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IF1 is a natural inhibitor of mitochondrial FoF1-ATP synthase, which blocks catalysis and rotation of the F1 motor. Here, the authors show the rotational-direction-dependence of activation from IF1 inhibition, with IF1 being readily dissociated when F1 rotates to the clockwise direction.

Summary: F1-ATPase (F1) is an ATP-driven rotary motor protein ubiquitously found in many species as the catalytic portion of FoF1-ATP synthase. Despite the highly conserved amino acid sequence of the catalytic core subunits: α and β, F1 shows diversity in the maximum catalytic turnover rate Vmax and the number of rotary steps per turn. To study the design principle of F1, we prepared eight hybrid F1s composed of subunits from two of three genuine F1s: thermophilic Bacillus PS3 (TF1), bovine mitochondria (bMF1), and Paracoccus denitrificans (PdF1), differing in the Vmax and the number of rotary steps. The Vmax of the hybrids can be well fitted by a quadratic model highlighting the dominant roles of β and the couplings between α-β. Although there exist no simple rules on which subunit dominantly determines the number of steps, our findings show that the stepping behavior is characterized by the combination of all subunits.

We discuss the codimension-1 defects of (2+1)D bosonic topological phases, where the defects can support fermionic degrees of freedom. We refer to such defects as fermionic defects, and introduce a certain subclass of invertible fermionic defects called "gauged Gu-Wen SPT defects" that can shift self-statistics of anyons. We derive a canonical form of a general fermionic invertible defect, in terms of the fusion of a gauged Gu-Wen SPT defect and a bosonic invertible defect decoupled from fermions on the defect. We then derive the fusion rule of generic invertible fermionic defects. The gauged Gu-Wen SPT defects give rise to interesting logical gates of stabilizer codes in the presence of additional ancilla fermions. For example, we find a realization of the CZ logical gate on the (2+1)D $\mathbb{Z}_2$ toric code stacked with a (2+1)D ancilla trivial atomic insulator. We also investigate a gapped fermionic interface between (2+1)D bosonic topological phases realized on the boundary of the (3+1)D Walker-Wang model. In that case, the gapped interface can shift the chiral central charge of the (2+1)D phase. Among these fermionic interfaces, we study an interesting example where the (3+1)D phase has a spatial reflection symmetry, and the fermionic interface is supported on a reflection plane that interpolates a (2+1)D surface topological order and its orientation-reversal. We construct a (3+1)D exactly solvable Hamiltonian realizing this setup, and find that the model generates the $\mathbb{Z}_8$ classification of the (3+1)D invertible phase with spatial reflection symmetry and fermion parity on the reflection plane. We make contact with an effective field theory, known in literature as the exotic invertible phase with spacetime higher-group symmetry.

Abstract We examine topological terms of (2 + 1)d sigma models and their consequences in the light of classifications of invertible quantum field theories utilizing bordism groups. In particular, we study the possible topological terms for the U(N)/U(1) N flag-manifold sigma model in detail. We argue that the Hopf-like term is absent, contrary to the expectation from a nontrivial homotopy group π 3(U(N)/U(1) N ) = ℤ, and thus skyrmions cannot become anyons with arbitrary statistics. Instead, we find that there exist N N − 1 2 − 1 $$ \frac{N\left(N-1\right)}{2}-1 $$ types of Chern-Simons terms, some of which can turn skyrmions into fermions, and we write down explicit forms of effective Lagrangians.

Abstract We study quantized non-local order parameters, constructed by using partial time-reversal and partial reflection, for fermionic topological phases of matter in one spatial dimension protected by an orientation reversing symmetry, using topological quantum field theories (TQFTs). By formulating the order parameters in the Hilbert space of state sum TQFT, we establish the connection between the quantized non-local order parameters and the underlying field theory, clarifying the nature of the order parameters as topological invariants. We also formulate several entanglement measures including the entanglement negativity on state sum spin TQFT, and describe the exact correspondence of the entanglement measures to path integrals on a closed surface equipped with a specific spin structure.

Abstract We discuss a recipe to produce a lattice construction of fermionic phases of matter on unoriented manifolds. This is performed by extending the construction of spin TQFT via the Grassmann integral proposed by Gaiotto and Kapustin, to the unoriented pin ± case. As an application, we construct gapped boundaries for time-reversal-invariant Gu-Wen fermionic SPT phases. In addition, we provide a lattice definition of (1+1)d pin_ invertible theory whose partition function is the Arf-Brown-Kervaire invariant, which generates the ℤ8 classification of (1+1)d topological superconductors. We also compute the indicator formula of ℤ16 valued time-reversal anomaly for (2+1)d pin+ TQFT based on our construction.

Abstract We discuss a strategy to construct gapped boundaries for a large class of symmetry-protected topological phases (SPT phases) beyond group cohomology. This is done by a generalization of the symmetry extension method previously used for cohomo- logical SPT phases. We find that this method allows us to construct gapped boundaries for time-reversal-invariant bosonic SPT phases and for fermionic Gu-Wen SPT phases for arbitrary finite internal symmetry groups.

We investigate symmetry-preserving gapped boundary of (2+1)-dimensional [(2+1)D] topological phases with global symmetry, which can be either bosonic or fermionic. We develop a general algebraic description for gapped boundary condition for symmetry-enriched or fermionic topological phases, extending the framework of Lagrangian algebra anyon for bosonic phases without symmetry. We then focus on application to the case with U(1) symmetry. We derive new obstructions to symmetry-preserving gapped boundary for U(1)^{f}-symmetric (2+1)D fermionic topological phases, which are beyond chiral central charge c_{−} and electric Hall conductivity σ_{H}. These obstructions are given by a simple Gauss-Milgram-type formula valid for supermodular category and regarded as a higher version of c_{−} and σ_{H}.

ABSTRACT: Background: Ninjin'yoeito, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, is used to prevent fatigue, loss of appetite, and coldness of limbs. Fatigue is an especially common issue during chemotherapy and can affect quality of life and the ability to complete scheduled treatment. Objectives: This prospective exploratory trial evaluates the efficacy of ninjin'yoeito for fatigue in patients undergoing nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine therapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer. The primary end point was evaluation of fatigue according to Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue score during 2 courses of nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine therapy. Secondary end points included evaluation of dose intensity, appetite loss using numerical rating scale, and peripheral neuropathy using a patient neurotoxicity questionnaire. Methods: We compared data from this interventional trial with a prior observational trial without administration of ninjin'yoeito with identical definition of end points (UMIN000021758). Thirty patients were required by the study. Results: Threshold mean of Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue score across 8 weeks during chemotherapy was under 5.3 (P = 0.002). Secondary end points did not reveal any specific patterns in appetite loss or degree of pain. No significant changes in patient neurotoxicity questionnaire concerning sensory/motor disorders were observed, but the mean (SD) incidence of patients with sensory disturbance was higher between the fifth and eighth weeks (8.8 [1.26]) than during the first and fourth weeks (4.8 [0.96]) (P = 0.003). Clinically significant adverse reactions of ninjin'yoeito were not observed. Conclusions: Ninjin'yoeito may be useful for improving the symptoms of fatigue caused by nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. UMIN Clinical Trials Registry identifier: UMIN000025606. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020; 81:XXX–XXX)

In this short paper, we argue that the chiral central charge c_{−} of a (2+1)d topological ordered state is sometimes strongly constrained by 't Hooft anomaly of antiunitary global symmetry. For example, if a (2+1)d fermionic topological quantum field theory (TQFT) has a time-reversal anomaly with T^{2}=(−1)^{F} labeled as ν∈Z_{16}, the TQFT must have c_{−}=1/4 mod 1/2 for odd ν, while c_{−}=0 mod 1/2 for even ν. This generalizes the fact that the bosonic TQFT with T anomaly in a particular class must carry c_{−}=4 mod 8 to fermionic cases. We also study such a constraint for fermionic TQFT with U(1)×CT symmetry, which is regarded as a gapped surface of the topological superconductor in class AIII.

The diversity in root chemicals and evolutionally neutral DNA regions in the complex of Ligularia duciformis, L. kongkalingensis, and L. nelumbifolia (the d/k/n complex) was studied using eight samples collected in central and northern Sichuan Province of China. Cacalol (14) and epicacalone (15), rearranged eremophilanes, were isolated from the complex for the first time. Two new phenylpropanoids were also obtained. Seven of the eight samples produced phenylpropanoids and the other produced lupeol alone. Two of the seven samples also produced furanoeremophilanes or their derivatives and one produced oplopanes. The geographical distribution of the sesquiterpene-producing populations suggests that the production of sesquiterpenes evolved independently in separate regions. L. limprichtii collected in northern Sichuan was also analyzed and its chemical composition and the sequence of internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) in the ribosomal RNA gene cluster were found to be similar to that in the d/k/n complex and L. yunnanensis, which are morphologically similar.