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Background and Aims: Percutaneous gallbladder drainage has traditionally been the reference standard treatment for cholecystitis in patients deemed unfit for surgery. Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage has emerged as a reliable alternative that offers an internal, incisionless option in nonsurgical patients. The aim of this study was to describe techniques for successful selective cystic duct cannulation and gallbladder drainage during ERCP. Methods: A series of endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder procedures is shown, including endoscopic and fluoroscopic video and images. Each case highlights best practices, devices, and techniques to aid with successful completion of challenging cases. Results: Standard cystic duct cannulation and gallbladder access is described using a standard catheter and a 0.035-inch angled guidewire. Challenges to selective cystic duct cannulation are overcome using various approaches, including using a rotatable catheter system, downsizing to a smaller guidewire, occluding the proximal common hepatic duct with an occlusion balloon, and directly intubating the cystic duct using peroral cholangioscopy. Dilation of the cystic duct is performed using standard devices designed for biliary intervention, but smaller, percutaneous angioplasty balloons are used for small ducts and severe strictures. After dilation, a plastic, double-pigtail stent is deployed across the papilla, and access is reobtained in a similar fashion to place a second, parallel stent. To eliminate the need to re-access the gallbladder after initial stent deployment, a cytology brush catheter is repurposed to obtain dual-wire access within the gallbladder before initial stent deployment. Conclusions: When the fundamentals of ERCP and the techniques described here are used, endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage can be performed safely and effectively to treat cholecystitis in patients who are not surgical candidates.

Background and Aims: Esophageal function testing is an integral component of the evaluation of refractory GERD and esophageal motility disorders. This review summarizes the current technologies available for esophageal function testing, including the functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP), high-resolution esophageal manometry (HRM), and multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) and pH monitoring. Methods: We performed a MEDLINE, PubMed, and MAUDE database literature search to identify pertinent clinical studies through March 2021 using the following key words: esophageal manometry, HRM, esophageal impedance, FLIP, MII, and esophageal pH testing. Technical data were gathered from traditional and web-based publications, proprietary publications, and informal communications with pertinent vendors. The report was drafted, reviewed, and edited by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Technology Committee and approved by the Governing Board of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Results: FLIP is a high-resolution impedance planimetry system used for pressure and dimension measurement in the esophagus, pylorus, and anal sphincter. FLIP provides complementary information to HRM for esophageal motility disorders, especially achalasia. The Chicago classification, based on HRM data, is a widely adopted algorithmic scheme used to diagnose esophageal motility disorders. MII detects intraluminal bolus movement and, combined with pH measurement or manometry, provides information on acid and non-acid gastroesophageal reflux and bolus transit in patients with refractory GERD and for preoperative evaluation for anti-reflux procedures. Conclusions: Esophageal function testing techniques (FLIP, HRM, and MII-pH) have diagnostic and prognostic value in the evaluation of esophageal motility disorders and refractory GERD. Newer technologies and classification systems have enabled an increased understanding of these diseases.