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Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) is a coarse grain crop rich in flavonoids that are beneficial to human health because they function as anti-inflammatories and provide protection against cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Flavonoid biosynthesis is a complex process, and relatively little is known about the regulatory pathways involved in Tartary buckwheat. Here, we cloned and characterized the FtMYB163 gene from Tartary buckwheat, which encodes a member of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family. Amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicate that FtMYB163 is a member of subgroup 7 (SG7) and closely related to FeMYBF1, which regulates flavonol synthesis in common buckwheat (F. esculentum). We demonstrated that FtMYB163 localizes to the nucleus and has transcriptional activity. Expression levels of FtMYB163 in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds of F. tataricum were positively correlated with the total flavonoid contents of these tissues. Overexpression of FtMYB163 in transgenic Arabidopsis enhanced the expression of several genes involved in early flavonoid biosynthesis (AtCHS, AtCHI, AtF3H, and AtFLS) and significantly increased the accumulation of several flavonoids, including naringenin chalcone, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, eriodictyol, and eight flavonol compounds. Our findings demonstrate that FtMYB163 positively regulates flavonol biosynthesis by changing the expression of several key genes in flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Durum wheat is sensitive of acid soils because it lacks effective genes for Al3+ tolerance. Previous research showed introgression of the TaMATE1B and TaALMT1 genes individually increased the Al3+ tolerance of durum wheat. Here we aimed to (a) combine the genes into a single durum line, (b) compare the various introgression lines and (c) establish the effectiveness of the introgressions in improving the acid soil tolerance in the field. Methods: Durum wheat lines homozygous for Al3+-tolerant alleles of TaMATE1B and TaALMT1 were crossed to develop a line that incorporated both genes. The parental cultivar, lines with the individual genes and the line with both genes introgressed were screened for Al3+ tolerance by hydroponic and soil cultures in a growth cabinet. The lines were also assessed for biomass production and grain yield in the field on acid soils. Results: The durum wheat lines with the various Al3+-tolerance genes introgressed performed better based on root growth than Jandaroi, the parental cultivar, in both hydroponic and soil assays when grown in a cabinet. The various introgression lines were tolerant of acid soils compared to Jandaroi when grown in the field as assessed by shoot biomass and grain yield. Conclusion: The TaALMT1 and TaMATE1B genes improve the acid soil tolerance of durum wheat with indications that combining both genes is the most effective strategy. The various lines will be valuable to breeders who wish to enhance the acid soil tolerance of durum germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring toxic heavy metal that adversely affects plant germination, growth, and development. While the effects of Cd have been described on many crop species including rice, maize, wheat and barley, few studies are available on cadmium's effect on Tartary buckwheat which is a traditional grain in China. We examined nine genotypes and found that 30 µM of Cd reduced the root length in seedlings by between 4 and 44% and decreased the total biomass by 7 to 31%, compared with Cd-free controls. We identified a significant genotypic variation in sensitivity to Cd stress. Cd treatment decreased the total root length and the emergence and growth of lateral roots, and these changes were significantly greater in the Cd-sensitive genotypes than in tolerant genotypes. Cd resulted in greater wilting and discoloration in sensitive genotypes than in tolerant genotypes and caused more damage to the structure of root and leaf cells. Cd accumulated in the roots and shoots, but the concentrations in the sensitive genotypes were significantly greater than in the more tolerant genotypes. Cd treatment affected nutrient uptake, and the changes in the sensitive genotypes were greater than those in the tolerant genotypes, which could maintain their concentrations closer to the control levels. The induction of SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the roots and shoots was significantly greater in the tolerant genotypes than in the sensitive genotypes. We demonstrated that Cd stress reduced root and shoot growth, decreased plant biomass, disrupted nutrient uptake, altered cell structure, and managed Cd-induced oxidative stress differently in the sensitive and tolerant genotypes of Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]