Search

Suicide attempts in humans due to injections of the veterinary drug pentobarbital sodium have been rarely reported. Herein, we present a case of a suicide attempt by intramuscular injection of pentobarbital sodium into the rectus abdominis muscle, which was suggested by computed tomography (CT). A 73-year-old man was brought to the emergency department with GCS 3 (E1V1M1) and an incised wound on the right side of the neck. A bottle of Somnopentyl

Unimodular gravity (UG) is an interesting theory that may explain why the cosmological constant is extremely small, in contrast to general relativity (GR). The theory has only the transverse diffeomorphism invariance and this causes lots of debate as to the equivalence of UG to GR in the covariant quantization. We study the covariant BRST quantization of UG by gauge fixing only the transverse diffeomorphism and show that the remaining physical degrees of freedom are two, the same number as GR. This is achieved by using antisymmetric tensor ghost fields which automatically satisfy the transverse condition without nonlocal projection operator. The theory exhibits the ghosts for ghosts phenomenon, which requires further gauge fixing and introduction of more ghosts. We identify the BRST quartet structure among the various fields and single out the remaining physical degrees of freedom., 35 pages, v2: a footnote added, minor corrections

In our previous paper, we have presented a covariant BRST quantization of unimodular gravity which may account for the smallness of the cosmological constant, and have shown that the physical degrees of freedom in the theory are the same as general relativity. The formulation has been given by using rank-2 antisymmetric tensor fields for both ghosts and antighosts. Here we give an alternative formulation using a vector field for the antighost but keeping the same structure for the ghosts. This gives a significantly simpler covariant quantization with less ghosts and no tripole modes in the ghost sector. We show that this also gives only two physical transverse modes as in general relativity., Comment: 23 pages, v2: minor corrections, a ref. added. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2202.03626

Unimodular gravity (UG) is an important theory which may explain the smallness of the cosmological constant. To get insight into the covariant quantization of UG, we discuss the BRST quantization of General Relativity (GR) with a cosmological constant in the unimodular gauge. We develop a novel way to gauge fix the transverse diffeomorphism (TDiff) and then further to fulfill the unimodular gauge. This process requires the introduction of an additional pair of BRST doublets which decouple from the physical sector together with the other three pairs of BRST doublets for the TDiff. We show that the physical spectrum is the same as GR in the usual covariant gauge fixing. We then study a theory derived by making "Fourier transform" of GR in the unimodular gauge with respect to the cosmological constant as a candidate of "quantum UG." We clarify the difference from GR and point out problems in this theory., 20 pages, v2: a ref. is added, and discussions are elaborated on

The 3d spin-3 gravity theory is holographically dual to a 2d ${\cal W}_3$-extended CFT. In a large-c limit the symmetry algebra of the CFT reduces to $SU(1,2) \times SU(1,2)$. On the ground of symmetry the dual bulk space-time will be given by an 8d group manifold $SU(1,2)$. Hence we need to introduce five extra coordinates in addition to three ordinary ones. The 3d space-time is a 3d hyper-surface $\Sigma$ embedded at constant values of the extra variables. Operators in the CFT at the boundary of $\Sigma$ are expressed in terms of ${\cal W}$ descendants of the operators at the boundary of $\Sigma_0$, where the extra variables vanish. In this paper it is shown that AdS/CFT correspondence for a scalar field coupled to 3d spin-3 gravity is realized in this auxiliary 8d space. A bulk-to-boundary propagator of a scalar field is found and a generating functional of boundary two-point functions of scalar ${\cal W}$-descendant operators is obtained by using the classical action for the scalar field. Classically, the scalar field must satisfy both Klein-Gordon equation and a third-order differential equation, which are related to the quadratic and cubic Casimir operators of $su(1,2)$. It is found that the coefficient function of the derivatives of the scalar field in the latter equation is the spin-3 gauge field, when restricted to the hypersurface. An action integral in the 8d auxiliary space for the 3d spin-3 gravity coupled to a scalar field is presented. An 8d local frame is introduced and the equations of motion for the 8d connections $A_{\mu}$, $\overline{A}_{\mu}$ are solved. By restricting those solutions onto $\Sigma$, flat connections in 3d $SL(3,\mathbb{R}) \times SL(3,\mathbb{R})$ Chern-Simons theory are obtained and new 3d black hole solutions with and without spin-3 charge are found by this method., Comment: 44 pages, 1 figure

Bilateral continuous phrenic nerve block effectively regulates refractory persistent, strong inspiratory effort in a patient with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A 73-year-old man with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) was stopped due to uncontrollable strong inspiratory efforts and worsened lung injury. We performed bilateral continuous phrenic nerve block, which suppressed inspiratory efforts, resulting in lung injury improvement. A bilateral continuous phrenic nerve block is a viable alternative to control refractory strong inspiratory effort leading to lung injury in cases with prolonged NMBA use.

A quantum scalar field inside the horizon of the non-rotating BTZ black hole is studied. Not only the near-horizon modes but also the normal modes deep inside the horizon are obtained. It is shown that the matching condition for the normal modes of a scalar field at the horizon does not uniquely determine the normal-mode expansion of a scalar field inside the horizon. By choosing a certain appropriate prescription for removing this ambiguity, an integral form of a new scalar propagator for points on both sides of the horizon are obtained. A similar problem may arise in higher-dimensional black holes.

In this paper we will consider the Almheiri-Polchinski model of the AdS$_2$ back reaction coupled with Liouville field, which is necessary for quantum consistency. In this model, the Liouville field is determined classically by a bulk conformal transformation. The boundary time is also reparametrized by this transformation. It is shown that the on-shell action on the boundary for the gravity sector is given by a bulk integral containing the Liouville field. This integral stems from Weyl anomaly and is SL(2,R) invariant. A prescription is given for computing correlation functions of the operators dual to massless scalars. The generating function of the correlation functions of these operators is given by a sum of matter action and the bulk integral containing the Liouville field. The latter integral leads to extra contributions to $n(\geq 6)$ point functions., Comment: 18 pages

We construct a localized state of a scalar field in 3D spin-3 gravity. 3D spin-3 gravity is thought to be holographically dual to W$_3$ extended CFT on a boundary at infinity. It is known that while W$_3$ algebra is a non-linear algebra, in the limit of large central charge $c$ a linear finite-dimensional subalgebra generated by $W_n \, (n=0,\pm1,\pm2)$ and $L_n (n= 0,\pm1)$ is singled out. The localized state is constructed in terms of these generators. To write down an equation of motion for a scalar field which is satisfied by this localized state it is necessary to introduce new variables for an internal space $\alpha^{\pm}$, $\beta^{\pm}$, $\gamma$, in addition to ordinary coordinates $x^{\pm}$ and $y$. The higher-dimensional space, which combines the bulk spacetime with the `internal space', which is an analog of superspace in supersymmetric theory, is introduced. The `physical bulk spacetime' is a 3D hypersurface with constant $\alpha^{\pm}$, $\beta^{\pm}$ and $\gamma$ embedded in this space. We will work in Poincar\'e coordinates of AdS space and consider W-quasi-primary operators $\Phi_{h}(x^+)$ with a conformal weight $h$ in the boundary and study two and three point functions of W-quasi-primary operators transformed as $e^{ix^+L^h_{-1}} e^{\beta^+W^h_{-1}} \Phi_{h}(0) e^{-\beta^+W^h_{-1}}e^{-ix^+L^h_{-1}}$. Here $L^h_n$ and $W^h_n$ are sl(3,R) generators in the hyperbolic basis for Poincar\'e coordinates. It is shown that in the $\beta^+ \rightarrow \infty$ limit, the conformal weight changes to a new value $h'=h/2$. This may be regarded as a Renormalization Group (RG) flow. It is argued that this RG flow will be triggered by terms $\Delta S \propto \beta^+ W^h_{-1}+\beta^- \overline{W}^h_{-1}$ added to the action., Comment: 27pp. no figures

Surface structures of tin (Sn) adsorbed Cu(0 0 1) have been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Sn 4 d core-level spectroscopy. A structural model for the 5 8 mono-atomic-layer (ML) Sn-adsorbed Cu(0 0 1) surface is proposed on the basis of the observed atomic images and the core-level spectrum. The model is consistent with a height profile of the phase boundary between 1 2 ML Sn on Cu(0 0 1) and 5 8 ML Sn on Cu(0 0 1). After annealing to 410 K, the surface structure of 5 8 ML Sn on Cu(0 0 1) changed to a mixture of 1 2 ML Sn on Cu(0 0 1) areas and a new phase, which has a Sn coverage of about 2 ML. From the STM observation, the surface of the new phase consists of 4 3 - 3 4 domains separated by a disordered area. We propose a structure model consistent with the observed results.

Surface-charge algebra associated with Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (${\mathrm{BMS}}_{4}$) symmetry on the null infinity of asymptotically flat spacetime is studied via a Hamiltonian framework. A coordinate system, where boundaries of constant-time hypersurfaces cross the null infinity, is adopted. The equation itself, which determines the variation of the surface charges, turns out the same as that previously obtained via the covariant framework by Barnich and Troessaert and is nonintegrable for general radiation field ${C}_{AB}$. However, if ${C}_{AB}$ is independent of retarded time $u$, the variation equation is integrable, and the conserved surface charges generate ${\mathrm{BMS}}_{4}$ algebra without central extension.

In the previous paper (hep-th/0402010) we proposed a matrix configuration for a non-commutative S^4 (NC4S) and constructed a non-commutative (star) product for field theories on NC4S. In the present paper we will show that any matrix can be expanded in terms of the matrix configuration representing NC4S just like any matrix can be expanded into symmetrized products of the matrix configuration for non-commutative S^2. Then a scalar field theory on NC4S is constructed. Our matrix configuration describes two S^4's joined at the circle and the Matrix theory action contains a projection matrix inside the trace to restrict the space of matrices to that for one S^4., 19 pages; v2 16 pages, changed contents, typos corrected

We studied the lowest order quantum corrections to the macroscopic wave functions $\Gamma (A,\ell)$ of non-critical string theory using the semi-classical expansion of Liouville theory. By carefully taking the perimeter constraint into account we obtained a new type of boundary condition for the Liouville field which is compatible with the reparametrization invariance of the boundary and which is not only a mixture of Dirichlet and Neumann types but also involves an integral of an exponential of the Liouville field along the boundary. This condition contains an unknown function of $A/\ell^2$. We determined this function by computing part of the one-loop corrections to $\Gamma (A,\ell)$., Comment: 23 pages, 1 figure, LaTeX file, epsf.sty

New loop equations for all genera in {ital c}=1/2 noncritical string theory are constructed. Our loop equations include two types of loops: loops with all Ising spins up (+ loops) and those with all spins down ({minus} loops). The loop equations generate an algebra which is a certain extension of {ital W}{sub 3} algebra and are equivalent to the {ital W}{sub 3} constraints derived before in the matrix-model formulation of 2D gravity. The application of these loop equations to the construction of a Hamiltonian for {ital c}=1/2 string field theory is considered. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An equation for a viscous incompressible fluid on a spheroidal surface that is dual to the perturbation around the near-near-horizon extreme Kerr (near-NHEK) black hole is derived. It is also shown that an expansion scalar θ of a congruence of null geodesics on the perturbed horizon of the perturbed near-NHEK spacetime, which is dual to a viscous incompressible fluid, is not in general positive semidefinite, even if initial conditions on the velocity are smooth. Unless the initial conditions are appropriately adjusted, caustics of null congruence will occur on the perturbed horizon in the future. A similar result is obtained for a perturbed Schwarzschild black hole spacetime, which is dual to a viscous incompressible fluid on S2. An initial condition that θ be positive semidefinite at any point on S2 is a necessary condition for the existence of smooth solutions to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation on S2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subject Index B21

A second-order formalism for the theory of 3D spin-3 gravity is considered. Such a formalism is obtained by solving the torsion-free condition for the spin connection \omega^a_{\mu}, and substituting the result into the action integral. In the first-order formalism of the spin-3 gravity defined in terms of SL(3,R) X SL(3,R) Chern-Simons (CS) theory, however, the generalized torsion-free condition cannot be easily solved for the spin connection, because the vielbein e^a_{\mu} itself is not invertible. To circumvent this problem, extra vielbein-like fields e^a_{\mu\nu} are introduced as a functional of e^a_{\mu}. New set of affine-like connections \Gamma_{\mu M}^N are defined in terms of the metric-like fields, and a generalization of the Riemann curvature tensor is also presented. In terms of this generalized Riemann tensor the action integral in the second-order formalism is expressed. The transformation rules of the metric and the spin-3 gauge field under the generalized diffeomorphims are obtained explicitly. As in Einstein gravity, the new affine-like connections are related to the spin connection by a certain gauge transformation, and a gravitational CS term expressed in terms of the new connections is also presented., Comment: 40 pages, no figures. v2:references added, coefficients of eqs in apppendix D corrected, minor typos also corrected, v3:Version accepted for publication in Classical and Quantum Gravity

We construct the string field Hamiltonian for $c=1-\frac{6}{m(m+1)}$ string theory in the temporal gauge. In order to do so, we first examine the Schwinger-Dyson equations of the matrix chain models and propose the continuum version of them. Results of boundary conformal field theory are useful in making a connection between the discrete and continuum pictures. The $W$ constraints are derived from the continuum Schwinger-Dyson equations. We also check that these equations are consistent with other known results about noncritical string theory. The string field Hamiltonian is easily obtained from the continuum Schwinger-Dyson equations. It looks similar to Kaku-Kikkawa's Hamiltonian and may readily be generalized to $c>1$ cases., 24 pages+8 figures, KEK-TH-402, EPHOU-94-003

A two-loop (cylinder) amplitude of the 2d pure gravity theory is obtained in the proper-time gauge ($g_{00}=1$, $g_{01}=g_{10}=0$) in the continuum formulation. The constraint $T_{01}=0$ is solved and used to reduce the problem of field theory to that of quantum mechanics. This reduction can also be proved by using a conformal Ward identity. The amplitude depends on the lengths $l_1, l_2$ of the boundaries, the proper time $T$ and a non-negative integer $m$ associated with winding modes around the boundaries., Comment: 12 pages, latex

A simple conformal quantum mechanics model of a d-component variable is proposed, which exactly reproduces the retarded Green functions and conformal weights of conformally coupled scalar fields in de Sitter spacetime seen by a static patch observer. It is found that the action integral of this model is automatically expressed by a complex integral over the time variable t along a closed contour in a way which is typical to the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism of a thermofield theory. Hence this model is at finite temperature. The case of conformally coupled scalar fields in 3d Schwarzschild de Sitter space is also considered and then a large-N matrix model is obtained., LaTex, 19 pages, 1 figure; The powers of \ell (cosmological length) which multiply the generators H, K corrected. (The author would like to thank Prof. R. Jackiw for pointing out the mistakes.) A footnote added. Typos corrected

By using Sato's infinite dimensional Grassmannian theory of the KP hierarchy, we study the global structure of the theory space of 2D quantum gravity coupled to various minimal conformal fields labeled by a pair of integers (p, q). After giving a rigorous proof of the equivalence of Douglas's equation and the Schwinger-Dyson equation (W-constrainton a τ function), we establish thep-q duality of the (p, q) quantum gravity at Green's function level. As an application, we discuss the metamorphosis of operators under unitarity-preserving renormalization group flows.

We study the infinite dimensional Grassmannian structure of 2D quantum gravity coupled to minimal conformal matters, and show that there exists a large symmetry, theW 1+∞ symmetry. Using this symmetry structure, we prove that the square root of the partition function, which is a τ function of thep-reduced KP hierarchy, satisfies the vacuum condition of theW 1+∞ algebra. We further show that this condition is reduced to the vacuum condition of theW p algebra when the redundant variables for thep-reduction are eliminated. This mechanism also gives a prescription for extracting theW p algebra from theW 1+∞ algebra.

We study the continuum Schwinger-Dyson equations for nonperturbative two-dimensional quantum gravity coupled to various matter fields. The continuum Schwinger-Dyson equations for the one-matrix model are explicitly derived and turn out to be a formal Virasoro condition on the square root of the partition function, which is conjectured to be the τ function of the KdV hierarchy. Furthermore, we argue that general multi-matrix models are related to the W algebras and suitable reductions of KP hierarchy and its generalizations.

Surgically treated breast cancers were grouped by location of the primary tumor, and 172 medial (M) and 214 lateral (L) groups were retrospectively analyzed. No significant difference was found in background factors such as age, T-factor, stage, and axillary lymph node involvement. Ten-years cumulative survival rate in group M was 57.1% which was significantly poorer than that in group L. In group M follow-up results were compared for operative procedure (extended radical and radical) by stages, and significantly poorer prognosis was noted in stage II cancers undergone extended radical mastectomy. No significant differences were found in other stages. The mean age was significantly younger in extended radical mastectomy cases. No significant difference was seen in the tumor diameter. Lymph node involvement tended to occur in extended radical mastectomy cases, in which adjuvant therapies were more frequently performed in these cases. From these findings, careful selection of operative procedure appears important in medial breast cancers, namely, modified radical mastectomy with dissection of internal mammary node and extended radical mastectomy considered to be reasonable in stage I cancers and stage III cancers, respectively. However in stage II cancers, factors indicating malignant potentials of cancers should be take into account in determining operative procedure and adjuvent therapies.

It will be shown that the defining relations for fuzzy torus and deformed (squashed) sphere proposed by J. Arnlind, et al (hep-th/0602290) (ABHHS) can be rewriten as a new algebra which contains q-deformed commutators. The quantum parameter q (|q|=1) is a function of \hbar. It is shown that the q -> 1 limit of the algebra with the parameter ��, 13 pages, no figures; abst and some texts modified. a note added

We present a Matrix theory action and Matrix configurations for spherical 4-branes. The dimension of the representations is given by N=2(2j+1) (j=1/2,1,3/2,...). The algebra which defines these configurations is not invariant under SO(5) rotations but under SO(3) \otimes SO(2). We also construct a non-commutative product for field theories on S^4 in terms of that on S^2. An explicit formula of the non-commutative product which corresponds to the N=4 dim representation of the non-commutative S^4 algebra is worked out. Because we use S^2 \otimes S^2 parametrization of S^4, our S^4 is doubled and the non-commutative product and functions on S^4 are indeterminate on a great circle (S^1) on S^4. We will however, show that despite this mild singularity it is possible to write down a finite action integral of the non-commutative field thoery on S^4. NS-NS B field background on S^4 which is associated with our Matrix S^4 configurations is also constructed., 22 pages; Discussion on commutative limit and some explanation added