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Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT)，the use of radiopharmaceuticals to target and irradiate tumour cells，has become an important method for cancer treatment. The radiolanthanide Lutetium-177 (177Lu) is a medium-energy beta radionuclide with a suitable electron energy range for treatment of small tumors，and has been widely used in clinical targeted radionuclide therapy. The radiolanthanide terbium-161 (161Tb) isotope has similar decay properties，biochemical properties，and in vivo characteristics to 177Lu，and it releases more Auger electrons and internal conversion electrons than 177Lu. It has been proposed，and preclinically demonstrated，that 161Tb is a better alternative to 177Lu for the treatment of small prostate cancer lesions. According to the conferences and published articles on nuclear medicine in recent years，more and more attention has been paid to the preparation of 161Tb nuclides and the development of its labeled drugs in the field of radiopharmaceuticals. However，there is no mature production process for 161Tb internationally，which has seriously hindered the clinical research of 161Tb-labeled drugs. Currently，there are two main methods for the preparation research of 161Tb. One is to produce 161Tb through an accelerator，and the other is to produce carrier-free 161Tb using a high-throughput reactor or a fission neutron source via the reaction 160Gd(n，γ)161Gd→161Tb. Commercial production of 161Tb using an accelerator is very difficult. The most common method internationally is to irradiate enriched 160Gd2O3 target material with a reactor or a fission neutron source to produce carrier-free 161Tb. According to the investigation，there are several research institutes or companies at home and abroad are carrying out relevant research on the preparation of 161Tb. Chengdu Gaotong Isotope Co.，Ltd. (CNNC) used enriched 160Gd2O3 target material irradiated by a reactor with neutron flux of about 1-2×1014 n·cm−2·s−1 to separate a large amount of irradiated 160Gd by a two-column method to prepare no carrier-added 161TbCl3 nuclide solutions. Chengdu Gaotong Isotope Co.，Ltd. has carried out many experiments on the preparation of 161Tb from 160Gd target material enriched. After separation and purification，the radionuclide purity，radiochemical purity and activity of 161TbCl3 nuclide solution were detected by high purity germanium gamma spectrometer，activity meter and other instruments and equipment. The results showed that the radionuclide solution of 161TbCl3 with radionuclide purity greater than or equal to 99.9%，radiochemical purity greater than 99% and chemical purity was obtained after the separation and purification of 161Gd target material enriched by irradiation in the reactor.

Abstract Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been found widespread application in neoplasm treatment, yielding promising therapeutic candidates. Previous studies have revealed the anti-cancer properties of Brevilin A, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone derived from Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. (C. minima), a TCM herb, specifically against lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of its effects remain elusive. This study employs network pharmacology and experimental analyses to unravel the molecular mechanisms of Brevilin A in lung cancer. Methods The Batman-TCM, Swiss Target Prediction, Pharmmapper, SuperPred, and BindingDB databases were screened to identify Brevilin A targets. Lung cancer-related targets were sourced from GEO, Genecards, OMIM, TTD, and Drugbank databases. Utilizing Cytoscape software, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and gene-pathway correlation analysis were conducted using R software. To validate network pharmacology results, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and in vitro experiments were performed. Results We identified 599 Brevilin A-associated targets and 3864 lung cancer-related targets, with 155 overlapping genes considered as candidate targets for Brevilin A against lung cancer. The PPI network highlighted STAT3, TNF, HIF1A, PTEN, ESR1, and MTOR as potential therapeutic targets. GO and KEGG analyses revealed 2893 enriched GO terms and 157 enriched KEGG pathways, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway. GSEA demonstrated a close association between hub genes and lung cancer. Gene-pathway correlation analysis indicated significant associations between hub genes and the cellular response to hypoxia pathway. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations confirmed Brevilin A’s interaction with PTEN and HIF1A, respectively. In vitro experiments demonstrated Brevilin A-induced dose- and time-dependent cell death in A549 cells. Notably, Brevilin A treatment significantly reduced HIF-1α mRNA expression while increasing PTEN mRNA levels. Conclusions This study demonstrates that Brevilin A exerts anti-cancer effects in treating lung cancer through a multi-target and multi-pathway manner, with the HIF pathway potentially being involved. These results lay a theoretical foundation for the prospective clinical application of Brevilin A.

Summary: Background: Mpox has spread to many countries around the world. While the existing live attenuated mpox vaccines are effective, advances in 21st century technologies now enable the development of vaccines with more specific antigens, clearer mechanisms, and more controllable side effects. Methods: We systematically evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the A35R, M1R and B6R antigens of the mpox virus (MPXV). With these findings, we designed three single-chain trivalent mRNA vaccines (AMAB-wt, AMAB-C140S and AMB-C140S) by integrating the soluble regions of these antigens into single mRNA-encoded polypeptides based on their protein structures. Then, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these single-chain mRNA vaccines were evaluated in mice models against both VACV and MPXV. Findings: The three single-chain vaccines elicited neutralising antibodies that effectively neutralised both VACV and MPXV. The single-chain vaccines or cocktail vaccine containing mRNAs encoding soluble antigen (sA35R + sM1R + sB6R) exhibited 100% or 80% protection against a lethal dose of VACV challenge, while the cocktail of full-length antigens (A35 + M1 + B6) and the live attenuated vaccine, VACV Tian Tan (VACV-VTT), completely failed to protect mice. Moreover, the single-chain vaccines significantly reduced viral load in the lungs and ovaries of MPXV-challenged mice. Interpretation: Compared with the cocktail vaccines, our single-chain designs demonstrated similar or superior immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Importantly, the simplicity of the single-chain vaccines enhances both the controllability and accessibility of mpox vaccines. We believe these single-chain vaccines qualify as the next-generation mpox vaccines. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the CAS.

Abstract Recent evidence has shed light on the significant role of FANCD2 in cancer initiation, development, and progression. However, a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of FANCD2 has been lacking. In this study, we have conducted a thorough investigation into the expression profiles and prognostic significance of FANCD2, as well as its correlation with clinicopathological parameters and immune cell infiltration, using advanced bioinformatic techniques. The results demonstrate that FANCD2 is significantly upregulated in various common cancers and is associated with prognosis. Notably, higher expression levels of FANCD2 are linked to poor overall survival, as indicated by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses. Additionally, we have observed a decrease in the methylation of FANCD2 DNA in some cancers, and this decrease is inversely correlated with FANCD2 expression. Genetic alterations in FANCD2 predominantly manifest as mutations, which are associated with overall survival, disease-specific survival, disease-free survival, and progression-free survival in certain tumor types. Moreover, FANCD2 exhibits a strong correlation with infiltrating cell levels, immune checkpoint genes, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI). Enrichment analysis further highlights the potential impact of FANCD2 on Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway and cell cycle regulation. Through this comprehensive pan-cancer analysis, we have gained a deeper understanding of the functions of FANCD2 in oncogenesis and metastasis across different types of cancer.

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder that belongs to the category of ''Depression Syndrome'' in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and its etiology and pathogenesis are complex and unclear. It is characterized by high prevalence, high disability rate, and high recurrence rate, which seriously affect human health, and its treatment has become a research hotspot worldwide. At present, the antidepressants commonly used in the clinic are mainly Western medicine (WM), but there are problems such as frequent side effects and poor efficacy. Studies have found that the use of TCM prescriptions in the treatment of depression can achieve the same effect as WM; and when TCM prescriptions are combined with WM, the efficacy can be enhanced while the adverse effects of WM can be reduced. Pharmacological studies related to the treatment of depression with traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (TCMPs) have focused on the neurobiochemical system, gut microbes, and energy metabolism in mitochondria. No one has yet reviewed the pharmacological mechanism of TCMPs for depression. So, this paper reviews the pharmacological mechanism of TCMPs for depression from the perspective of TCMPs, introduces the progress of research on classical TCMPs for depression and their antidepressant mechanism. This article aims to promote the application of TCMPs in the clinic and provide a new therapeutic idea for the clinical treatment of depression.

With the development of society and changes in lifestyle, major depressive disorder (MDD) has become a significant disease that plagues many people. Licorice, an excellent natural medicine with a long history of cultivation and application, is found in classical antidepressant prescriptions such as Chaihu Shugan Powder, Ganmai Dazao Decoction, Suanzaoren Decoction, etc. Licorice mainly contains triterpenoids and flavonoids, among which licorice total flavonoids (LF) and liquiritin are the main active components with good antidepressant effects. The pharmacological effects of licorice have been extensively investigated in current studies. However, a review of the antidepressant effects of LF and liquiritin has not been conducted. This article reviews the antidepressant effects of LF and liquiritin, including the biological characteristics of licorice and the pharmacological mechanism of LF and liquiritin in treating MDD. Studies have shown that LF and liquiritin can exert their antidepressant effects by improving depressive behavior, regulating endocrine and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, affecting the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) signaling pathway, enhancing synaptic plasticity, increasing monoamine neurotransmitter levels, protecting nerve cells, reducing inflammation, preventing apoptosis, reducing oxidation and other ways. This lays a theoretical foundation for the development of antidepressant drugs.

In the strategic context of “vigorously promoting the construction of ecological civilization and following the Chinese modernization road,” it is of theoretical and practical significance to investigate the influencing factors and spatial and temporal effects of the level of ecological civilization construction (ECC) in view of the lack of scientific understanding of the spatial and temporal evolution of ECC. The ECC level of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) territory was assessed from 2010 to 2020 based on four different factors: economy, culture, society, and environment. The Spatial Dubin model, in conjunction with the Hurst index, was used to examine the spatial impact of the ECC level. The results indicate that the YRD’s ECC level exhibits high spatial agglomeration features with rising agglomeration intensity and significant spatial autocorrelation. The degree of ECC in the YRD region has a substantial regional spillover effect. Cities nearby are expected to grow by 0.507% for every 1% increase in the local ECC level. The YRD region showed a high Hurst index of the ECC level; the sustainability sequence accounted for 80.49% of this index, and the Hurst index of the cities in the core portion of the region was generally higher than that of the marginal cities. The two facets of time and space, as well as the spatial spillover and lag impact of ecological civilization formation, should be considered in the future. To support the high-level ECC growth in the entire YRD region, it is vital to increase communication and collaboration between cities in the YRD territory.

Since May 2022, mutant strains of mpox (formerly monkeypox) virus (MPXV) have been rapidly spreading among individuals who have not traveled to endemic areas in multiple locations, including Europe and the United States. Both intracellular and extracellular forms of mpox virus have multiple outer membrane proteins that can stimulate immune response. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of MPXV structural proteins such as A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R as a combination vaccine, and the protective effect against the 2022 mpox mutant strain was also evaluated in BALB/c mice. After mixed 15 μg QS-21 adjuvant, all four virus structural proteins were administered subcutaneously to mice. Antibody titers in mouse sera rose sharply after the initial boost, along with an increased capacity of immune cells to produce IFN-γ alongside an elevated level of cellular immunity mediated by Th1 cells. The vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibited the replication of MPXV in mice and reduced the pathological damage of organs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a multiple recombinant vaccine for MPXV variant strains.

This study considers equilibrium problems, focusing on identifying finite solutions for feasible solution sequences. We introduce an innovative extension of the weak sharp minimum concept from convex programming to equilibrium problems, coining this as weak sharpness for solution sets. Recognizing situations where the solution set may not exhibit weak sharpness, we propose an augmented mapping approach to mitigate this limitation. The core of our research is the formulation of augmented weak sharpness for the solution set. This comprehensive concept encapsulates both weak sharpness and strong non-degeneracy within feasible solution sequences. Crucially, we identify a necessary and sufficient condition for the finite termination of these sequences under the premise of augmented weak sharpness for the solution set in equilibrium problems. This condition significantly broadens the scope of the existing literature, which often assumes the solution set to be weakly sharp or strongly non-degenerate, especially in mathematical programming and variational inequality problems. Our findings not only shed light on the termination conditions in equilibrium problems but also introduce a less stringent sufficient condition for the finite termination of various optimization algorithms. This research, therefore, makes a substantial contribution to the field by enhancing our understanding of termination conditions in equilibrium problems and expanding the applicability of established theories to a wider range of optimization scenarios.

The helix angle measurement of helical gear is difficult and the measurement process is complex. In order to improve the measurement accuracy and efficiency, the method of measuring helix angle of helical gear is proposed, by using two cameras to collect the images of the helical gear end face and side face to process. The two cameras were placed vertically and the images were captured, by obtaining the maximum inscribed circle and minimum circumscribed circle of the helical gear end face image, addendum circle diameter, reference circle diameter and other parameters were measured. Corner detection was performed on the side image, the helix angle of the addendum circle was measured, and the helix angle of the helical gear was calculated according to the relationship between the helix angle of the addendum circle and the helix angle of the reference circle. The experimental results show that the average relative error of this method is 0.65%, which is smaller than the average relative error of manual measurement of 1.33%, and smaller than the average relative error of single camera method of 0.8%, and the measurement time is 4.58 s, which is smaller than the other two measurement methods.

Obesity-related diseases are always the major health problems that concern the whole world. Serial studies have reported that obesity development is closely related to the out-of-control leptin encoded by the obesity gene (ob). The latest report declaimed “Less Is More,” a model explaining that partial leptin reduction triggers leptin sensitization and contributes to obesity control. Here, we came up with a novel concept, in vivo protein interference (iPRTi), an interesting protein knock-down strategy for in vivo partial leptin reduction. First, the specific immune response against leptin induced by the oral administration of ob recombinant yeast was confirmed. Subsequentally, leptin resistance was observed in diet-induced obese mice, and oral administration with ob recombinant yeast declined the circulating leptin and reduced significantly the body weight gain. To further investigate whether the iPRTi strategy is capable of obesity management, the diet-induced obese mice were administrated with ob recombinant yeast. All the indexes examined including the circulating leptin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol, as well as food intake and weight gain, demonstrated a positive effect of the iPRTi strategy on obesity control. In short, this study provides a novel strategy for the potential application of recombinant yeast for the therapy of obese individuals with leptin resistance.

ABSTRACT The Argonaute proteins are present in all three domains of life, which are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Unlike the eukaryotic Argonaute proteins, which use small RNA guides to target mRNAs, some prokaryotic Argonaute proteins (pAgos) use a small DNA guide to interfere with DNA and/or RNA targets. However, the mechanisms of pAgo natural function remain unknown. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which pAgo from Natronobacterium gregoryi (NgAgo) targets plasmid and bacteriophage T7 DNA using a heterologous Escherichia coli-based model system. We show that NgAgo expressed from a plasmid linearizes its expression vector. Cotransformation assays demonstrate that NgAgo requires an RNA in trans that is transcribed from the bacteriophage T7 promoter to activate cleavage of a cotransformed plasmid, reminiscent of the trans-RNA function in CRISPR/Cas9. We propose a mechanism to explain how NgAgo eliminates invading foreign DNA and bacteriophage. By leveraging this discovery, we show that NgAgo can be programmed to target a plasmid or a chromosome locus. IMPORTANCE We revealed the mechanism that explains how the NgAgo eliminates the invading foreign DNA and bacteriophage in bacterial cells at 37°C, and by leveraging this discovery, NgAgo can be programmed to target a plasmid or a chromosome locus.

Oxaliplatin (OXA) is a first-line chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), but acquired drug resistance becomes the main cause of treatment failure. Increasing evidence has shown that some natural components may serve as chemoresistant sensitizers. In this study, we discovered Dihydrotanshinone I (DHTS) through virtual screening using a ligand-based method, and explored its inhibitory effects and the mechanism on OXA-resistant CRC in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that DHTS could effectively inhibit the proliferation of HCT116 and HCT116/OXA resistant cells. DHTS-induced cell apoptosis blocked cell cycle in S and G2/M phases, and enhanced DNA damage of HCT116/OXA cells in a concentration-dependent manner. DHTS also exhibited the obvious inhibition of tumor growth in the HCT116/OXA xenograft model. Mechanistically, DHTS could downregulate the expression of Src homology 2 structural domain protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) and Wnt/β-catenin, as well as conventional drug resistance and apoptosis-related proteins such as multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRP1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. Thus, DHTS markedly induces cell apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in OXA-resistant HCT116 CRC mice models, which can be used as a novel lead compound against OXA-resistant CRC.

The title compound, C25H25N9O9·C16H36N+·H2PO4− (I) or (C25H25N9O9)·(n-Bu4N+)·(H2PO4−) (systematic name: 3-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1-bis{2-[3-(4-nitrophenyl)ureido]ethyl}urea tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen phosphate), comprises a tris-urea receptor (R), a dihydrogen phosphate anion and a tetra-n-butylammonium cation. It crystallizes with two independent formula units in the asymmetric unit. The conformations of the two tris-urea receptors are stabilized by N—H...O and C—H...O intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Each dihydrogen phosphate anion has two O—H...O intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions with the other dihydrogen phosphate anion. Inversion-related di-anion units are linked by further O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain propagating along the a-axis direction. Each dihydrogen phosphate anion makes a total of four N—H...O(H2PO4−) hydrogen bonds with two ureido subunits from two different tris-urea receptors, hence each tris-urea receptor provides the two ureido subunits for the encapsulation of the H2PO4− hydrogen-bonded chain. There are numerous intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds present involving both receptor molecules and the tetra-n-butylammonium cations, so forming a supramolecular three-dimensional structure. One of the butyl groups and one of the nitro groups are disordered over two positions of equal occupancy.

Aircraft identification has been a research hotspot in remote-sensing fields. However, due to the presence of clouds in satellite-borne optical imagery, it is difficult to identify aircraft using a single optical image. In this paper, a Multi-path Interactive Network (MIN) is proposed to fuse Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images for aircraft identification on cloudy days. First, features are extracted from optical and SAR images separately by convolution backbones of ResNet-34. Second, a piecewise residual fusion strategy is proposed to reduce the effect of clouds. A plug-and-play Interactive Attention Sum-Max fusion module (IASM), is thus constructed to interact with features from multi-modal images. Moreover, multi-path IASM is designed to mix multi-modal features from backbones. Finally, the fused features are sent to the neck and head of MIN for regression and classification. Extensive experiments are carried out on the Fused Cloudy Aircraft Detection (FCAD) dataset that is constructed, and the results show the efficiency of MIN in identifying aircraft under clouds with different thicknesses.Compared with the single-source model, the multi-source fusion model MIN is improved by more than 20%, and the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches.

The title compounds, tetrabutylammonium chloride–1,1′-(1,2-phenylene)bis(3-m-tolylurea) (1/1), C16H36N+·Cl−·C22H22N4O2 or [(n-Bu4N+·Cl−)(C22H22N4O2)] (I) and tetrabutylammonium bromide–1,1′-(1,2-phenylene)bis(3-m-tolylurea) (1/1), C16H36N+·Br−·C22H22N4O2 or [(n-Bu4N+·Br−)(C22H22N4O2)] (II), both comprise a tetrabutylammonium cation, a halide anion and an ortho-phenylene bis-urea molecule. Each halide ion shows four N—H...X (X = Cl or Br) interactions with two urea receptor sites of different bis-urea moieties. A crystallographic inversion centre leads to the formation of a 2:2 arrangement of two halide anions and two bis-urea molecules. In the crystals, the dihedral angle between the two urea groups of the bis-urea molecule in (I) [defined by the four N atoms, 165.4 (2)°] is slightly smaller than that in (II) [167.4 (2)°], which is probably due to the smaller ionic radius of chloride compared to bromide.

Size-fractionated aerosols were collected by a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor at an urban site in Shanghai during the autumn and winter of 2014. The results showed that the average concentration of PM1.8 increased from 49 μg m−3 in autumn to 74 μg m−3 in winter. By contrast, the relative contribution of the water-soluble inorganic species decreased from 40% in autumn to 31% in winter. This finding suggests that the increase of organic matter (OM) greatly contributed to the deterioration of particle pollution in winter. Compared to autumn, the concentration of sulfate decreased whereas the concentration of NH4Cl increased significantly and became an important constituent of the fine particles in winter. The formation of nitrate in autumn became significant at [NH4+]/[SO42−] > 2, indicating that H2SO4 was fully neutralized by NH3 to form (NH4)2SO4. Our results showed that the regression between [NO3−]/[SO42−] and [NH4+]/[SO42−] drawn an unrealistic nitrate formation mechanism when the particulate NH4Cl was abundant. Replacing [NO3−] with {[NO3−]+[Cl−]} in the regression between [NO3−]/[SO42−] and [NH4+]/[SO42−], it is established that (NH4)2SO4 is preferentially formed before the excess available NH3 can react with HNO3 and HCl to form NH4NO3 and NH4Cl during wintertime. The concentrations of particulate sulfate and nitrate were not positively correlated with the ambient relative humidity, indicating that heterogeneous reactions on wet particles were not the key to haze formation in Shanghai during winter. Our results suggest that more studies are needed to understand the complex haze formation mechanisms in China. Keywords: Ammonium formation, Size distribution, Haze pollution, Yangtze River Delta

The prokaryotic Argonaute proteins (pAgos) have been reported to cleave or interfere with DNA targets in a guide-dependent or independent manner. It is often difficult to characterize pAgos in vivo due to the extreme environments favored by their hosts. In the present study, we expressed functional Thermus thermophilus pAgo (TtAgo) in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells at 37 °C. Initial attempts to express TtAgo in BL21(DE3) cells at 37 °C failed. This was not because of TtAgo mediated general toxicity to the host cells, but instead because of TtAgo-induced loss of its expression plasmid. We employed this discovery to establish a screening system for isolating loss-of-function mutants of TtAgo. The E. colifabI gene was used to help select for full-length TtAgo loss of function mutants, as overexpression of fabI renders the cell to be resistant to the triclosan. We isolated and characterized eight mutations in TtAgo that abrogated function. The ability of TtAgo to induce loss of its expression vector in vivo at 37 °C is an unreported function that is mechanistically different from its reported in vitro activity. These results shed light on the mechanisms by which TtAgo functions as a defense against foreign DNA invasion.

We establish the notion of augmented weak sharpness of solution sets for the variational inequality problems which can be abbreviated to VIPs. This notion of augmented weak sharpness is an extension of the weak sharpness of the solution set of monotone variational inequality, and it overcomes the defect of the solution set not satisfying the weak sharpness in many cases. Under the condition of the solution set being augmented weak sharp, we present a necessary and sufficient condition for finite convergence for feasible solution sequence of VIP. The result is an extension of published results, and the augmented weak sharpness also provides weaker sufficient conditions for the finite convergence of many optimization algorithms.

Inflammatory jaw bone diseases are common in stomatology, including periodontitis, peri-implantitis, medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, radiation osteomyelitis of the jaw, age-related osteoporosis, and other specific infections. These diseases may lead to tooth loss and maxillofacial deformities, severely affecting patients' quality of life. Over the years, the reconstruction of jaw bone deficiency caused by inflammatory diseases has emerged as a medical and socioeconomic challenge. Therefore, exploring the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases associated with jaw bones is crucial for improving prognosis and developing new targeted therapies. Accumulating evidence indicates that the integrated bone formation and dysfunction arise from complex interactions among a network of multiple cell types, including osteoblast-associated cells, immune cells, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. However, the role of these different cells in the inflammatory process and the 'rules' with which they interact are still not fully understood. Although many investigations have focused on specific pathological processes and molecular events in inflammatory jaw diseases, few articles offer a perspective of integration. Here, we review the changes and mechanisms of various cell types in inflammatory jaw diseases, with the hope of providing insights to drive future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]