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Advances in nanotechnology have increased the need for tools to characterize a wide variety of nanomaterials. Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) is a powerful approach that addresses this need by combining the capabilities of scanning probe techniques with optical illumination. PiFM has been used to chemically resolve samples as small as 4 nm. Based on the traditional atomic force microscope, a cantilever tip is operated in tapping mode. Laser excitation resonant with a sample of interest, induces a dipole force in the sample that can be measured in its response on the tip. In this work, we describe PiFM and its unique approach to nanoscale chemical characterization. We compare it with other contemporary techniques in this field, and demonstrate why PiFM stands out. We outline the theoretical description of the photo-induced force using the dipole approximation. Accounting for multiple scattering pathways, the approximation can be improved, and calculated forces agree with experimental results. We discuss the impact of the thermal expansion force to PiFM measurements and how to experimentally maximize or minimize its effect on the total force. We present PiFM results in our recent work with (6,5) chirality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). We perform time-resolved pump-probe measurements on the SWCNTs with transient absorption spectroscopy and confirm the findings on individual clusters of SWCNTs on the nanoscale with ultrafast pump-probe PiFM. We then explore the utility of PiFM in chemically resolving SWCNTs under a polymer layer, minding thermal expansion effects, the properties of our polymer, and the distance dependence of the measured gradient force. We show that where topographically the SWCNTs are difficult to resolve, PiFM shows surprising resolution through the polymer layer.

Studi ini mencoba menjelaskan motivasi Cina atas keterlebitannya dalam the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots meskpiun dalam waktu yang bersamaan terus mengembangkan senjata otonom mematikan. Studi ini mempergunakan konsep Transformasi Militer dari Martin van Creveld untuk mempertegas signifikansi LAWS dan jga teori Interstitial Conception of Politics dari Christian Reus-Smit untuk menganalisis motivasi Cina. Teori ini menjelaskan bahwa setiap tindakan politik pasti ditentukan oleh empat elemen yakni: (1) ideografis (2) etis (3) purposif, dan (4) instrumental.Artikel ini menemukan bahwa motivasi utama keterlibatan Cina adalah (1) untuk mempertahankan diskursus “the peaceful rise of China”, dan (2) untuk mengerem Amerika Serikat, kompetitor utama Cina dalam teknologi LAWS.

We perform time-resolved pump-probe measurements on heterogeneous samples of (6,5) enriched single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), both at the ensemble level using transient absorption measuremen...

Tulisan ini akan membahas pertanyaan "Apakah gerakan politik Islam berpengaruh dalam kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia?". Tulisan ini juga akan secara spesifik membahas dinamika politik domestik Indonesia pada tahun 2018. Perdebatan dalam hubungan antara agama dan negara telah terlihat jelas sejak proses pembentukan negara sebelum deklarasi kemerdekaan pada bulan Agustus 1945, di mana para pendiri Republik Indonesia terlibat dalam debat yang intens dalam merumuskan dasar negara. Untuk menjelaskan analisis dan menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, artikel ini dibagi ke dalam tiga segmen, pertama, penjelasan konseptual, kedua pembahasan inti, dan ketiga kesimpulan dan refleksi. Kebijakan luar negeri merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam menjaga serta mencapai kepentingan negara, termasuk ketahanan negara tidak hanya di tingkat nasional, namun juga di level internasional. Berangkat dari gagasan tersebut, guna memahami penentuan kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia, hal tersebut tentu tidak dapat dilepaskan dari kondisi politik domestik yang terjadi di Indonesia, hal ini juga termasuk dalam kebijakan luar negeri mengenai sikap Indonesia terkait isu di Palestina. Kata Kunci: Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Indonesia, Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Islam

This study aims to determine and analyze that managerial ownership, institutional ownership, and company size have an impact on financial performance in financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2018. The results of the classical assumption test show that the normality test of research is normally distributed. the result of the Asymp value. Sig (2-tailed) of 0.200 so that the value is above the significant level of 0.05. Multicolonearity test there is no multicolonearity between the independent variables in the regression model, the results of the tolerance calculation for the independent variables are more than 0.10 and the results of the valance inflation factor (VIF) have a VIF value below 10. Heteroscedasticity test: there is no heteroscedasticity. Autocorrelation test: the DW value is 2.018, where the value of du in the Durbin-Watson table with n showing a sample of 16, and k which shows the number of independent variables of 3 is 0.857 for dL and 1.728 for dU. So that the DW value obtained from the test belongs to the distance dU

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi UMKM yang diperoleh dari kuisioner (primer) dan beberapa revisi serta bacaan.. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor faktor produksi juga memegang peran dalam UMKM. Secara parsial UMKM tidak akan bisa berkembang dan berjalan dengan baik tanpa faktor faktor produksi , signifikan, variabel bahan baku berpengaruh signifikan, serta variabel tenaga . kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap produksi industri skala mikro yang ada diberbagai daerah

Makalah ini berupaya mengkontekstualisasikan fenomena terorisme Involuntary Celibacy (Incel) atau selibasi tak sukarela dalam evolusi aksi terorisme. Pertanyaan yang akan dijawab oleh makalah ini adalah “apakah fenomena Incel merupakan salah satu keberlanjutan dari ideologi ekstremis yang termasuk ke dalam 4th Wave of Terrorism menurut Rapoport atau merupakan suatu bentuk ideologi ekstremis jenis baru? Untuk membahasnya makalah ini menggunakan kerangka analisis Four Wave of Terrorism dari David C. Rapoport. Makalah ini mengisyaratkan bahwa fenomena Incel merupakan fenomena mutakhir karena, secara ideologis fenomena ini memuat ideologi yang berbeda dari empat gelombang terorisme sebelumnya (anarkisme, anti-kolonial, kiri, dan religius). Incel juga merupakan satu-satunya ideologi teror yang tidak memiliki tujuan untuk menjatuhkan sebuah entitas besar seperti agama dan negara sejauh ini.Kata-kata Kunci: Involuntary Celibacy, Terorisme, Wave of Terrorism.This paper attempts to contextualize the Involuntary Celibacy or Incel phenomenon on a larger terrorism phenomenon. This paper seeks to answer “Whether Incel Phenomenon is a novel form of terrorism?” To answer the above-mentioned question, this paper utilizes David C. Rapoport Wave of Terrorism concept. This paper finds that Incel Phenomenon is a novel phenomenon because, ideologically, it bears no resemblance with the older wave of terrorism –anarchist, anti-colonial, left, and religious – and moreover, this paper also finds that Incel Phenomenon is the only form of terrorism which does not antagonize the state entity.Keywords: Involuntary Celibacy, Terrorism, Wave of Terrorism.

This research is aimed to test empirically the influence of three Corporate Social Responsibility reporting (CSR) practices on the quality of CSR disclosure. Specifically, the research is conducted to determine whether the practices are substantive in nature, which is to improve the quality of disclosure as media of accountability to stakeholders; or simply symbolic to establish a company’s positive image. The three practices are the use of standalone CSR reports, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) frameworks, and external assurance services for CSR reports. This study uses a sample of 50 non-financial companies with large market capitalization listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2011-2013. The results show that the use of standalone CSR reports negatively affects the quality of CSR disclosure, which is interpreted as a reflection of the symbolic approach in its preparation. Meanwhile, the use of external assurance services and the adoption of GRI has a positive influence. However, after several sensitivity tests, the results were mixed, and overall showed that GRI adoption did not improve the quality of disclosure. Thus, the research findings indicate that the use of external assurance services increases the quality of disclosure but there are still a lot of symbolic information in CSR disclosure in Indonesia, even though the company has already followed the GRI reporting framework. --- Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh ketiga praktik pelaporan CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) terhadap kualitas pengungkapan CSR. Secara spesifik, penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah ketiga praktik pelaporan CSR bersifat substantif, yaitu meningkatkan kualitas pengungkapan sebagai media akuntabilitas kepada pemangku kepentingan, atau hanya bersifat simbolis untuk membentuk citra positif perusahaan. Ketiga praktik tersebut adalah penggunaan laporan CSR yang berdiri sendiri, kerangka pelaporan GRI (Global Reporting Initiative), dan jasa asurans eksternal atas laporan CSR. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel sebanyak 50 perusahaan terbuka non-keuangan yang memiliki nilai kapitalisasi pasar di atas rata-rata seluruh perusahaan yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada tahun 2011-2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan laporan CSR yang berdiri sendiri berpengaruh negatif terhadap kualitas pengungkapan CSR, yang diinterpretasikan sebagai cerminan pendekatan simbolis dalam penyusunannya. Sementara itu, penggunaan jasa asurans eksternal dan adopsi GRI memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap kualitas pengungkapan. Akan tetapi, setelah dilakukan beberapa uji sensitivitas, hasilnya mixed, dan secara keseluruhan menunjukkan bahwa adopsi GRI tidak meningkatkan kualitas pengungkapan. Dengan demikian, temuan penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa penggunaan jasa asurans eksternal meningkatkan kualitas pengungkapan, tetapi masih banyak informasi yang bersifat simbolis dalam pengungkapan CSR di Indonesia, walaupun perusahaan sudah mengikuti kerangka pelaporan GRI.

Scattering scanning near field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is a useful tool for providing optical resolution well below the diffraction limit with chemical selectivity. s-SNOM relies on recording the scattering light of a scanning probe tip, coupling the near-field interaction to a far field photo-detector. Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) is a much newer technique that also provides chemical resolution well below the diffraction limit. In PiFM, the signal arises from measuring the light induced force on a scanning probe tip of a sample interacting with laser light. It measures and records all information in the near field, with no need for a photo-detector. In this presentation, we describe results comparing and contrasting s-SNOM and PiFM displaying the strengths and weaknesses of both methods.

Raman spectroscopy can provide useful chemical information of nanostructures and molecules. We combine Raman spectroscopy with atomic force microscopy, through dual color photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM). In this modality, images with Raman contrast can be generated with a spatial resolution well below 10 nm at ambient temperature and pressure. Here we utilize this technique to visualize molecules on surfaces with high spatial and temporal resolution. Compared to previous Raman sensitive PiFM measurements, we employ femtosecond pulses and show that this technique is highly sensitive to the stimulated Raman scattering interaction in the molecule.

We examine the mechanical eigenmodes of a quartz tuning fork (QTF) for the purpose of facilitat- ing its use as a probe for multi-frequency atomic force microscopy (AFM). We perform simulations based on the three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) and compare the observed motions of the beams with experimentally measured resonance frequencies of two QTF systems. The com- parison enabled us to assign the first seven asymmetric eigenmodes of the QTF. We also find that a modified version of single beam theory can be used to guide the assignment of mechanical eigen- modes of QTFs. The usefulness of the QTF for multi-frequency AFM measurements is demonstrated through photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) measurements. By using the QTF in different con- figurations, we show that the vectorial components of the photo-induced force can be independently assessed, and that lateral forces can be probed in true non-contact mode.

Tingginya kebutuhan pasien akan penampilan yang baik, menjadikan perawatan estetik di bidang kedokteran gigi semakin berkembang dan diminati masyarakat. Salah satu perawatan estetik tersebut adalah depigmentasi gingiva. depigmentasi adalah perawatan yang bertujuan mengoreksi hiperpigmentasi gingiva yang disebabkan oleh deposisi melanin yang berlebihan oleh melanosit. Tujuan utama dari tulisan ini untuk mengetahui teknik penatalaksanaan hiperpigmentasi gingiva yang disebabkan oleh deposisi pigmen melanin. Pasien berumur 23 tahun datang dengan keluhan gusi depan berwana kehitaman. Pasien mengeluhkan warna kehitaman tersebut karena mengganggu estetik ketika tersenyum. Pasien mengaku tidak merokok. Depigmentasi dilakukan pada regio gingiva anterior atas menggunakan scalpel nomor 15. Bagian interdental dihaluskan menggunakan pisau orban kemudian irigasi dengan larutan salin steril. Pack periodontal pada daerah operasi. Gingiva depigmentasi adalah prosedur bedah yang paling sering digunakan pada kasus pigmentasi dan perawatan ini dapat mengembalikan estetika gingiva. Penyembuhan pada gingiva dalam perawatan ini cukup baik tanpa adanya infeksi dan rasa sakit berlebihABSTRACT: Gingival scraping for gingiva depigmentation. The patients high demand for making excellent appearance, make good aesthetic treatments in the field of dentistry and the growing public interest. One of these is the aesthetic treatment is gingival depigmentation. gingival pigmentation is a treatment aimed at correcting the gingival hyperpigmentation caused by excessive deposition of melanin by melanocytes. The main purpose of this paper to learn management techniques gingival hyperpigmentation caused by deposition of melanin pigment. 22-year-old patient came to the front of the black-colored gum complaints. Patients complained about the black color because it disturbs the esthetic when smiling. Patients admitted to not smoke. Gingival pigmentation performed on upper anterior region using a scalpel number 15. The interdental smoothed using a knife orban then irrigated with sterile saline solution. Periodontal pack on the area of operation. Gingival pigmentation is a surgical procedure that is most often used in cases of pigmentation and this treatment can restore the gingival aesthetic. Healing of the gingiva in this treatment quite well without the presence of infection and excessive pain.

Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) is a new scan probe method that enables imaging with spectroscopic contrast at the nanoscale. The operating principle of PiFM is based on the coupling between a sharp atomic tip and a polarizable object, as mediated by the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of the tip-sample junction. In this contribution, we develop a description of the photo-induced force in the limit where the tip and object can be approximated as dipoles. This description provides an insightful picture of the forces at play in the tip-sample junction in terms of the gradient and scattering forces. We consider various approximations that are relevant to experimental conditions. The theoretical approach described here successfully explains the previous spectroscopic PiFM measurements in the visible and in the near-IR range, and the anticipated spectral information that can be retrieved under mid infrared illumination.

A new method is presented for visualizing the electric field distributions associated with propagating surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) modes directly in the near-field. The method is based on detecting the photo-induced gradient force exerted by the evanescent field onto a sharp and polarizable tip. Using a photo-induced force microscope (PiFM), images of propagating SPPs are obtained on flat gold surfaces.