac death. The development of methods, as well as the increasing general availability of echocardiography methods, makes a specific diagnosis early enough to allow the right treatment strategy to be chosen. Thanks to reliable reports in recent years, it has been possible to identify a group of patients whose cardiovascular risk predisposes them to a more severe course of the disease and thus these patients require special observation and attention in the process of diagnosis and treatment. Recent years have allowed the development of a new method of interventional treatment in patients burdened with multimorbidity for whom conventional surgery would be associated with a significant risk of worsening of the general condition.

Delirium syndrome is a serious, and often underestimated, problem arising in elderly patients. The number of accurate diagnoses of this acute condition is significantly lower than actuall present. This is often due to the attribution of its symptoms to the underlying disease. Delirium syndrome, by leading to perceptual disturbances in the patient, impairs his functioning and threatens health and even life of a patient. The pathophysiology of the onset of delirium is not well understood, with many factors influencing its development. Those directly related to the patient (predisposing), as well as triggering factors. In geriatric patients, the risk of developing delirium is much higher than in younger patients due to the depletion of the body's functional reserves. Homeostasis of the body's systems is disturbed even with small negative stimuli. It is important to closely observe the patient, taking a well-gathered history of the patient's baseline health status and the changes that have occurred in the patient's condition. A well-conducted physical examination and diagnostic imaging is essential. There is no universal scheme for managing a patient who is delirious. It is important to take an personalized approach and quickly find the cause and try to treat it. We can use commonly available scales and guidelines for diagnosing the delirious syndrome, such as ICD-10, DSM-5 or CAM, to make the accurate diagnosis easier. It has been shown that with the help of non-pharmacological preventive management, we can significantly reduce the number of consciousness disorders that appear in elderly patients under the course of delirium. In severe cases, pharmacotherapy comes to our aid.

Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE), also referred to as watermelon stomach is a rare disease accounting for about 4% of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It can manifest as occult bleeding requiring transfusion or acute gastrointestinal bleeding. This condition often coexists with liver cirrhosis, autoimmune diseases, heart failure, in patients post-bone marrow transplantation, or kidney failure. It is crucial to differentiate GAVE from portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG), because despite a similar clinical presentation, the treatment for these conditions is different. Endoscopic diagnosis is necessary and in some cases, it may require further investigation and histopathological examination of the biopsy. Treatment is administered to patients with bleeding symptoms. Currently, the most commonly used treatment method is endoscopic thermal ablation using argon plasma coagulation. The focus of this work is to present essential information regarding the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of watermelon stomach.

ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), primarily only considered as a childhood condition, remains an underdiagnosed condition that also affects adult patients. High comorbidity and similarities to different psychiatric disorders impedes the diagnosis. Despite this, it is important for medical practitioners to detect ADHD symptoms and implement proper treatment to enhance patients’ life quality. Treatment should be multimodal and involve both behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy.

Artificial intelligence has been rapidly penetrating every element of our lives for quite some time. However, its presence in health care has remained elusive. This is particularly apparent in the field of dermatology, where, given the characteristics of this discipline of medicine, it would seems that its presence should be abundant. Malignant skin lesions are still high in the statistics in terms of cancer mortality while being one of the easiest to treat when diagnosed early. There are many reasons why artificial intelligence is not used in daily practice as an aid for cancers detection. However the most important one is the ongoing insufficient quality of the algorithms, which, despite great results in laboratory settings, do not produce good enough outcomes in clinical settings. Other important reasons are that people still distrust and fear artificial intelligence and simply the legal lack of adaptation of countries to its lawful and safe use. Despite the work of scientists and legislators the road to seeing artificial intelligence as a helping tool for dermatologists on a daily basis is still very long and requires the attention of scientists and the whole medical community.

Krwawienie z żylaków przełyku jest poważnym powikłaniem nadciśnienia wrotnego spowodowanego marskością wątroby. Cele leczenia tej choroby obejmują kontrolę krwotoku, minimalizację ryzyka ponownego krwawienia, zapobieganie powikłaniom i zmniejszenie śmiertelności, co wymaga podejścia wielodyscyplinarnego. W ostrych epizodach interwencje obejmują leki wazoaktywne, antybiotyki i techniki endoskopowe. Klasyfikacja pacjentów przy użyciu gradientu ciśnienia żylnego wątroby (HVPG) i systemów punktacji pomaga w stratyfikacji ryzyka i szybkiej interwencji. Z farmakologicznego punktu widzenia leki wazoaktywne odgrywają kluczową rolę, a nowe strategie, takie jak transfuzja pod kontrolą TEG i wczesne TIPS, przyczyniają się do ewolucji standardów. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach nastąpił znaczny postęp w leczeniu krwawień z żylaków przełyku, poprawiający wyniki i udoskonalający podejścia terapeutyczne.

Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE), also referred to as watermelon stomach is a rare disease accounting for about 4% of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It can manifest as occult bleeding requiring transfusion or acute gastrointestinal bleeding. This condition often coexists with liver cirrhosis, autoimmune diseases, heart failure, in patients post-bone marrow transplantation, or kidney failure. It is crucial to differentiate GAVE from portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG), because despite a similar clinical presentation, the treatment for these conditions is different. Endoscopic diagnosis is necessary and in some cases, it may require further investigation and histopathological examination of the biopsy. Treatment is administered to patients with bleeding symptoms. Currently, the most commonly used treatment method is endoscopic thermal ablation using argon plasma coagulation. The focus of this work is to present essential information regarding the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of watermelon stomach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), primarily only considered as a childhood condition, remains an underdiagnosed condition that also affects adult patients. High comorbidity and similarities to different psychiatric disorders impedes the diagnosis. Despite this, it is important for medical practitioners to detect ADHD symptoms and implement proper treatment to enhance patients' life quality. Treatment should be multimodal and involve both behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence has been rapidly penetrating every element of our lives for quite some time. However, its presence in health care has remained elusive. This is particularly apparent in the field of dermatology, where, given the characteristics of this discipline of medicine, it would seems that its presence should be abundant. Malignant skin lesions are still high in the statistics in terms of cancer mortality while being one of the easiest to treat when diagnosed early. There are many reasons why artificial intelligence is not used in daily practice as an aid for cancers detection. However the most important one is the ongoing insufficient quality of the algorithms, which, despite great results in laboratory settings, do not produce good enough outcomes in clinical settings. Other important reasons are that people still distrust and fear artificial intelligence and simply the legal lack of adaptation of countries to its lawful and safe use. Despite the work of scientists and legislators the road to seeing artificial intelligence as a helping tool for dermatologists on a daily basis is still very long and requires the attention of scientists and the whole medical community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bleeding from esophageal varices is a severe complication of portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. he objectives in managing this condition involve hemorrhage control, minimizing re-bleeding risk, averting complications, and reducing mortality, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach. In acute episodes, interventions encompass vasoactive drugs, antibiotics, and endoscopic techniques. Patient classification, using hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) and scoring systems, aids in risk stratification and timely intervention. Pharmacologically, vasoactive drugs play a pivotal role, and emerging strategies like TEGguided transfusion and early TIPS contribute to evolving standards. Overall, recent decades have witnessed substantial advancements in esophageal variceal bleeding treatment, enhancing outcomes and refining therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper summarizes two series of experiments demonstrating the cognitive properties of approval voting. The former series is devoted to mental processes induced in decision makers who use the method of approval voting. Based on cognitive effort, the use of choice strategies is presented in this paper. The observations of respondents show that most of them use relatively effortless strategy of eliminating alternatives and attributes. Few respondents use more sophisticated methods. The other series of experiments analyses the number of alternatives chosen in approval voting. It appears that the average number is not constant, even for similar votes but it depends on the subject of voting. The number of chosen alternatives and the subjective significance of the scope of voting are negatively or positively correlated in the case of special votes. The analyzed experiments show that the cognitive properties of approval voting have a diverse structure. (original abstract)

A study was conducted on the photophysical properties of tyrosine and its derivatives with free and blocked functional groups in water by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence and global analysis. Tyrosine fluorescence intensity decays in water at pH = 5.5 in the short-wavelength region (290-320 nm) were monoexponential, and at longer wavelengths they were biexponential.