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We report measurements of the Meissner screening profile in a Nb (300 nm)/ Al 2 O 3 thin film using 8 Li β -detected nuclear magnetic resonance (β -NMR). The NMR probe 8 Li was ion-implanted into the Nb film at energies ≤ 20 keV, corresponding to mean stopping depths comparable to Nb 's magnetic penetration depth λ. 8 Li 's strong dipole–dipole coupling with the host 93 Nb nuclei provided a "cross-relaxation" channel that dominated in low magnetic fields, which conferred indirect sensitivity to the local magnetic field via the spin-lattice relaxation (SLR) rate 1 / T 1. From a fit of the 1 / T 1 data to a model accounting for its dependence on temperature, magnetic field, and 8 Li + implantation energy, we obtained a magnetic penetration depth λ 0 = 51.5(22) nm, consistent with a relatively short carrier mean-free-path ℓ = 18.7(29) nm typical of similarly prepared Nb films. The results presented here constitute an important step toward using 8 Li β -NMR to characterize bulk Nb samples with engineered surfaces, which are often used in the fabrication of particle accelerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many computational chemistry packages, being able to efficiently and effectively scale across an exascale cluster is a heroic feat. Collective experience from the Department of Energy's Exascale Computing Project suggests that achieving exascale performance requires far more planning, design, and optimization than scaling to petascale. In many cases, entire rewrites of software are necessary to address fundamental algorithmic bottlenecks. This in turn requires a tremendous amount of resources and development time, resources that cannot reasonably be afforded by every computational science project. It thus becomes imperative that computational science transition to a more sustainable paradigm. Key to such a paradigm is modular software. While the importance of modular software is widely recognized, what is perhaps not so widely appreciated is the effort still required to leverage modular software in a sustainable manner. The present manuscript introduces PluginPlay, https://github.com/NWChemEx-Project/PluginPlay, an inversion-of-control framework designed to facilitate developing, maintaining, and sustaining modular scientific software packages. This manuscript focuses on the design aspects of PluginPlay and how they specifically influence the performance of the resulting package. Although, PluginPlay serves as the framework for the NWChemEx package, PluginPlay is not tied to NWChemEx or even computational chemistry. We thus anticipate PluginPlay to prove to be a generally useful tool for a number of computational science packages looking to transition to the exascale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gentleness is a universally recognized, positive trait, yet has received minimal scientific investigation to date. To catalyze the study of gentleness, we reviewed existing literature and conducted four large-scale studies across 80,592 people. We evaluated how individuals conceptualize gentleness, developed a measurement tool, identified central correlates of gentleness, observed differences across cultures, and explored gentleness' relationships with other constructs. The resulting measure, the Gentleness Questionnaire, demonstrated good reliability, reasonable convergent and discriminant validity, and incremental validity over a large set of other dimensions reflecting positive interpersonal functioning including the 24 character strengths of the VIA Classification and Big 5 personality traits. Connections with prosociality, desire to please, anger, confrontation, and agreeableness were strong. This cumulative work suggests a definition of gentleness as a humanity-oriented, positive trait that involves being soft, tender, and supportive to facilitate a positive experience. Future directions to advance the science and practice of gentleness are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLet IG:=IG(2,2n+1) denote the odd symplectic Grassmannian of lines which is a horospherical variety of Picard rank 1. The quantum cohomology ring QH*(IG) has negative structure constants. For n≥3, we give a positivity condition that implies the quantum cohomology ring QH*(IG) is the only quantum deformation of the cohomology ring H*(IG) up to the scaling of the quantum parameter. This is a modification of a conjecture by Fulton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River catchments are dynamic networks that contain multiple levels of spatial and temporal complexity. Benthic macroinvertebrates are key indicator taxa throughout catchments, and beta diversity has been used as a metric to explore determinants of community composition at the catchment scale. Although factors influencing spatial beta diversity have been explored, the determinants of temporal beta diversity have been understudied. In this study, we aimed to understand how shifts in benthic macroinvertebrate community composition over multiple years are related to local and regional variables. We used beta regression with a large, publicly available biomonitoring dataset from river networks in California, USA, to model the effects of local environmental variables, flow variability, and spatial network context on benthic macroinvertebrate temporal beta diversity. The spatial variables channel slope, drainage density, and upstream catchment area had the strongest relationships with macroinvertebrate beta diversity. Channel slope was negatively related to temporal beta diversity, whereas drainage density and upstream catchment area were positively related to temporal beta diversity. Temporal beta diversity was also higher when the rate and magnitude of rises and falls in flow were higher in the hydrograph, as well as when the number of zero-flow days and the duration of flow rises and falls were higher. Overall, our results indicate that temporal beta diversity of freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates is shaped by both long-term hydrological context and spatial context and that these factors may serve as better predictors of long-term community variability than variability in point estimates of environmental measurements. Our study supports the need for biomonitoring efforts at long spatial and temporal timescales and highlights the need to consider metacommunity change in the management of freshwater systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does police militarization influence government use of repression? While comparative work examines police militarization, violence, human rights abuses, and torture, it does not integrate militarized police within existing theories of repression. Connecting police militarization and repression, this article argues that police militarization increases the police's perception of threat as well as their coercive capacity, thereby increasing their willingness to repress. As such, we hypothesize police militarization increases repression. To evaluate the theory, we conduct an international analysis using existing datasets covering 102 countries from 1994 to 2010. Employing several statistical models, the data supports the conclusion that police militarization increases the likelihood of government repression, specifically through extrajudicial killing and torture. Aside from highlighting a consequence of police militarization policy, the findings point to police militarization as an important omitted variable in cross-national models of repression and human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a potentially fatal disease, especially in the setting of locally advanced or node-positive disease. Adverse outcomes have also primarily been associated with low-income status, as has been reported in other cancers. While the adoption of neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (NAC) followed by radical cystectomy (RC) and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) has improved outcomes, these standard-of-care treatments may be underutilized in lower-income patients. We sought to investigate the economic disparities in NAC and PLND receipt and survival outcomes in MIBC. Methods: Utilizing the National Cancer Database, a retrospective cohort analysis of cT2-4N0-3M0 BCa patients with urothelial histology who underwent RC was conducted. The impact of income level on overall survival (OS) and the likelihood of receiving NAC and PLND was evaluated. Results: A total of 25,823 patients were included. This study found that lower-income patients were less likely to receive NAC and adequate PLND (≥15 LNs). Moreover, lower-income patients exhibited worse OS (Median OS 55.9 months vs. 68.2 months, p < 0.001). Our findings also demonstrated that higher income, treatment at academic facilities, and recent years of diagnosis were associated with an increased likelihood of receiving standard-of-care modalities and improved survival. Conclusions: Even after controlling for clinicodemographic variables, income independently influenced the receipt of standard MIBC treatments and survival. Our findings identify an opportunity to improve the quality of care for lower-income MIBC patients through concerted efforts to regionalize multi-modal urologic oncology care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign body (FB) aspiration/ingestion in children represents a major cause of hospital admission and mortality. Evaluating risk factors and identifying trends in specific FB products could improve targeted health literacy and policy changes. A cross-sectional study querying emergency department patients less than 18 years old with a diagnosis of aspirated/ingested FB was conducted using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database between 2010 and 2020. Incidence rates per 100 000 people-year were calculated and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for hospital admission and mortality. There has been a significantly decreasing rate of aspirated (−23.6%; P =.013) but not ingested FB (−9.4%; P =.066) within the study period. Within pediatric aspirated FB, black compared with white patients had decreased odds of same hospital admission (odds ratio [OR]: 0.8), but increased odds of transfer admission (OR: 1.6) and mortality (OR: 9.2) (all, P <.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is growing evidence that genetic data are of benefit in the rheumatology outpatient setting by aiding early diagnosis. A genetic probability tool (G‐PROB) has been developed to aid diagnosis has not yet been tested in a real‐world setting. Our aim was to assess whether G‐PROB could aid diagnosis in the rheumatology outpatient setting using data from the Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR), a prospective observational cohort of patients presenting with early inflammatory arthritis. Methods: Genotypes and clinician diagnoses were obtained from patients from NOAR. Six G‐probabilities (0%–100%) were created for each patient based on known disease‐associated odds ratios of published genetic risk variants, each corresponding to one disease of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, gout, or "other diseases." Performance of the G‐probabilities compared with clinician diagnosis was assessed. Results: We tested G‐PROB on 1,047 patients. Calibration of G‐probabilities with clinician diagnosis was high, with regression coefficients of 1.047, where 1.00 is ideal. G‐probabilities discriminated clinician diagnosis with pooled areas under the curve (95% confidence interval) of 0.85 (0.84–0.86). G‐probabilities <5% corresponded to a negative predictive value of 96.0%, for which it was possible to suggest >2 unlikely diseases for 94% of patients and >3 for 53.7% of patients. G‐probabilities >50% corresponded to a positive predictive value of 70.4%. In 55.7% of patients, the disease with the highest G‐probability corresponded to clinician diagnosis. Conclusion: G‐PROB converts complex genetic information into meaningful and interpretable conditional probabilities, which may be especially helpful at eliminating unlikely diagnoses in the rheumatology outpatient setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence in perinatal care promises advancement but requires cautious, equity-driven application to avoid deepening health care disparities and silos. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential benefits in the interconnected fields of obstetrics, maternal–fetal medicine, and neonatology to bridge disciplinary silos for a unified approach. Artificial intelligence has the capacity to improve diagnostic accuracy and clinical decision making for the birthing parent–neonate dyad. There is an inherent risk of ingrained biases in AI that perpetuate existing inequalities; thus, care must be taken to include diverse data sets with interdisciplinary collaboration that centers equitable AI implementation. As AI plays an increasingly important role in perinatal care, we advocate for its cautious, equity-focused application to benefit the perinatal dyad while avoiding the intensification of health care disparities and disciplinary silos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GaAs is often used as a multijunction subcell due to its high material quality on GaAs substrates, despite having a non-optimal bandgap. The bandgap can be beneficially reduced using many layers of thin, strain-balanced GaInAs in a superlattice or quantum well device, but achieving excellent carrier collection without increased recombination has proven challenging. Here, we develop and demonstrate high performance, optically thick GaInAs/GaAsP strain-balanced solar cells. Excellent material quality is achieved in thick superlattices by using growth conditions that limit progressive thickness and composition fluctuations. Bandgap-voltage offsets as low as 0.31 V are shown in superlattice cells using thin, highly strained GaP barriers. Optically thick superlattice cells with over 2500 nm of total GaInAs in the depletion region are developed, enabling 3.8 mA/cm2 of extra photocurrent beyond the GaAs band edge under the AM0 space spectrum. Optimized superlattice solar cells are incorporated into two-junction devices that achieve 29.2% efficiency under the AM0 space spectrum due to their improved bandgap combination and high subcell voltages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limb immobilization causes rapid declines in muscle strength and mass. Given the role of the nervous system in immobilization‐induced weakness, targeted interventions may be able to preserve muscle strength, but not mass, and vice versa. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of two distinct interventions during 1 week of knee joint immobilization on muscle strength (isometric and concentric isokinetic peak torque), mass (bioimpedance spectroscopy and ultrasonography), and neuromuscular function (transcranial magnetic stimulation and interpolated twitch technique). Thirty‐nine healthy, college‐aged adults (21 males, 18 females) were randomized into one of four groups: immobilization only (n = 9), immobilization + action observation/mental imagery (AOMI) (n = 10), immobilization + neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) (n = 12), or control group (n = 8). The AOMI group performed daily video observation and mental imagery of knee extensions. The NMES group performed twice daily stimulation of the quadriceps femoris. Based on observed effect sizes, it appears that AOMI shows promise as a means of preserving voluntary strength, which may be modulated by neural adaptations. Strength increased from PRE to POST in the AOMI group, with +7.2% (Cohen's d = 1.018) increase in concentric isokinetic peak torque at 30°/s. However, NMES did not preserve muscle mass. Though preliminary, our findings highlight the specific nature of clinical interventions and suggest that muscle strength can be independently targeted during rehabilitation. This study was prospectively registered: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05072652. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a new perspective on the work of Italian theorist Giorgio Agamben, arguing that his recent engagements with the Christian tradition can be productively interpreted as a kind of political theology. As a way of making this claim, I place Agamben in dialogue with German Catholic theologian Johann Baptist Metz, as perhaps the clearest analogue in recent political theology, examining their shared genealogical roots in Marxist philosophy and the Frankfurt School, as well their mutual interests in early‐Christian and medieval apocalyptic. Furthermore, I argue that their respective projects can mutually inform one another, and together be regarded as a corrective to certain aspects of contemporary Augustinian theory. Focusing on the question of the victim, I contend that Agamben's and Metz’s approach to “universality” can serve to illuminate and to challenge some of the more “particularistic” and exclusionary elements of the Augustinian form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent observations suggest that El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts basal melting of West Antarctic ice shelves, yet sparse ocean observations limit our understanding of the associated processes. Here we investigate how ENSO events modulate subsurface West Antarctic shelf temperatures using high‐resolution global ocean‐sea ice model simulations. During El Niño, the subsurface shelf warming between 150 m and the shelf bottom can be up to 0.5°C in front of ice shelves. This warming arises from a weaker Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) and weaker coastal easterlies that reduce on‐shelf Ekman transport of cold surface waters, enabling enhanced transport of warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the shelf. A largely opposite response occurs during La Niña, with a stronger ASL and stronger Ekman transport that results in less cross‐shelf CDW transport and cooling in the subsurface. These findings have implications for interpreting basal melting on interannual to decadal time‐scales in West Antarctica. Plain Language Summary: El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the Earth's dominant year‐to‐year climate variation. The impacts of its two phases, El Niño and La Niña, extend from the tropics to Antarctica through atmospheric waves. Past studies have suggested that West Antarctic ice shelves melt more during El Niño because of warmer ocean waters at the ice shelf bases. However, oceanic changes during El Niño lead to warming on the shelf near the ice which is difficult to isolate. That is because ENSO is only one of many drivers that impact shelf water temperatures. In this work, we simulate isolated ENSO events using an ocean circulation model. We show that during El Niño, the on‐shelf flow of cold surface waters in West Antarctica, driven by coastal easterly winds, is reduced because the winds weaken. To balance out this mass deficit at the surface, more warm CDW flows onto the continental shelf below. During La Niña, we see a largely opposite response. Stronger coastal easterlies increase the on‐shelf flow of cold surface waters and less CDW is flowing onto the shelf. Our results show the link between ENSO and mass loss of the West Antarctic ice shelves and ice sheet. Key Points: Ocean‐sea ice model simulations of El Niño and La Niña events illustrate how they modulate West Antarctic shelf temperaturesEl Niño weakens coastal easterlies, reduces on‐shelf Ekman flow of cold waters, increasing cross‐shelf flow of warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW)The La Niña shelf circulation response is largely opposite and reduces cross‐shelf transport of warm CDW [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock textures observed via thin section are skewed from their true 3D nature. This is due to various cut effects—artifacts introduced due to the lower dimensional nature of the thin section relative to the rock. These cut effects can be corrected, and several methods have been developed to invert crystal shape and crystal size, but with each process performed separately and sequentially. With the ongoing adoption of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) by petrologists, an additional data stream has now become available: the 3D orientation of 2D grain sections. For EBSD analysis, no stereological corrections are typically applied for interpreting the data. This study tests whether this orientational information is skewed due to a fabric cut effect. We test this by numerically generating synthetic crystal datasets representative of several crystal shapes and population sizes. We find that EBSD orientational data has a fabric cut effect since crystals oriented with long axes perpendicular to the thin section are more likely to be sampled compared to those with long axes oriented parallel to it. This effect must be accounted for to interpret the true 3D fabric accurately. Towards this end, we develop two new tools for working with EBSD-derived fabric: (1) a simple first-order test for determining if a measured fabric exceeds that of the fabric cut effect, and (2) a method of inverting cut fabrics that provides robust error estimations. We demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of these methods using a range of synthetic examples and a natural sample. With these newly developed tools, there is clear potential for a new textural toolkit framework, to further our ability to correct for the various cut effects while also providing accurate uncertainty estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Murray Rothbard's "For a New Liberty," highlighting its early and influential contribution to libertarian philosophy. Rothbard systematically applies anarcho-capitalist principles to contemporary societal issues, notably addressing concerns regarding conservation, ecology, and population growth in contrast to mainstream political ideologies.

The purpose of this article is to discuss reliability and precision through the lens of a modern measurement approach, item response theory (IRT). Reliability evidence in the field of counseling is primarily generated using Classical Test Theory (CTT) approaches, although recent studies in the field of counseling have shown the benefits of using IRT approaches to explore measurement precision. We discuss the theoretical foundations and assumptions of CTT and IRT, and examine how modern measurement theory (i.e. IRT) poses advantages for capturing measurement precision. We use an example analysis to demonstrate the indices of measurement precision in IRT approaches (e.g. standard errors, person-fit, item-fit, targeting, residual-based fit statistics). Finally, we discuss practical and clinical implications for counseling researchers for using IRT approaches to measure precision, including insights into precision for persons, items, and measurement invariance as well as the utility of brief and adaptive scales. Using modern measurement theory approaches (i.e. item response theory), evidence of precision is generated for persons, items, and other relevant facets, and these indices can inform needed scale revisions, identify for whom the theorized model is a good fit, and the items that are well-targeted for the population of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disease-modifying drugs have transformed the treatment options for many systemic autoimmune diseases. However, an evolving understanding of disease mechanisms, which might vary between individuals, is paving the way for the development of novel agents that operate in a patient-tailored manner through immunophenotypic regulation of disease-relevant cells and the microenvironment of affected tissue domains. Immunoengineering is a field that is focused on the application of engineering principles to the modulation of the immune system, and it could enable future personalized and immunoregulatory therapies for rheumatic diseases. An important aspect of immunoengineering is the harnessing of material chemistries to design technologies that span immunologically relevant length scales, to enhance or suppress immune responses by re-balancing effector and regulatory mechanisms in innate or adaptive immunity and rescue abnormalities underlying pathogenic inflammation. These materials are endowed with physicochemical properties that enable features such as localization in immune cells and organs, sustained delivery of immunoregulatory agents, and mimicry of key functions of lymphoid tissue. Immunoengineering applications already exist for disease management, and there is potential for this new discipline to improve disease modification in rheumatology. Immunoengineering involves the design of materials with specific properties relating to the immune system. In this Review the authors consider the application of immunoengineering to systemic autoimmune diseases via site-specific and antigen-specific immunoregulation, the facilitation of immune cell therapy, novel approaches to immunodiagnostics and the generation of models to study autoimmunity. Key points: An unmet need exists for immunoregulatory disease-modifying agents for patients with rheumatological conditions who cannot tolerate immunosuppression and for partial responders and non-responders to current standards of care. Immunoengineering is an emerging research area with a major focus on a systems-based approach to rescue disorders of the immune system by leveraging material chemistries to generate immunoregulators. Immunoengineering advances now offer the possibility of a new class of therapeutics aimed at immunomodulation rather than at immunosuppression, which could synergize with standard-of-care therapies and personalize treatment in systemic autoimmunity. Immunomodulation, tolerization and measurement of disease activity are facilitated by nanoparticles; microparticles enable sustained, localized release of immunomodulatory compounds; and macroscale materials have uses in cell therapy and as immunological niches. To improve the safety, efficacy and specificity of T cell-based therapies, immunoengineering can be leveraged to enrich specific cell subsets, generate transient T cells in vivo and improve target identification. Immunoengineering could aid in the diagnosis of disease, immunophenotyping for patient-stratification purposes and in developing in vitro models to study autoimmunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing global consumption of caffeine-rich products, such as coffee, tea, and energy drinks, there is also an increase in urban and processing waste full of residual caffeine with limited disposal options. This waste caffeine has been found to leach into the surrounding environment where it poses a threat to microorganisms, insects, small animals, and entire ecosystems. Growing interest in harnessing this environmental contaminant has led to the discovery of 79 bacterial strains, eight yeast strains, and 32 fungal strains capable of metabolizing caffeine by N -demethylation and/or C-8 oxidation. Recently observed promiscuity of caffeine-degrading enzymes in vivo has opened up the possibility of engineering bacterial strains capable of producing a wide variety of caffeine derivatives from a renewable resource. These engineered strains can be used to reduce the negative environmental impact of leached caffeine-rich waste through bioremediation efforts supplemented by our increasing understanding of new techniques such as cell immobilization. Here, we compile all of the known caffeine-degrading microbial strains, discuss their metabolism and related enzymology, and investigate their potential application in bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gatekeeper interventions are universal programs designed for use by the general public that provide brief training sessions in responding to suicidal risk. To date, the evidence base for the efficacy of gatekeeper intervention training programs has been mixed. However, little attention has been paid to potential psychological moderators of the efficacy of suicide gatekeeper interventions. We explore the potential moderating effects of suicide-related stigma and social responsibility on the efficacy of a suicide prevention gatekeeper training program. Participants were 179 college students with a mean age of 19.05 years (SD = 1.82, range 18–31). Participants were 71.5% women, 48.6% Hispanic, and 19.6% non-Hispanic White. Results indicated that higher scores on suicide-related stigma were associated with smaller intervention effects on gatekeeper self-efficacy. In contrast, higher scores on social responsibility were associated with greater intervention effects with regard to gatekeeper preparedness and gatekeeper likelihood. An improved understanding of the factors associated with efficacy of gatekeeper intervention programs may lead to the development of improved gatekeeper interventions. These findings may also contribute to the development of targeted gatekeeper interventions for specific cultural or occupational groups. Gatekeeper self-efficacy was moderated by levels of suicide-related stigma. Gatekeeper preparedness and likelihood were moderated by personal responsibility. Understanding moderators of gatekeeper efficacy may improve gatekeeper interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The United States has seen a significant rise in syphilis over the past 20 years with a disparate impact on American Indian communities. We conducted a thorough review of the local epidemiology that guided an innovative response to curb the epidemic. Methods: We analyzed syphilis data from a hospital in rural Arizona that serves an American Indian population of more than 18,000. Testing data were extracted from2017 to 2023 with detailed chart reviews of all reactive results since January 2022. Descriptive and comparative statistics were computed using parametric and nonparametric methods where appropriate. Results: Among 5888 tested persons, 555 (9.4%) had reactive results and 277 (4.7%) represented new infections. Among new cases, 151 (54.5%) were female and 55 (19.9%) were reinfections. The annualized incidence rate was 10.0 cases per 1000 persons with peak annualized incidence among women aged 30 to 34 years of 22.6 infections per 1000 persons. During the observation period and after the implementation of programmatic changes in June 2022, there were statistically significant reductions in median time to treatment (-80%), test positivity (-70%), infections (-60%), and no congenital syphilis cases during the observation period. Conclusions: We observed significantly elevated syphilis rates in American Indian/Alaska Native persons compared with the general population. Strategic implementation of new policies and practices led to a measurable and meaningful improvement in several epidemic variables, and our experience may serve as a model to other communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Outer Continental Shelf of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is populated with numerous oil and natural gas (ONG) platforms which produce NOx (NOx = NO + NO2), a major component of air pollution. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is mandated to ensure that the air quality of coastal states is not degraded by these emissions. As part of a NASA‐BOEM collaboration, we conducted a satellite data‐based analysis of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) patterns and trends in the GOM. Data from the OMI and TROPOMI sensors were used to obtain 18+ year records of tropospheric column (TrC) NO2 in three GOM regions: (a) Houston urban area, (b) near shore area off the Louisiana coast, and a (c) deepwater area off the Louisiana coast. The 2004–2022 time series show a decreasing trend for the urban (−0.027 DU/decade) and near shore (−0.0022 DU/decade) areas, and an increasing trend (0.0019 DU/decade) for the deepwater area. MERRA‐2 wind and TROPOMI NO2 data were used to reveal several NO2 hotspots (up to 25% above background values) under calm wind conditions near individual platforms. The NO2 signals from these deepwater platforms and the high density of shallow water platforms closer to shore were confirmed by TrC NO2 anomalies of up to 10%, taking into account the monthly TrC NO2 climatology over the GOM. The results presented in this study establish a baseline for future estimates of emissions from the ONG hotspots and provide a methodology for analyzing NO2 measurements from the new geostationary TEMPO instrument. Plain Language Summary: Oil and natural gas operations emit nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are major air pollutants and precursors to ground‐level ozone. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) agency is responsible for managing planned oil and natural gas (ONG) activity on the outer continental shelf, and is mandated to ensure related emissions do not degrade air quality of coastal states. In collaboration with BOEM, we used satellite data from the OMI and TROPOMI sensors to construct an 18+ year record of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a proxy for NOx, in the Gulf Coast region. These time series focused on three areas: (a) Houston urban, (b) off the Louisiana coast, and (c) deepwater Gulf off Louisiana. These regions experienced changes in tropospheric column NO2 of −13.7%, −5.8%, and +5.4% per decade, respectively. We also identified NO2 hotspots from ONG platforms using TROPOMI NO2 averages under calm wind conditions. The ONG deepwater platforms enhance NO2 background amounts by 7%–13% on average, and up to 25% for the Mars and Olympus platforms combined. The results presented here will facilitate our work on emissions estimates from these sources and on applications to the recently launched TEMPO instrument. Key Points: Satellite NO2 records and trends of urban, coastal and deep water areas from 2005 to 2022, are presentedClassifying NO2 over the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) under various wind conditions highlights typical patterns in average NO2 valuesGOM NO2 hotspots from deepwater platforms were identified by TROPOMI under calm wind conditions, the largest of which is over Mars/Olympus [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Widespread transmission of COVID-19 continues to threaten public health, particularly of rural, American Indian communities. Although COVID-19 risk factors for severe disease and clinical characteristics are well described in the general population, there has been little shared on hospitalized American Indian populations. Methods: In this observational study, we performed chart extractions on all persons hospitalized with COVID-19 from April 1 through July 31, 2020 among an exclusively American Indian population living on or near Tribal lands in eastern Arizona. We provide descriptive statistics for the cohort stratified by presentation, comparing those who self-presented or were referred by an outreach program. Exploratory analyses were performed to identify risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Results: During the observation period, 2262 persons were diagnosed with COVID-19 and 490 (22%) were hospitalized. Hospitalized persons had a median age of 54 years; 92% had at least one comorbidity, 72% had greater than one comorbidity, and 60% had a BMI of > 30. Most persons required supplemental oxygen (83%), but the majority (62%) only required nasal cannula and only 11% were intubated. The case fatality rates were 1.7% for the population, 7.1% among hospitalizations, and 9.3% among hospitalized patients 50 years and older. All rates that are significantly lower than those reported nationally during the same period. Conclusions: We observed a cohort of American Indian patients hospitalized secondary to COVID-19 with greater number of comorbidities compared to the general population but with lower mortality rates. We posit that the primary driver of mortality reduction for this population and the hospitalized cohort was a community-based referral program that led to disproportionately lower fatality rates among the oldest persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the field of low‐dimensional materials (1D or 2D) grows and more complex and intriguing structures are continuing to be found, there is an emerging need for techniques to characterize the nanoscale mechanical properties of all kinds of 1D/2D materials, in particular in their most practical state: sitting on an underlying substrate. While traditional nanoindentation techniques cannot accurately determine the transverse Young's modulus at the necessary scale without large indentations depths and effects to and from the substrate, herein an atomic‐force‐microscopy‐based modulated nanomechanical measurement technique with Angstrom‐level resolution (MoNI/ÅI) is presented. This technique enables non‐destructive measurements of the out‐of‐plane elasticity of ultra‐thin materials with resolution sufficient to eliminate any contributions from the substrate. This method is used to elucidate the multi‐layer stiffness dependence of graphene deposited via chemical vapor deposition and discover a peak transverse modulus in two‐layer graphene. While MoNI/ÅI has been used toward great findings in the recent past, here all aspects of the implementation of the technique as well as the unique challenges in performing measurements at such small resolutions are encompassed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the theoretical impact of regionalizing cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer (OC) to high-volume facilities on patient travel. We retrospectively identified patients with OC who underwent cytoreduction between 1/1/2004–12/31/2018 from the New York State Cancer Registry and Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. Hospitals were stratified by low-volume (<21 cytoreductive surgical procedures for OC annually) and high-volume centers (≥21 procedures annually). A simulation was performed; outcomes of interest were driving distance and time between the centroid of the patient's residence zip code and the treating facility zip code. Overall, 60,493 patients met inclusion criteria. Between 2004 and 2018, 210 facilities were performing cytoreductive surgery for OC in New York; 159 facilities (75.7%) met low-volume and 51 (24.3%) met high-volume criteria. Overall, 10,514 patients (17.4%) were treated at low-volume and 49,979 (82.6%) at high-volume facilities. In 2004, 78.2% of patients were treated at high-volume facilities, which increased to 84.6% in 2018 (P <.0001). Median travel distance and time for patients treated at high-volume centers was 12.2 miles (IQR, 5.6–25.5) and 23.0 min (IQR, 15.2–37.0), and 8.2 miles (IQR, 3.7–15.9) and 16.8 min (IQR, 12.4–26.0) for patients treated at low-volume centers. If cytoreductive surgery was centralized to high-volume centers, median distance and time traveled for patients originally treated at low-volume centers would be 11.2 miles (IQR, 3.8–32.3; P <.001) and 20.2 min (IQR, 13.6–43.0; P <.001). Centralizing cytoreductive surgery for OC to high-volume centers in New York would increase patient travel burden by negligible amounts of distance and time for most patients. • The impact on patient travel from ovarian cancer surgery regionalization to high-volume centers has not been studied. • Centralizing ovarian cancer surgery in New York State would increase patient travel by negligible distance and time. • These findings could have future implications for patient education and health policy on the regionalization of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion that scholars should reduce consumption of workrelated flight travel as a form of climate action has become common in academia. Proponents of this idea have coalesced into a sectoral movement seeking to have a more significant impact. This article critically reflects on the case of the Academic Flying Less Movement (AFLM) to conceptually explore how the environmental concerns of individual scholars might cohere and coalesce into something more powerful. We draw lessons from the AFLM's existing efforts to change common academic practice through norm diffusion, while also interpreting lessons for the AFLM by developing a spiral model of strategic multi-scalar climate action, wherein the limitations of various modes of action compel scalar shifts towards different forms of action. Our analysis contributes to ongoing efforts in the field to develop more nuanced understandings of the value and limitations of small-scale, demandside actions within the broader constellation of climate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has shown more favorable training adaptations for inactive adults when cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) exercise is prescribed with the use of ventilatory thresholds compared to percentages of heart rate reserve (HRR). However, there is limited research on changes in health-related outcomes with the use of these CRF methods in combination with muscular fitness exercises. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two training programs for improving CRF, muscular fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Inactive men and women (n=109, aged 49.3±15.5 years) were randomized to a non-exercise control group or one of two exercise training groups. The exercise training groups consisted of 13 weeks of structured exercise with progression using either CRF exercise prescribed with the use of ventilatory thresholds and functional training for muscular fitness (THRESH group) or HRR and traditional muscular fitness training (STND group). After the 13-week protocol, there were significant differences in body weight, body composition, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), VO2max, 5-repetition maximum (RM) bench press, and 5-RM leg press for both treatment groups compared to the control group after controlling for baseline values. However, the THRESH group had significantly more desirable outcomes for VO2max, 5-RM bench press, 5-RM leg press, body composition, and HDL-c when compared to both the STND and control group. Additionally, the proportion of individuals estimated as likely to respond above 3.5 mL½kg-1½min-1 in VO2max (i.e., the minimal clinically important difference) was 76.4%, 20.8%, and 0.13% for the THRESH, STND, and control groups, respectively. While both exercise programs elicited favorable health-related adaptations after 13 weeks, these results suggest that a personalized program with exercise prescribed based on ventilatory threshold and with the use of functional muscular fitness training may yield greater training adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion among several professors in the history department at the University at Albany, the State University of New York who were involved in a curriculum overhaul project that failed to obtain the objectives of attracting new students and stemming the decline in those choosing to major in the humanities. The University's department embraced the premise put forth by the American Historical Association's Tuning the History Discipline project that sought to attract majors, resources and prestige through a more creative, research-based curriculum. The scholars discuss the reasons why the project failed, and how they have reevaluated their assumptions, expectations and options going forward.

To date, studies examining the online representations of honeymoon tourists remain scant. We conducted a Directed Content Analysis (DCA) involving 2,001 location-tagged photos from Honeymoon Tourists in Bali, using Hunter's theory on photographic representations of tourism groomed spaces as the coding framework. Results of the study indicated that "Tourism Products" was the most used space type, in both couple and solo photos, to represent Bali as a Honeymoon Tourist destination. As shown, the regencies of Badung and Gianyar yielded the most tagged photos. In contrast, the most tagged specific locations in this area belong to cultivated landscapes, heritage, material culture, and tourism products. The study also discusses theoretical contributions and practical implications for destination marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a comment on a previous study that examined the Meissner screening properties of niobium (Nb) in a superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavity. The authors of the comment re-analyzed the data from the original study and found no significant changes to the Meissner screening profile of Nb after mild baking. They also discovered a non-superconducting "dead layer" at the surface of the Nb sample, which may indicate spatial inhomogeneities in the screening properties. The authors recommend further high-resolution measurements to investigate this further. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: The biosynthesis of specialized metabolites is strictly regulated by environmental inputs such as the day–night cycle, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In Petunia hybrida cv. Mitchell flowers, the biosynthesis and emission of volatile compounds display a diurnal pattern with a peak in the evening to attract nocturnal pollinators.Using petunia flowers as a model system, we found that chromatin level regulation, especially histone acetylation, plays an essential role in mediating the day–night oscillation of the biosynthetic gene network of specialized metabolites.By performing time‐course chromatin immunoprecipitation assays for histone modifications, we uncovered that a specific group of genes involved in the regulation, biosynthesis, and emission of floral volatile compounds, which displays the greatest magnitude in day–night oscillating gene expression, is associated with highly dynamic histone acetylation marks H3K9ac and H3K27ac. Specifically, the strongest oscillating genes featured a drastic removal of histone acetylation marks at night, potentially to shut down the biosynthesis of floral volatile compounds during the morning when they are not needed. Inhibiting daytime histone acetylation led to a compromised evening induction of these genes.Overall, our study suggested an active role of chromatin modification in the diurnal oscillation of specialized metabolic network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery among Pediatric Patients: A 14-Year Review," explores the use and outcomes of endoscopic skull base surgery in pediatric patients. The study analyzed data from a tertiary care center from 2009 to 2023 and compared pediatric patients (under 18 years old) to adult patients. The most common indication for surgery in both groups was a pituitary adenoma. The study found that the rate of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks was high in both pediatric and adult patients, but postoperative CSF leaks were rare. The length of hospital stay after surgery was similar for both groups. [Extracted from the article]

Background: While guidelines suggest intravenous (IV) iron to improve functional status and quality of life (QoL) in patients with NYHA class II-III heart failure (HF), continuous flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) recipients were not included in early IV iron studies. Our study compared outcomes between patients who did and did not receive IV iron during the index admission following Abbott HeartMate III™ (HM 3) CF-LVAD placement. Methods: Thirty-three adult patients with a HM3 placed at our institution who received early post-operative IV iron (n = 20) or no IV iron replacement (n = 13) were compared. The co-primary outcomes were mean change in quality of life (by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire [MLHFQ]) and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) from baseline to first >90 day clinic follow-up. Results: At first clinic follow-up there was no significant difference between the IV iron and no-IV iron groups in MLHFQ (−27 ± 38 vs −21 ± 41, P =.8822) or 6MWD (360 ± 740 vs 786 ± 722, P =.208). Conclusion: Patients receiving IV iron during index admission following HM3 implantation did not experience an improvement in quality of life or functional capacity when compared to those who did not receive IV iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximal oxygen (O2) uptake (V̇O2max${\dot{V}}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{max}}}$) is an important parameter with utility in health and disease. However, the relative importance of O2 transport and utilization capacities in limiting muscle V̇O2max${\dot{V}}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{max}}}$ before and after endurance exercise training is not well understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the mechanisms determining muscle V̇O2max${\dot{V}}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{max}}}$ pre‐ and post‐endurance exercise training in initially sedentary participants. In five initially sedentary young males, radial arterial and femoral venous PO2${P}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}$ (blood samples), leg blood flow (thermodilution), and myoglobin (Mb) desaturation (1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were measured during maximal single‐leg knee‐extensor exercise (KE) breathing either 12%, 21% or 100% O2 both pre and post 8 weeks of KE training (1 h, 3 times per week). Mb desaturation was converted to intracellular PO2${P}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}$ using an O2 half‐saturation pressure of 3.2 mmHg. Pre‐training muscle V̇O2max${\dot{V}}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{max}}}$ was not significantly different across inspired O2 conditions (12%: 0.47 ± 0.10; 21%: 0.52 ± 0.13; 100%: 0.54 ± 0.01 L min–1, all q > 0.174), despite significantly greater muscle mean capillary–intracellular PO2${P}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}$ gradients in normoxia (34 ± 3 mmHg) and hyperoxia (40 ± 7 mmHg) than hypoxia (29 ± 5 mmHg, both q < 0.024). Post‐training muscle V̇O2max${\dot{V}}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{max}}}$ was significantly different across all inspired O2 conditions (12%: 0.59 ± 0.11; 21%: 0.68 ± 0.11; 100%: 0.76 ± 0.09 mmHg, all q < 0.035), as were the muscle mean capillary–intracellular PO2${P}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}$ gradients (12%: 32 ± 2; 21%: 37 ± 2; 100%: 45 ± 7 mmHg, all q < 0.029). In these initially sedentary participants, endurance exercise training changed the basis of limitation on muscle V̇O2max${\dot{V}}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{max}}}$ in normoxia from the mitochondrial capacity to utilize O2 to the capacity to transport O2 to the mitochondria. Key points: Maximal O2 uptake is an important parameter with utility in health and disease.The relative importance of O2 transport and utilization capacities in limiting muscle maximal O2 uptake before and after endurance exercise training is not well understood.We combined the direct measurement of active muscle maximal O2 uptake with the measurement of muscle intracellular PO2${P}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}$ before and after 8 weeks of endurance exercise training.We show that increasing O2 availability did not increase muscle maximal O2 uptake before training, whereas increasing O2 availability did increase muscle maximal O2 uptake after training.The results suggest that, in these initially sedentary participants, endurance exercise training changed the basis of limitation on muscle maximal O2 uptake in normoxia from the mitochondrial capacity to utilize O2 to the capacity to transport O2 to the mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racialized Sexual Discrimination (RSD), also referred to as “sexual racism,” is widely reported among young sexual minority Black men (YSMBM). Though RSD is driven in part by sexual scripts and racial stereotypes, little is known about YSMBM’s experiences with RSD with respect to their sexual positioning roles. Using data from a cross-sectional web-survey of YSMBM (N = 726), a multivariate Kruskal Wallis test was conducted comparing YSMBM who identified as mostly bottom, versatile, or mostly top, on the degree to which they were affected by four RSD experiences, as well as the frequency with which they encountered these experiences. Men identifying as mostly bottom reported significantly stronger negative reactions to same-race rejection and encountering sexual role assumptions than men identifying as mostly top. Men identifying as versatile encountered same-race rejection significantly more frequently than men identifying as mostly top. Men identifying as mostly bottom encountered White superiority significantly more frequently than men identifying as mostly top. RSD may impact YSMBM differentially based on sexual position. These findings may have implications for culturally competent clinical practice, as well as analytic implications (e.g., estimating more complex statistical models) for sexual racism research, which remains an important yet underexamined field in the health sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen (H 2) is increasingly seen as a future fuel and a potential alternative to fossil fuels, as it is the cleanest and ideal energy carrier. Water electrolysis is one of the easiest methods to produce H 2 , offering the advantage of simplicity. Rhodium (Rh) is considered one of the best electrocatalysts for water electrolysis. This research was conducted to investigate the activity of electrodeposited Rh for its potential electrocatalytic application in acidic and basic water electrolysis. The electrode was fabricated from a 5 g/L solution of rhodium sulfate [Rh 2 (SO 4) 3 ] electrodeposited at 3.0 V for 3 min in a 92.5% silver (Ag) alloy substrate. Electrochemical characterizations were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) in a three-electrode set-up. The acidic electrolyte was a sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) solution while the basic electrolyte was a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Stability tests were done on a 48-h continuous run of water electrolysis. Results showed onset potentials of 1.4 V and −0.2 V for acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively, while 0.6 V and −0.9 V for basic OER and HER, respectively. A consistent absolute value of limiting current, 8.00 × 10−3 A was observed for both reactions of the two electrolytes. Electrodeposited Rh as an anode showed excellent stability on both acidic and basic media but may fail as a cathode in long-term water electrolysis. The stability was observed to decrease with increasing electrolyte concentration at a higher rate on an acidic medium. • Rh in electrodeposit form has good electrocatalytic activity. • HER and OER overpotentials are both lower in the acidic medium. • Electrodeposited Rh has excellent stability as an anode in both media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microaggressions are subtle derogatory behaviors that unintentionally communicate hostility toward marginalized social groups. This article describes the preliminarily validation of a framework for observing LGBTQ+ microaggressions in health care, which can lead to distrust and disengagement from the healthcare system. Coders used the framework to observe microaggressions in video-recorded clinical-skills assessments with medical students who elicited health histories from standardized patients. Microaggression classifications were reviewed to determine construct reliability and the presence/absence among eight framework categories. Among 177 encounters with sexual and gender minority standardized patients, heteronormative/cisnormative language and assumptions occurred in the largest proportion of encounters (85.3%). Only identity-based referrals decreased significantly after a clinical skills intervention (20.0% to 4.9%, p =.01). These outcomes show that LGBTQ+ healthcare microaggressions are pervasive and will likely require nuanced training to address them. This groundwork can also be used to develop scales for patients and observers to identify microaggressions and assess perceived impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and the subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) decline with age and predict future cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in a sex-dependent manner. However, the relation between CRF and SEVR in apparently healthy males and females across the age span is largely unknown. We hypothesized higher CRF is associated with greater SEVR in older females but not in males. Two-hundred sixty-two (126 M/136 F, age range 20-84 yr) participants underwent measures of CRF (maximal O2 consumption, V_ O2max) and SEVR (pulse wave analysis, PWA). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine differences in baseline characteristics between younger (<45 yr) and middle-aged and older (MA/O, 45 yr) males and females. Bivariate correlations assessed the relation between CRF, SEVR, and age in males and females. Partial correlations adjusted for CVD risk factors and medications. MA/O females had the lowest CRF and SEVR compared with all other groups (P < 0.05, both). SEVR was negatively correlated with age (r = 0.29) and positively correlated with CRF (r = 0.53) in females (P < 0.05, both) that persisted after controlling for CVD risk factors and medications (P < 0.05, all). SEVR was correlated with CRF in males only after adjusting for CVD risk factors and medications (r = 0.26, P < 0.05). These findings collectively demonstrate higher CRF is associated with greater SEVR in males and females after adjusting for CVD risk factors and medications, therefore highlighting subtle sex-specific nuances that warrant further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hop production utilizes exclusively female plants, whereas male plants only serve to generate novel variation within breeding programs through crossing. Currently, hop lacks a rapid and accurate diagnostic marker to determine whether plants are male or female. Without a diagnostic marker, breeding programs may take 1–2 years to determine the sex of new seedlings. Previous research on sex-linked markers was restricted to specific populations or breeding programs and therefore had limited transferability or suffered from low scalability. A large collection of 765 hop genotypes with known sex phenotypes, genotyping-by-sequencing, and genome-wide association mapping revealed a highly significant marker on the sex chromosome (LOD score = 208.7) that predicted sex within our population with 96.2% accuracy. In this study, we developed a PCR allele competitive extension (PACE) assay for the diagnostic SNP and tested three quick DNA extraction methodologies for rapid, high-throughput genotyping. Additionally, the marker was validated in a separate population of 94 individuals from 15 families from the USDA-ARS hop breeding program in Prosser, WA with 96% accuracy. This diagnostic marker is located in a gene predicted to encode the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor protein, a family of proteins that have been previously implicated in male sterility in a variety of plant species, which may indicate a role in determining hop sex. The marker is diagnostic, accurate, affordable, and highly scalable and has the potential to improve efficiency in hop breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I discuss the emerging field of conceptual engineering from the perspective of the philosophy of mind and cognitive science. I explore the role the latter disciplines can and do play by specifically focusing on how different notions of what a concept is affects the general conceptual engineering framework, both positively and negatively, before considering a particular account that eschews talk of concepts altogether. I call this project 'Cappelen's challenge' as it draws from suggestive remarks in his work (Cappelen, H. 2018. Fixing Language: Conceptual Engineering and the Limits of Revision. Oxford: Oxford University Press). I argue that by appreciating the range of options that each theory of concepts brings with it, the field as a whole can come to better grips with its foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a mentoring case from a transdisciplinary, longitudinal writing-across-the-curriculum (WAC) initiative in which the situated complexities of integrating new writing pedagogies were observed and supported. Considering this case through an agential realist lens, we introduce the concept of "discursive turbulence": an emergent quality of situated semiotic activity produced from the continual mixing of discourses. Discursive turbulence can emerge in myriad and complex ways, including fits-and-starts of pedagogical development, mismatched discursive alignments, affective signs of struggle and intensity, and nonlinear patterns of change. Through a series of four vignettes, we illustrate discursive turbulence as it emerged while pedagogical changes around writing were being implemented by an environmental sciences professor. We suggest that discursive turbulence is to be expected in heterodisciplinary spaces, and we argue that attention to discursive turbulence will lead to more robust accounts of learning, becoming, and literate activity, as well as new ways of supporting pedagogical becoming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) is a mitochondrial protein involved in the exchange of ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane. It plays a crucial role in cellular energy metabolism by facilitating the transport of ATP synthesized within the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. The isoform ANT1 predominately expresses in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Mutations or dysregulation in ANT1 have been implicated in various mitochondrial disorders and neuromuscular diseases. We aimed to examine whether ANT1 deletion may affect mitochondrial redox state in our established ANT1-deficient mice. Hearts and quadriceps resected from age-matched wild type (WT) and ANT1-deficient mice were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The Chance redox scanner was utilized to perform 3D optical redox imaging. Each sample underwent scanning across 3–5 sections. Global averaging analysis showed no significant differences in the redox indices (NADH, flavin adenine dinucleotide containing-flavoproteins Fp, and the redox ratio Fp/(NADH+Fp) between WT and ANT1-deficient groups. However, quadriceps had higher Fp than hearts in both groups (p = 0. 0 0 0 4 and 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the quadriceps were also more oxidized (a higher redox ratio) than hearts in WT group (p = 0. 0 0 4). NADH levels were similar in all cases. Our data suggest that under non-stressful physical condition, the ANT1-deficient muscle cells were in the same mitochondrial state as WT ones and that the significant difference in the mitochondrial redox state between quadriceps and hearts found in WT might be diminished in ANT1-deficient ones. Redox imaging of muscles under physical stress can be conducted in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterohexameric ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA)-ATPase Pex1/Pex6 is essential for the formation and maintenance of peroxisomes. Pex1/Pex6, similar to other AAA-ATPases, uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to mechanically thread substrate proteins through its central pore, thereby unfolding them. In related AAA-ATPase motors, substrates are recruited through binding to the motor's N-terminal domains or N terminally bound cofactors. Here, we use structural and biochemical techniques to characterize the function of the N1 domain in Pex6 from budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that although Pex1/ΔN1-Pex6 is an active ATPase in vitro, it does not support Pex1/Pex6 function at the peroxisome in vivo. An X-ray crystal structure of the isolated Pex6 N1 domain shows that the Pex6 N1 domain shares the same fold as the N-terminal domains of PEX1, CDC48, and NSF, despite poor sequence conservation. Integrating this structure with a cryo-EM reconstruction of Pex1/Pex6, AlphaFold2 predictions, and biochemical assays shows that Pex6 N1 mediates binding to both the peroxisomal membrane tether Pex15 and an extended loop from the D2 ATPase domain of Pex1 that influences Pex1/Pex6 heterohexamer stability. Given the direct interactions with both Pex15 and the D2 ATPase domains, the Pex6 N1 domain is poised to coordinate binding of cofactors and substrates with Pex1/Pex6 ATPase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used structural equation modeling to test client meaningful experiences in counseling and the therapeutic working alliance (TWA) as predictors of affective distress, controlling for clients' age, gender, race and ethnicity, and length of counseling relationship. In a sample of 306 adult clients engaging in counseling, we a found statistically significant relationship between client meaningful experiences in counseling and the TWA (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). There was a significant and negative direct effect from client meaningful experiences in counseling to affective distress (β = −0.45, p < 0.001). However, we did not find a significant direct effect of the TWA on affective distress (β = −0.00, p = 0.97). Implications for counselors, supervisors, and counselor educators are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Children hospitalized with a mental health crisis often receive pharmacologic restraint for management of acute agitation. We examined associations between pharmacologic restraint use and race and ethnicity among children admitted for mental health conditions to acute care nonpsychiatric children's hospitals. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of children (aged 5-≤18 years) admitted for a primary mental health condition from 2018 to 2022 at 41 US children's hospitals. Pharmacologic restraint use was defined as parenteral administration of medications for acute agitation. The association of race and ethnicity and pharmacologic restraint was assessed using generalized linear multivariable mixed models adjusted for clinical and demographic factors. Stratified analyses were performed based on significant interaction analyses between covariates and race and ethnicity. RESULTS: The cohort included 61 503 hospitalizations. Compared with non-Hispanic Black children, children of non-Hispanic White (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.92), Asian (aOR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68-0.99), or other race and ethnicity (aOR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.57-0.82) were less likely to receive pharmacologic restraint. There was no significant difference with Hispanic children. When stratified by sex, racial/ethnic differences were magnified in males (aORs, 0.49-0.68), except for Hispanic males, and not found in females (aORs, 0.83-0.93). Sensitivity analysis revealed amplified disparities for all racial/ethnic groups, including Hispanic youth (aOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Non-Hispanic Black children were significantly more likely to receive pharmacologic restraint. More research is needed to understand reasons for these disparities, which may be secondary to implicit bias and systemic and interpersonal racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem function is a foundational part of ecosystem health, but it is often neglected in the practice of ecosystem monitoring. We conducted a review of freshwater ecosystem management literature, analysing 60 documents across multiple organisations to understand the prevalence of function in conceptualisations and measures of ecosystem health. Only 28% (n = 13) of analysed documents included definitions of waterway health that included function, and only 30% (n = 18) integrated function into their conceptualisations of waterway health. More generally, we observed noticeable deviation in analysed documents from management best practices advocated for by contemporary ecosystem science – including unclear rationales, vague language, and imprecise metrics for assessing waterway health. We discuss these findings in broader ecosystem management contexts. Our findings support previous observations of a strong structural bias in current ecosystem health monitoring and suggest the need for closer examinations into the processes and rationales by which such an important factor could be absent from monitoring programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue: Inadequate training around gender-affirming care is a critical gap in health care and medical education that causes disparities and leads to injury for transgender, nonbinary, and other gender-diverse patients. In contrast to this widespread provider knowledge gap, gender-diverse patients bring critical knowledge from their own experiences to health care. Embracing varied epistemologies, or sources of knowledge, within medical education has the potential to enhance gender-affirming care by intentionally placing value on the lived experiences and emphasizing the credibility of gender-diverse patients. Evidence: In this article, the authors endorse a model of epistemic peerhood in which the embodied knowledge of gender-diverse patients and the authoritative knowledge of providers are each valued for their contribution to care. The authors reflect on experiences developing gender-affirming healthcare curricula and how medical education has not yet adequately addressed gender-diverse care without embracing community knowledge. Implications: The authors identify three vital areas to integrate epistemic peerhood in medical training to address gaps in gender-affirming care: (1) collaborative student training methods that reflect embodied knowledge in the absence of, or in addition to, clinical expertise on gender-affirming care; (2) sustainable partnerships between academic programs and gender-diverse communities that foster continuous engagement from collaborators with lived experience; and (3) broad community input about best practices for representing gender diversity in patient simulation. Embracing epistemic peerhood in each of these areas would result in broader gender-diverse community representation and leadership in medical education, which would ultimately strengthen gender-affirming healthcare training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]