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Masalah rokok pada hakikatnya sudah menjadi masalah nasional, bahkan internasional. Efek yang ditimbulkan dari merokok juga sangat banyak bagi kesehatan, akan tetapi masih saja banyak orang yang tetap memilih untuk menikmatinya khususnya di kalangan tenaga kesehatan. Subjek penelitian adalah tenaga kesehatan yang sudah bekerja di rumah sakit, rentan usia 23 - 40 tahun, perokok berat, Masyarakat Kota X. Metode pengambilan data penelitian ini menggunakan 3 skala Likert yaitu skala perilaku merokok berjumlah 25 item, skala stress berjumlah 27 item, skala lingkungan sosial berjumlah 23 aitem. Hasil penelitian ini adalah ada hubungan yang signifikan antara stress dan lingkungan sosial dengan perilaku merokok (R = 0.280, F = 20.817 dan signifikansi p = 0.000 (p0.01)). Apabila dilihat secara parsial lingkungan sosial memiliki hubungan secara positif dan sangat signifikan terhadap perilaku merokok sebesar (rxy = 0.508 dan p = 0.000 ; (p0.01). Lebih lanjut lagi stress dan perilaku merokok memiliki hubungan positif sebesar (rxy = 0.959 dan p = 0.000 ; (p0.01). kesimpulan semakin tinggi tingkat stress dan semakin besar pengaruh lingkungan sosial terhadap seseorang maka perilaku merokok orang tersebut akan meningkat, begitu juga sebaliknya.

One of the adaptations that are being carried out in schools in Indonesia in the post-pandemic era is the implementation of online learning models and mixed learning. However, the challenge that arises is that for teachers today more effort is needed to create activities that can be used in this new situation. One application that can accommodate the need to store various types of teaching materials from all teachers in various schools is a web-based application such as Glide. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the Glide web-based application can be applied as a learning medium and a means of sharing knowledge for teachers in the post-pandemic period. The research method used is qualitative with the development of problem solving methods of linking. The results showed that Glide can be used as a learning medium and a means of sharing knowledge for teachers in the post-pandemic period with some notes. First, the school or teacher must design it so that the contents of the application focus on the collection of teaching materials. Second, the manipulative ability of learning media cannot be obtained through the Glide application. Third, schools need to develop plans so that the implementation of this application can run effectively.

Critical thinking is one of the most important issues in education. However, based on field observation results it is found that students have low critical thinking skills. One reason is that learning activities in the classroom do not foster students’ critical thinking skills. The purpose of this research study to enhance students’ critical skills by implementing the Problem-based Learning (PBL) method. The research subjects were 29 grade 7 students in a junior high school in Manado. The research method used was Classroom Action Research (CAR), conducted from September 12 to November 3, 2017. The instruments used were diagnostic tests, pre-tests and post-tests, observation sheets, student interviews, checklists by observers and students, and the researcher’s reflection journal. Data results were analyzed using the descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that the implementation of the PBL method was able to enhance students’ critical thinking skills in learning math with the achievement percentage of students who passed the KKM for pre-test and post-test based on the overall data analysis result from cycle one to two showing an enhancement of 22% on the first indicator, 9% on the third indicator, and 2% on the fourth indicator. The second indicator showed no enhancement amd there was a decrease of 8% on the fifth indicator. Therefore, the PBL method is effective in enhancing students’ critical thinking skills through each stage of the method in the learning process. BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: Kemampuan berpikir kritis adalah salah satu hal terpenting dalam dunia pendidikan. Namun, berdasarkan observasi di lapangan ditemukan bahwa siswa memiliki keterampilan berpikir kritis yang rendah. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah aktivitas pembelajaran di kelas tidak melatih keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa menggunakan metode Problem-based Learning (PBL). Subyek penelitian adalah 29 siswa kelas VII di suatu SMP di Manado. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK), dilakukan dari September sampai dengan November 2017. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah diagnostic test, pre-test dan post-test, lembar observasi, wawancara siswa, checklistoleh pengamat dan siswa, dan jurnal refleksi peneliti. Analisis data hasil penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan metode PBL mampu meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa dalam pembelajaran matematika dengan peningkatan indikator satu sebesar 22%, indikator tiga sebesar 9%, dan indikator empat sebesar 2%. Adapun untuk indikator dua tidak mengalami peningkatan dan indikator lima mengalami penurunan sebesar 8%. Dengan demikian, metode PBL terbukti efektif meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa melalui setiap tahapan metode dalam proses pembelajaran.

Podcasting as a Learning Tool in Medical Education: Before and During the Pandemic Period Podcasts have seen significant growth as a medium for medical education over the last 15 years. The COVID-19 pandemic altered the way in which medical education is delivered to learners, including medical students, resident physicians, fellows, and practicing clinicians in the form of continuing medical education. A literature search using Google Scholar, PubMed, and NCBI was conducted to analyze and discuss how podcasts are utilized in medical education-both before and during the pandemic-and how this form of asynchronous education may influence clinical decision-making and patient outcomes. Finally, this review discusses how learners’ habits while using podcasts may affect the way in which the information is internalized and the future of using podcasts to supplement medical education.

Globally, an increasing recognition of the importance of ecosystem-based management (EBM), Indigenous resource management (IRM), and Indigenous-led research and management is emerging; yet, case studies within scholarly literature illustrating comprehensive application of these theories and philosophies are scarce. We present the collaborative management model for the Heʻeia National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) as a contemporary Indigenous Community and Conserved Area (ICCA) that has synergistically operationalized these principles, as well as one that approaches research as a reciprocal collaboration with the Indigenous people and local community (IPLC) of place. The Heʻeia NERR was designated in 2017 through a process led by IPLC members in Hawaiʻi. This research framework is aimed at informing EBM within social-ecological systems. It, therefore, serves as an example of a program designed to demonstrate and provide practical solutions for adaptive resource management. The framework of the Heʻeia NERR embraces the values, perspectives, and IRM strategies that have been foundational for the people of the Pacific to thrive sustainably in the context of limited resources for millennia. As a program, the Heʻeia NERR aims to build bridges between coexisting worldviews as a means of informing policy in the realms of conservation and sustainability. We do this by weaving together conventional and Indigenous science to collaboratively develop research and collaboratively produce new knowledge. We examine these issues through the lens of holistic ecosystem services that consider both the reciprocal benefits that humans provide to nature as well as the full range of existential benefits that humans gain from nature. Research collaborations between the Heʻeia NERR and its partners (University of Hawaiʻi, state and federal agencies, and Indigenous-led NGOs operating in the community) are grounded in Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) with applications that will guide a future of enhanced ecosystem services in a changing world.

Here, we expand on the term "ecomimicry" to be an umbrella concept for an approach to adaptive ecosystem-based management of social-ecological systems that simultaneously optimizes multiple ecosystem services for the benefit of people and place. In this context, we define ecomimicry as a strategy for developing and managing cultural landscapes, built upon a deep understanding of the structure and function of ecosystems, that harnesses ecosystem processes for the purpose of balancing and sustaining key ecosystem services, rather than maximizing one service (e.g., food production) to the detriment of others. Ecomimicry arises through novel, place-based innovations or is adopted from elsewhere and adapted to local conditions. Similarly, precontact Hawaiian social-ecological systems integrated a variety of ecomimicry schema to engender a complex system of adaptive resource management that enhanced biocultural diversity and supported resilient food systems, ultimately sustaining a thriving human population. In addition to presenting a synopsis of how ecomimicry was employed in the design and management of Hawaiian social-ecological systems, we identify and characterize specific ecomimicry applications. Within this context, we explore a revival of ecomimicry for biological conservation, biocultural restoration, resilience, and food security. We conclude with a discussion of how revitalizing such an approach in the restoration of social-ecological systems may address issues of conservation and sustainability in the Anthropocene.

The individual contribution of natural disturbances, localized stressors, and environmental regimes upon longer-term reef dynamics remains poorly resolved for many locales despite its significance for management. This study examined coral reefs in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands across a 12-year period that included elevated Crown-of-Thorns Starfish densities (COTS) and tropical storms that were drivers of spatially-inconsistent disturbance and recovery patterns. At the island scale, disturbance impacts were highest on Saipan with reduced fish sizes, grazing urchins, and water quality, despite having a more favorable geological foundation for coral growth compared with Rota. However, individual drivers of reef dynamics were better quantified through site-level investigations that built upon island generalizations. While COTS densities were the strongest predictors of coral decline as expected, interactive terms that included wave exposure and size of the overall fish assemblages improved models (R2 and AIC values). Both wave exposure and fish size diminished disturbance impacts and had negative associations with COTS. However, contrasting findings emerged when examining net ecological change across the 12-year period. Wave exposure had a ubiquitous, positive influence upon the net change in favorable benthic substrates (i.e. corals and other heavily calcifying substrates, R2 = 0.17 for all reeftypes grouped), yet including interactive terms for herbivore size and grazing urchin densities, as well as stratifying by major reeftypes, substantially improved models (R2 = 0.21 to 0.89, lower AIC scores). Net changes in coral assemblages (i.e., coral ordination scores) were more sensitive to herbivore size or the water quality proxy acting independently (R2 = 0.28 to 0.44). We conclude that COTS densities were the strongest drivers of coral decline, however, net ecological change was most influenced by localized stressors, especially herbivore sizes and grazing urchin densities. Interestingly, fish size, rather than biomass, was consistently a better predictor, supporting allometric, size-and-function relationships of fish assemblages. Management implications are discussed.

Satellite monitoring of thermal stress on coral reefs has become an essential component of reef management practice around the world. A recent development by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Coral Reef Watch (NOAA CRW) program provides daily global monitoring at 5 km resolution—at or near the scale of most coral reefs. In this paper, we introduce two new monitoring products in the CRW Decision Support System for coral reef management: Regional Virtual Stations, a regional synthesis of thermal stress conditions, and Seven-day Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Trend, describing recent changes in temperature at each location. We describe how these products provided information in support of management activities prior to, during and after the 2014 thermal stress event in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). Using in situ survey data from this event, we undertake the first quantitative comparison between 5 km satellite monitoring products and coral bleaching observations. Analysis of coral community characteristics, historical temperature conditions and thermal stress revealed a strong influence of coral biodiversity in the patterns of observed bleaching. This resulted in a model based on thermal stress and generic richness that explained 97% of the variance in observed bleaching. These findings illustrate the importance of using local benthic characteristics to interpret the level of impact from thermal stress exposure. In an era of continuing climate change, accurate monitoring of thermal stress and prediction of coral bleaching are essential for stakeholders to direct resources to the most effective management actions to conserve coral reefs.

Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) can be surgically managed through open resections (OLR), laparoscopic resections (LLR), or robotic liver resections (RLR). However, there is ongoing uncertainty regarding the safety and effectiveness of minimally invasive approaches like LLR and RLR. This study aims to clarify these issues by conducting a network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare outcomes across OLR, LLR and RLR for patients with CRLM. Following the PRISMA-NMA guidelines, the meta-analysis included 13 studies with a combined total of 6582 patients. Of these, 50.6% underwent LLR, 45.3% underwent OLR, and 4.1% underwent RLR. The analysis found no significant differences in R0 resection rates between LLR (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84-1.26) and RLR (OR 1.57, 95% CI: 0.98-2.51) when compared to OLR. Additionally, there were no significant differences in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) at 1, 3, and 5 years. Despite these findings, both LLR and RLR were associated with reduced postoperative complication rates (RLR: OR 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32-0.86; LLR: OR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.37-0.68). However, patients undergoing LLR were more likely to require conversion to open surgery compared to those undergoing RLR (OR: 12.46, 95% CI: 2.64-58.67). Furthermore, RLR was associated with a reduced need for blood transfusions (OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.05-0.32), and LLR resulted in shorter hospital stays (mean difference: -6.66 days, 95% CI: -11.6 to -1.88 days). This study demonstrates the oncological safety of LLR and RLR approaches for CRLM relative to OLR, with enhanced perioperative outcomes anticipated following minimally invasive resections of CRLM., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Surgical Oncology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: The optimal treatment strategy for left-sided malignant colonic obstruction remains controversial. Emergency colonic resection has been the standard of care; however, self-expanding metallic stenting as a bridge to surgery may offer short-term advantages, although oncological concerns exist. Decompressing stoma may provide a valid alternative, with limited evidence., Objective: To perform a systematic review and Bayesian arm random-effects model network meta-analysis comparing the approaches for management of malignant left-sided colonic obstruction., Data Sources: A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases was conducted from inception to August 22, 2023., Study Selection: Randomized controlled trials and propensity score-matched studies., Interventions: Emergency colonic resection, self-expanding metallic stent, and decompressing stoma., Main Outcome Measures: Oncologic efficacy, morbidity, successful minimally invasive surgery, primary anastomosis, and permanent stoma rates., Results: Nineteen of 5225 articles identified met our inclusion criteria. Stenting (risk ratio 0.57; 95% credible interval, 0.33-0.79) and decompressing stomas (risk ratio 0.46, 95% credible interval: 0.18-0.92) resulted in a significant reduction in the permanent stoma rate. Stenting facilitated minimally invasive surgery more frequently (risk ratio 4.10; 95% credible interval, 1.45-13.13) and had lower overall morbidity (risk ratio 0.58; 95% credible interval, 0.35-0.86). A pairwise analysis of primary anastomosis rates showed increased stenting (risk ratio 1.40; 95% credible interval, 1.31-1.49) compared with emergency resection. There was a significant decrease in the 90-day mortality with stenting (risk ratio 0.63; 95% credible interval, 0.41-0.95) compared with resection. There were no differences in disease-free and overall survival rates, respectively., Limitations: There is a lack of randomized controlled trials and propensity score matching data comparing short-term and long-term outcomes for diverting stomas compared to self-expanding metallic stents. Two trials compared self-expanding metallic stents and diverting stomas in left-sided malignant colonic obstruction., Conclusions: This study provides high-level evidence that a bridge-to-surgery strategy is safe for the management of left-sided malignant colonic obstruction and may facilitate minimally invasive surgery, increase primary anastomosis rates, and reduce permanent stoma rates and postoperative morbidity compared with emergency colonic resection., (Copyright © The ASCRS 2024.)

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate T cells that play a critical role in host protection against bacterial and viral pathogens. Upon activation, MAIT cells can rapidly respond via both TCR-dependent and -independent mechanisms, resulting in robust cytokine production. The metabolic and nutritional requirements for optimal MAIT cell effector responses are still emerging. Iron is an important micronutrient and is essential for cellular fitness, in particular cellular metabolism. Iron is also critical for many pathogenic microbes, including those that activate MAIT cells. However, iron has not been investigated with respect to MAIT cell metabolic or functional responses. In this study, we show that human MAIT cells require exogenous iron, transported via CD71 for optimal metabolic activity in MAIT cells, including their production of ATP. We demonstrate that restricting iron availability by either chelating environmental iron or blocking CD71 on MAIT cells results in impaired cytokine production and proliferation. These data collectively highlight the importance of a CD71-iron axis for human MAIT cell metabolism and functionality, an axis that may have implications in conditions where iron availability is limited., (Copyright © 2024 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.)

Introduction: There is uncertainty regarding the optimal mesh fixation techniques for laparoscopic ventral and incisional hernia repair., Aim: To perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised control trials (RCTs) to investigate the advantages and disadvantages associated with absorbable tacks, non-absorbable tacks, non-absorbable sutures, non-absorbable staples, absorbable synthetic glue, absorbable sutures and non-absorbable tacks, and non-absorbable sutures and non-absorbable tacks., Methods: A systematic review was performed as per PRISMA-NMA guidelines. Odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences (MDs) were extracted to compare the efficacy of the surgical approaches., Results: Nine RCTs were included with 707 patients. Short-term pain was significantly reduced in non-absorbable staples (MD; -1.56, confidence interval (CI); -2.93 to -0.19) and non-absorbable sutures (MD; -1.00, CI; -1.60 to -0.40) relative to absorbable tacks. Recurrence, length of stay, operative time, conversion to open surgery, seroma and haematoma formation were unaffected by mesh fixation technique., Conclusion: Short-term post-operative pain maybe reduced by the use of non-absorbable sutures and non-absorbable staples. There is clinical equipoise between each modality in relation to recurrence, length of stay, and operative time., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest This manuscript has not been published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors have declared no conflicts of interest. This research received no external funding. The authors understand that a moderate fee (APC) is payable to cover the costs associated with publication., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Total mesorectal excision (TME) is the standard-of-care in early, clinical stage (cT2-3 N0 M0) rectal cancer. Local excision (LE) may be an alternative after adequate response to neoadjuvant therapy (NAT), with either long-course chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) or short-course radiotherapy (SCRT), as a means of preserving the rectum and potentially obviating the morbidity of TME., Methods: A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines for studies that randomly assigned patients with cT2-3 N0 M0 rectal cancer to either NAT + LE or TME that reported radiologic, oncologic, surgical, and morbidity outcomes., Results: A total of 4 RCTs comprise 462 patients (232 patients receiving NAT + LE; nCRT n = 205; SCRT n = 27) and 230 undergoing TME, respectively. NAT compliance was 98.86%. The rate of early completion TME in the NAT + LE group was 22.3%, while the proportion of patients achieving durable organ preservation was 75.4% at mean follow-up of 5.6 years. There was no difference in disease-free survival (DFS) (HR [hazard ratio] 1.19; 95% CI 0.95, 1.49; p = 0.13) or overall survival (OS) (HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.72, 1.23; p = 0.63]) according to the assigned treatment arm. The local recurrence rate (LRR) (HR 1.22; 95% CI 0.5-3.02; p = 0.66) and distant metastases (HR 0.92; 95% CI 0.45, 1.90; p = 0.82) were also comparable between the groups. There was a significant reduction in major (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.21, 0.95; p = 0.04) and minor morbidity (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.24, 0.85; p = 0.01) for patients undergoing NAT + LE. Overall stoma formation was decreased in the NAT + LE group (OR 0.03; 95% CI 0.0, 0.23; p ≤ 0.00001)., Conclusion: NAT + LE reduces adverse effects of TME, without any compromise in oncological outcomes, and the potential for an organ preserving strategy should be discussed with patients with T2-3N0 rectal cancers prior to treatment., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Extended right hemicolectomy (ERHC) or left hemicolectomy (LHC) are accepted as the standard-of-care for colonic tumours of the splenic flexure. Lymphatic drainage at this site is poorly defined and subject to significant heterogeneity. Nevertheless, emerging evidence demonstrates the potential oncological safety of segmental splenic flexure colectomy (SFC)., Aim: To perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare outcomes following ERHC, LHC and SFC for splenic flexure tumours (SFTs)., Methods: A systematic review was performed as per PRISMA guidelines. NMA was performed using R Shiny and Netmeta packages., Results: A total of 13 studies, involving 6176 patients (ERHC n = 785; LHC n = 1527; SFC n = 3864) were included in the NMA. There was no difference in overall survival (OS) (SFC vs LHC Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.0, 95% Credible Interval [CrI] 0.76,1.34; SFC vs ERHC HR 1.18, 95% CrI 0.85,1.58) between the groups. SFC had a shorter operation time (Mean 176.37 min; Mean Difference [MD] SFC vs LHC 20.34 min 95% CrI 10.9, 29.97; SFC vs ERHC MD 22.19 95% CrI 11.09, 33.29) but also had a lower average lymph node yield (LNY) compared with ERHC (MD 7.15, 95% CrI 5.71, 8.60). ERHC had a significantly higher incidence of post-operative ileus (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.47, 95% CrI 1.11, 10.84). There was also no difference observed for minimally invasive approaches, anastomotic leak rate, perioperative mortality, reoperation rates or length of stay., Conclusions: While SFC may allow for reduced operative duration and improved bowel function postoperatively. SFC, LHC, ERHC are all acceptable approaches for curative resection of cancers of the splenic flexure, with no difference in OS observed. Thus, surgeon preference and candidate-specific factors will likely determine the management of SFTs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 Elsevier Ltd, BASO ∼ The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study compared the advantages and disadvantages of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) strategies for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, compared with the more traditional multimodal neoadjuvant management strategies of long-course chemoradiotherapy (LCRT) or short-course radiotherapy (SCRT)., Methods: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of exclusively RCTs was undertaken, comparing survival, recurrence, pathological, radiological, and oncological outcomes. The last date of the search was 14 December 2022., Results: In total, 15 RCTs involving 4602 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, conducted between 2004 and 2022, were included. TNT improved overall survival compared with LCRT (HR 0.73, 95 per cent credible interval 0.60 to 0.92) and SCRT (HR 0.67, 0.47 to 0.95). TNT also improved rates of distant metastasis compared with LCRT (HR 0.81, 0.69 to 0.97). Reduced overall recurrence was observed for TNT compared with LCRT (HR 0.87, 0.76 to 0.99). TNT showed an improved pCR compared with both LCRT (risk ratio (RR) 1.60, 1.36 to 1.90) and SCRT (RR 11.32, 5.00 to 30.73). TNT also showed an improvement in cCR compared with LCRT (RR 1.68, 1.08 to 2.64). There was no difference between treatments in disease-free survival, local recurrence, R0 resection, treatment toxicity or treatment compliance., Conclusion: This study provides further evidence that TNT has improved survival and recurrence benefits compared with current standards of care, and may increase the number of patients suitable for organ preservation, without negatively influencing treatment toxicity or compliance., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of BJS Society Ltd. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background and Objectives: Optimal surgical management for gastric cancer remains controversial. We aimed to perform a network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing outcomes after open gastrectomy (OG), laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy (LAG), and robotic gastrectomy (RG) for gastric cancer., Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases was undertaken. An NMA was performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-NMA guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using R and Shiny., Results: Twenty-two RCTs including 6890 patients were included. Overall, 49.6% of patients underwent LAG (3420/6890), 46.6% underwent OG (3212/6890), and 3.7% underwent RG (258/6890). At NMA, there was a no significant difference in recurrence rates following LAG (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77-1.49) compared with OG. Similarly, overall survival (OS) outcomes were identical following OG and LAG (OS: OG, 87.0% [1652/1898] vs. LAG: OG, 87.0% [1650/1896]), with no differences in OS in meta-analysis (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.77-1.52). Importantly, patients undergoing LAG experienced reduced intraoperative blood loss, surgical incisions, distance from proximal margins, postoperative hospital stays, and morbidity post-resection., Conclusions: LAG was associated with non-inferior oncological and surgical outcomes compared with OG. Surgical outcomes following LAG and RG superseded OG, with similar outcomes observed for both LAG and RG. Given these findings, minimally invasive approaches should be considered for the resection of local gastric cancer, once surgeon and institutional expertise allows., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Cancer and obesity represent two of the most significant global health concerns. The risk of malignancy, including colorectal cancer (CRC), increases with obesity. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the value of bariatric surgery in reducing CRC risk in patients with obesity using registry data., Materials and Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed as per PRISMA guidelines. The risk of CRC was expressed as a dichotomous variable and reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Mantel-Haenszel method. A multi-treatment comparison was performed, examining the risk reduction associated with existing bariatric surgery techniques. Analysis was performed using RevMan, R packages, and Shiny., Results: Data from 11 registries including 6,214,682 patients with obesity were analyzed. Of these, 14.0% underwent bariatric surgery (872,499/6,214,682), and 86.0% did not undergo surgery (5,432,183/6,214,682). The mean age was 49.8 years, and mean follow-up was 5.1 years. In total, 0.6% of patients who underwent bariatric surgery developed CRC (4,843/872,499), as did 1.0% of unoperated patients with obesity (54,721/5,432,183). Patients with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery were less likely to develop CRC (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.36-0.77, P < 0.001, I 2 = 99%). Patients with obesity undergoing gastric bypass surgery (GB) (OR: 0.513, 95% CI: 0.336-0.818) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) (OR: 0.484, 95% CI: 0.307-0.763) were less likely to develop CRC than unoperated patients., Conclusion: At a population level, bariatric surgery is associated with reduced CRC risk in patients with obesity. GB and SG are associated with the most significant reduction in CRC risk., Prospero Registration: CRD42022313280., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Pelvic exenteration (PE) is a complex multivisceral surgical procedure indicated for locally advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancies. It poses significant technical challenges which account for the high risk of morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure. Developments in minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approaches and enhanced peri-operative care have facilitated improved long term outcomes. However, the optimum approach to PE remains controversial., Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to identify studies comparing MIS (robotic or laparoscopic) approaches for PE versus the open approach for patients with locally advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancies. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed systematically and a meta-analysis was conducted., Results: 11 studies were identified, including 2009 patients, of whom 264 (13.1%) underwent MIS PE approaches. The MIS group displayed comparable R0 resections (Risk Ratio [RR] 1.02, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] 0.98, 1.07, p = 0.35)) and Lymph node yield (Weighted Mean Difference [WMD] 1.42, 95% CI -0.58, 3.43, p = 0.16), and although MIS had a trend towards improved towards improved survival and recurrence outcomes, this did not reach statistical significance. MIS was associated with prolonged operating times (WMD 67.93, 95% CI 4.43, 131.42, p < 0.00001) however, this correlated with less intra-operative blood loss, and a shorter length of post-operative stay (WMD -3.89, 955 CI -6.53, -1.25, p < 0.00001). Readmission rates were higher with MIS (RR 2.11, 95% CI 1.11, 4.02, p = 0.02), however, rates of pelvic abscess/sepsis were decreased (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21, 0.95, p = 0.04), and there was no difference in overall, major, or specific morbidity and mortality., Conclusion: MIS approaches are a safe and feasible option for PE, with no differences in survival or recurrence outcomes compared to the open approach. MIS also reduced the length of post-operative stay and decreased blood loss, offset by increased operating time., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd, BASO ~ The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for locally advanced colon cancer (LACC) remains controversial. An integrated analysis of data from high-quality studies may inform the long-term safety of NAC for this cohort. Our aim was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) and propensity-matched studies to assess the oncological safety of NAC in patients with LACC., Methods: A systematic review was performed as per preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Survival was expressed as hazard ratios using time-to-effect generic inverse variance methodology, while surgical outcomes were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) using the Mantel-Haenszel method. Data analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4., Results: Eight studies (4 RCTs and 4 retrospective studies) including 31,047 patients with LACC were included. Mean age was 61.0 years (range: 19-93 years) and mean follow-up was 47.6 months (range: 2-133 months). Of those receiving NAC, 4.6% achieved a pathological complete response and 90.6% achieved R0 resection (versus 85.9%, P < 0.001). At 3 years, patients receiving NAC had improved disease-free survival (DFS) (OR: 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.60, P = 0.030) and overall survival (OS) (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.10-2.81, P = 0.020). When using time-to-effect modelling, a non-significant difference was observed for DFS (HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.57-1.09, P = 0.150) while a significant difference in favour of NAC was observed for OS (HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58-0.98, P = 0.030)., Conclusion: This study highlights the oncological safety of NAC for patients being treated with curative intent for LACC using RCT and propensity-matched studies only. These results refute current management guidelines which do not advocate for NAC to improve surgical and oncological outcomes in patients with LACC., Trial Registration: International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) registration: CRD4202341723., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T cells which recognize a limited repertoire of ligands presented by the MHC class-I like molecule MR1. In addition to their key role in host protection against bacterial and viral pathogens, MAIT cells are emerging as potent anti-cancer effectors. With their abundance in human, unrestricted properties, and rapid effector functions MAIT cells are emerging as attractive candidates for immunotherapy. In the current study, we demonstrate that MAIT cells are potent cytotoxic cells, rapidly degranulating and inducing target cell death. Previous work from our group and others has highlighted glucose metabolism as a critical process for MAIT cell cytokine responses at 18 h. However, the metabolic processes supporting rapid MAIT cell cytotoxic responses are currently unknown. Here, we show that glucose metabolism is dispensable for both MAIT cell cytotoxicity and early (<3 h) cytokine production, as is oxidative phosphorylation. We show that MAIT cells have the machinery required to make (GYS-1) and metabolize (PYGB) glycogen and further demonstrate that that MAIT cell cytotoxicity and rapid cytokine responses are dependent on glycogen metabolism. In summary, we show that glycogen-fueled metabolism supports rapid MAIT cell effector functions (cytotoxicity and cytokine production) which may have implications for their use as an immunotherapeutic agent.

Background: Restorative proctocolectomy [RPC] without a defunctioning loop ileostomy [DLI] in patients with ulcerative colitis [UC] remains controversial., Aim: To compare safety and efficacy of RPC with and without DLI in patients exclusively with UC., Methods: A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA/MOOSE guidelines. Dichotomous variables were pooled as odds ratios [OR]. Continuous variables were pooled as weighted mean differences [WMD]. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa score [NOS]., Results: A total of 20 studies [five paediatric and 15 adult] with 4550 UC patients [without DLI, n = 2370, 52.09%; with DLI, n = 2180, 47.91%] were eligible for inclusion. The median NOS was 8 [range 6-9]. There was no increased risk of anastomotic leak [AL] (OR 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92, 1.39; p = 0.25), pouch excision [OR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.50; p = 0.97], or overall major morbidity [OR 1.44, 95% CI, 0.91, 2.29; p = 0.12] for RPC without DLI, and this technique was associated with fewer anastomotic strictures [OR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.68; p = 0.0002] and less bowel obstruction [OR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.93; p = 0.01]. However, RPC without DLI increased the likelihood of pelvic sepsis [OR 1.68, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.75; p = 0.04] and emergency reoperation [OR 1.74, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.50; p = 0.002]., Conclusion: RPC without DLI is not associated with increased clinically overt AL or pouch excision rates. However, it is associated with increased risk of pelvic sepsis and emergency reoperation. RPC without DLI is feasible, but should only be performed judiciously in select UC patient cohorts in high-volume, specialist, tertiary centres., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: The role of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery has been questioned owing to conflicting reports on pathological outcomes from recent RCTs. However, it is unclear whether these pathological markers and the surgical approach have an impact on oncological outcomes. This study assessed oncological outcomes of laparoscopic and open rectal cancer resections., Methods: A meta-analysis of RCTs was performed. Primary endpoints included oncological outcomes (disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), local recurrence). Secondary endpoints included surrogate markers for the quality of surgical resection., Results: Twelve RCTs including 3744 patients (2133 laparoscopic, 1611 open) were included. There was no significant difference in OS (hazard ratio (HR) 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.73 to 1.04; P = 0.12; I2 = 0 per cent) and DFS (HR 0.95, 0.81 to 1.11; P = 0.52; I2 = 0 per cent) between laparoscopic and open rectal resections. There was no significant difference in locoregional (odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95 per cent c.i. 0.72 to 1.48; P = 0.86; I2 = 0 per cent) or distant (OR 0.87, 0.70 to 1.08; P = 0.20; I2 = 7 per cent) recurrence between the groups. Achieving a successful composite score (intact mesorectal excision, clear circumferential resection margin and distal margin) was significantly associated with improved DFS (OR 0.55, 0.33 to 0.74; P < 0.001; I2 = 0 per cent). An intact or acceptable mesorectal excision (intact mesorectal excision with or without superficial defects) had no impact on DFS. Finally, a positive CRM was associated with worse DFS., Conclusion: Well performed surgery (laparoscopic or open) achieves excellent oncological outcomes with very little difference between the two modalities. The advantage and benefit of minimally invasive surgery should be assessed on an individual basis., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of BJS Society Ltd. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: The optimal approach for total mesorectal excision (TME) of rectal cancer remains controversial., Aim: To compare short- and long-term outcomes after open (OpTME), laparoscopic (LapTME), robotic (RoTME) and transanal TME (TaTME)., Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases was performed up to January 1, 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing at least 2 TME strategies. A Bayesian arm-based random effect network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed, specifically, a mixed treatment comparison (MTC)., Results: 30 RCTs (and six updates) of 5586 patients with rectal cancer were included. No significant differences were identified in recurrence rates or survival rates. Operating time was shorter with OpTME (surface under the cumulative ranking curve [SUCRA] 0.96) compared to LapTME, RoTME and TaTME. Although OpTME was associated with the most blood loss (SUCRA 0.90) and had a slower recovery with increased length of stay (SUCRA 0.90) compared to the minimally invasive techniques, there was no difference in postoperative morbidity. OpTME was associated with a more complete TME specimen compared to LapTME (Risk Ratio [RR] 1.05, 95% Credible Interval [CrI] 1.01, 1.11), and TaTME had less involved CRMs (RR 0.173, 95% CrI 0.02, 0.76) versus LapTME. There were no differences between the modalities in terms of deep TME defects, DRM distance, or lymph node yield., Conclusions: While OpTME was the most effective TME modality for short term histopathological resection quality, there was no difference in long-term oncologic outcomes. Minimally invasive approaches enhance postoperative recovery, at the cost of longer operating times. Technique selection should be based on individual tumour characteristics and patient expectations, as well as surgeon and institutional expertise., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Background: Surgical strategies for acute perforated diverticulitis with generalised peritonitis remain controversial. This study aimed to meta-analyse trials comparing primary resection and anastomosis (PRA) to Hartmann's procedure (HP) for Hinchey III/IV diverticulitis., Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify observational studies and randomised control trials (RCTs) of patients with Hinchey III/IV diverticulitis undergoing sigmoidectomy that compared PRA to HP. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed systematically (Newcastle-Ottawa, Jadad and Cochrane risk of bias scores) and a meta-analysis was performed., Results: After removal of duplicates, 12 studies including 4 RCTs were identified. The analysis included 918 patients, of whom 367 (39.98%) underwent PRA. Both the initial stoma rate (risk ratio [RR] persistent stoma 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26, 0.71, p = 0.001; I 2  = 99%, p < 0.0001) and the rate of permanent stoma after combining the first (emergency surgery) and second (stoma reversal) procedures were lower in the PRA group. There was no difference in in 30-day mortality; however, PRA resulted in a reduction in overall mortality as well as major complications after the initial operation (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46, 0.97, p = 0.03; I 2  = 22%, p = 0.26), stoma reversal (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26, 0.92, p = 0.03; I 2  = 0%, p = 0.58) and when combining both procedures (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51, 0.88, p = 0.005; I 2  = 0%, heterogeneity p = 0.58). A subgroup analysis of stoma reversal rates using data from only RCTs were consistent (RR permanent stoma, 0.33, 95% CI 0.13, 0.85, p = 0.02; I 2  = 77%, p = 0.004) with the findings of the overall analysis., Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates that PRA used in the management of haemodynamically stable patients with Hinchey grade III/IV diverticulitis leads to a lower overall persistent stoma rate, with reduced morbidity compared with the traditional management.