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1. The BOSS Emission-Line Lens Survey. II. Investigating Mass-Density Profile Evolution in the SLACS+BELLS Strong Gravitational Lens Sample

Author

Claudia Maraston, Benjamin A. Weaver, Joel R. Brownstein, Christopher S. Kochanek, Ryan A. Arneson, Yiping Shu, Daniel J. Eisenstein, David A. Wake, David J. Schlegel, Adam S. Bolton, and Natalia Connolly

Subjects
Physics, Effective radius, COSMIC cancer database, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Stellar mass, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Redshift, Gravitational lens, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Elliptical galaxy, Emission spectrum, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present an analysis of the evolution of the central mass-density profile of massive elliptical galaxies from the SLACS and BELLS strong gravitational lens samples over the redshift interval z ~ 0.1-0.6, based on the combination of strong-lensing aperture mass and stellar velocity-dispersion constraints. We find a significant trend towards steeper mass profiles (parameterized by the power-law density model with rho ~ r^[-gamma]) at later cosmic times, with magnitude d/dz = -0.60 +/- 0.15. We show that the combined lens-galaxy sample is consistent with a non-evolving distribution of stellar velocity dispersions. Considering possible additional dependence of on lens-galaxy stellar mass, effective radius, and Sersic index, we find marginal evidence for shallower mass profiles at higher masses and larger sizes, but with a significance that is sub-dominant to the redshift dependence. Using the results of published Monte Carlo simulations of spectroscopic lens surveys, we verify that our mass-profile evolution result cannot be explained by lensing selection biases as a function of redshift. Interpreted as a true evolutionary signal, our result suggests that major dry mergers involving off-axis trajectories play a significant role in the evolution of the average mass-density structure of massive early-type galaxies over the past 6 Gyr. We also consider an alternative non-evolutionary hypothesis based on variations in the strong-lensing measurement aperture with redshift, which would imply the detection of an "inflection zone" marking the transition between the baryon-dominated and dark-matter halo-dominated regions of the lens galaxies. Further observations of the combined SLACS+BELLS sample can constrain this picture more precisely, and enable a more detailed investigation of the multivariate dependences of galaxy mass structure across cosmic time., Comment: 10 pages emulateapj, revised and expanded, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Published
2012
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2. QUANTIFYING THE BIASES OF SPECTROSCOPICALLY SELECTED GRAVITATIONAL LENSES

Author

Adam S. Bolton, Joel R. Brownstein, and Ryan A. Arneson

Subjects
Physics, education.field_of_study, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Population, FOS: Physical sciences, Velocity dispersion, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Redshift, Galaxy, Einstein radius, law.invention, Lens (optics), Gravitation, Gravitational lens, Space and Planetary Science, law, education, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Spectroscopic selection has been the most productive technique for the selection of galaxy-scale strong gravitational lens systems with known redshifts. Statistically significant samples of strong lenses provide a powerful method for measuring the mass-density parameters of the lensing population, but results can only be generalized to the parent population if the lensing selection biases are sufficiently understood. We perform controlled Monte Carlo simulations of spectroscopic lens surveys in order to quantify the bias of lenses relative to parent galaxies in velocity dispersion, mass axis ratio, and mass density profile. For parameters typical of the SLACS and BELLS surveys, we find: (1) no significant mass axis ratio detection bias of lenses relative to parent galaxies; (2) a very small detection bias toward shallow mass density profiles, which is likely negligible compared to other sources of uncertainty in this parameter; (3) a detection bias towards smaller Einstein radius for systems drawn from parent populations with group- and cluster-scale lensing masses; and (4) a lens-modeling bias towards larger velocity dispersions for systems drawn from parent samples with sub-arcsecond mean Einstein radii. This last finding indicates that the incorporation of velocity-dispersion upper limits of \textit{non-lenses} is an important ingredient for unbiased analyses of spectroscopically selected lens samples. In general we find that the completeness of spectroscopic lens surveys in the plane of Einstein radius and mass-density profile power-law index is quite uniform, up to a sharp drop in the region of large Einstein radius and steep mass density profile, and hence that such surveys are ideally suited to the study of massive field galaxies., Accepted for publication in Astrophys. J., June 7, 2012. In press. 9 pages, 5 figures, 1 table

Published
2012
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3. SOFIA/FORCAST Observations of the Luminous Blue Variable Candidates MN 90 and HD 168625.

Author

Ryan A. Arneson, Dinesh Shenoy, Nathan Smith, and Robert D. Gehrz

Subjects
*ASTRONOMICAL observations, *LUMINOUS blue variables, *INFRARED cameras, *TELESCOPES, *CIRCUMSTELLAR matter
Abstract

We present Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)/Faint Object infraRed CAmera for the SOFIA Telescope (FORCAST) imaging of the circumstellar dust shells surrounding the luminous blue variable candidates MN 90 and HD 168625 to quantify the mineral abundances of the dust and to constrain the evolutionary state of these objects. Our image at 37.1 μm of MN 90 shows a limb-brightened, spherical dust shell. A least-squares fit to the spectral energy distribution of MN 90 yields a dust temperature of 59 ± 10 K, with the peak of the emission at 42.7 μm. Using 2-Dust radiative transfer code, we estimate for MN 90 that mass loss occurred at a rate of (7.3 ± 0.4) × 10−7 × (vexp/50 ) to create a dust shell with a dust mass of (3.2 ± 0.1) × 10−2 . Our images between 7.7 and 37.1 μm of HD 168625 complement previously obtained mid-IR imaging of its bipolar nebulae. The SOFIA/FORCAST imaging of HD 168625 shows evidence for the limb-brightened peaks of an equatorial torus. We estimate a dust temperature of 170 ± 40 K for the equatorial dust surrounding HD 168625, with the peak of the emission at 18.3 μm. Our 2-Dust model for HD 168625 estimates that mass loss occurred at a rate of (3.2 ± 0.2) × 10−7 to create a dust torus/shell with a dust mass of (2.5 ± 0.1) × 10−3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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4. THE ARGUMENT FOR WRONGFUL SUICIDE: IOWA’S NEED FOR A MORE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH FOR LIABILITY IN SUICIDE CASES.

Author

Dawson, Kyle

Subjects
SUICIDE, PSYCHOLOGISTS, VICTIMS, MENTAL health, COMMON law
Abstract

Throughout the United States’ history, courts have struggled with and had to adjudicate cases revolving around suicide. The decision to end one’s own life is a difficult one, and often is the result of complex mental health conditions. These mental health conditions can sometimes be caused, or exacerbated, by the actions of other individuals. Under Iowa law, suicide is treated as an intentional act, despite the fact that modern doctors and psychologists have come to the opposite conclusion. Because Iowa courts treat suicide as an intentional act, those who negligently cause the suicide of another are completely absolved of liability. The purpose of this Note is to explain the current science examining depression and suicide, the statistics that make these issues particularly relevant to the state of Iowa, and then to propose an alternative to denying the families of suicide victims recovery by using common law principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024

5. REX NON POTEST PECCARE: THE UNSETTLED STATE OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY AND CONSTITUTIONAL TORTS.

Author

Hughes, Josh

Subjects
STATE immunities (International law), CONSTITUTIONAL torts, JUSTICE administration, FEDERAL government, CIVIL liability
Abstract

For centuries, English common law systems and their descendants in the colonies and around the globe have relied on a convenient loophole to protect their own governments from civil liability: Sovereign immunity. This ancient doctrine, which proctaims "the king can do no wrong," has carried over into U.S. legal systems to prohibit a state, city, or the United States from being dragged into court without its consent. Every state and the federal government now have statutory frameworks to determine exactly when the state gives its consent. However, the recognition of actionable torts under both the federal and various state constitutions has proposed, a deeper question that exposes the flawed logic of state sovereign immunity in the modern era: How can a constitutional right be procedurally thwarted by a statute founded on extra-constitutional doctrine? This Note attempts to answer that question by understanding the issue as a false conflict. Using secondary sources and primary documents from the founding and the ratification of the Eleventh Amendment, this Note will make the argument that there is no conflict because sovereign immunity should never have been construed to bar constitutional tort actions. Furthermore, this Note will localize the issue by examining recent key cases from the Iowa Supreme Court. Finally, this Note will suggest that it is time for the legal academy to reconsider the relevance and utility of traditional sovereign immunity theory in a modern and ever-changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021

7. BRIEF: Man charged in prostitution probe

Subjects
Prostitution -- Investigations, Company legal issue
Abstract

Byline: Mike Dupre' Mar. 29--JANESVILLE -- Another man has been charged in the ongoing investigation of alleged prostitution at Janesville's only strip club. Ryan S. Arneson, 32, of 2904 Carrousel […]

Published
2008

8. Funktion und Dogmatik US-amerikanischer punitive damages : Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Zustellung und Anerkennung in Deutschland

Author

Juliana Mörsdorf-Schulte and Juliana Mörsdorf-Schulte

Subjects
Exemplary damages--United States
Abstract

Juliana Mörsdorf-Schulte stellt die in den US-amerikanischen Einzelstaaten geltende common law doctrine der punitive damages dar. Sie untersucht, warum das hochentwickelte amerikanische Recht trotz aller Kritik an diesem eigenartigen und international beargwöhnten Rechtsinstitut festhält. Den Schlüssel zum Verständnis der modernen Rechtspraxis liefern deren Ursprung und die geschichtliche Entwicklung. Dabei spielen die historisch verankerte Ermessensfreiheit der Jury im anglo-amerikanischen Schadensersatzverfahren und die Garantie der Jurymitwirkung in der US-Verfassung eine zentrale Rolle. Von diesem Ansatz ausgehend fügen sich verschiedene Beobachtungen zusammen, die bisher kaum zur Kenntnis genommen worden sind. Der Kläger hat niemals einen Rechtsanspruch auf punitive damages. Die Verhängung von punitive damages ist nur der Jury gestattet, nicht aber dem Richter. Die langlebigeren unter den Reformmaßnahmen der letzten Jahrzehnte setzen am Verfahrensrecht an. Schließlich treten punitive damages nur dann auf, wenn die Rechtsordnung einen Lebenssachverhalt wegen der Besonderheiten des Einzelfalles sonst nicht befriedigend in den Griff bekäme. Letzteres führt zu mannigfachen Anwendungsbereichen, die anhand repräsentativer Gerichtsentscheidungen vorgestellt werden. Die auslandsrechtliche Untersuchung wird von einer Darstellung der internationalrechtlichen Problematik eingerahmt, die im Zusammenhang mit punitive damages in Deutschland aufgetretenen ist. Es zeigt sich, daß eine zivilrechtliche Qualifikation von punitive damages generell ausscheidet und stets eine intensive Verletzung des deutschen ordre public vorliegt. Daher können auf punitive damages lautende amerikanische Urteile in Deutschland nicht anerkannt und vollstreckt werden. Ein deutscher Richter kann bei Verweisung auf US-amerikanisches Recht keine punitive damages verhängen. Die Haager Übereinkommen bieten keine Grundlage für die Gewährung von Rechtshilfe bei Zustellung oder Beweiserhebung betreffend der punitive damages.

Published
2020

9. Behavioral Forensics : Using Applied Behavior Analysis in Psychological Court Evaluations

Author

Douglas Ruben and Douglas Ruben

Subjects
Forensic psychology, Behavioral assessment, Law--Psychological aspects
Abstract

Behavioral Forensics: Using Applied Behavior Analysis in Psychological Court Evaluations presents the first compendia on the application of behavioral principles for the assessment and analysis of criminal behavior in court-ordered psychological evaluations. The book explains criminal motivation, risk behaviors, custody, criminal responsibility, and competence to stand trial. BFA employs principles and techniques of standard behavioral assessment in deducing causal evidence from interview and psychometric data. Sections cover evidence-based concepts and principles of BFA vs. obsolete forensic evaluation models, also including ten case studies that illustrate BFA in pre and post-sentencing evaluations that demonstrate how to determine risk of criminal recidivism or competency. Considering the unprecedented numbers of psychologists turning to forensic work and influx of graduate programs offering degrees in criminal behavior analysis, this book is a timely resource for a variety of readers. - Presents the advantages of using Behavioral Forensic Assessment (BFA) over personality theories - Explains criminal motivation, risk behaviors, custody, criminal responsibility and competence to stand trial from a natural science (behavioral and interbehavioral) perspective - Includes case studies that illustrate BFA in pre-sentencing and post-sentencing evaluations - Offers the most scientific, evidence-based approach to criminal (forensic) psychological evaluations

Published
2019

10. Behavioral guide to personality disorders (DSM-5)

Author

Ruben, Douglas H. and Ruben, Douglas H.

Subjects
Mental illness, Personality disorders, Behavior modification, Psychotherapy
Abstract

Behavioral Guide to Personality Disorders is the first behaviorally-based reference guide on Personality Disorders and their applicability in vocational, therapeutic, and other rehabilitation service agencies. Chapters cover each personality disorder from a learning theory perspective; the “Do's and Don'ts” on how to manage personality types in service delivery systems (called “personality management”); and predictors of each personality disorder for vocational, therapeutic, and rehabilitation outcomes. The objective of the book is simply to provide practical and ready-to-use clinical information for practitioners and advanced students facing the high demand for triage and treatment decisions. It helps the paraprofessional

Published
2015

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