1. Unraveling the modified mechanism of ruthenium substitution on Na3V2(PO4)3 with superior rate capability and ultralong cyclic performance.
- Author
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Shi, Hongen, Guo, Li, and Chen, Yanjun
- Subjects
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RUTHENIUM , *SODIUM ions , *X-ray diffraction , *ION channels , *SODIUM channels , *STRUCTURAL stability - Abstract
[Display omitted] • A simultaneous modified Ru3+ and CNTs enwrapped Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 /C system is synthesized. • Ru3+ doping ensures the feasibility of replacing V3+ to expand the migration channel of Na+ and stabilizes structure. • Ex-situ XRD analysis at different SOC reveals that the sodium storage mechanism of Ru3+ doped Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3. • Ex-situ XRD/SEM/CV/EIS after cycling indicate improved kinetic characteristics and enhanced structural stability. • The modified Na 3 V 1.96 Ru 0.04 (PO 4) 3 /C@CNTs reveals superior rate capability and ultralong cyclic performance. Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 (NVP) is an ideal cathode material for sodium ion battery due to its stable three-dimensional frame structure and high operating voltage. However, the low intrinsic conductivity and serious structural collapse limit its further application. In this work, a simultaneous optimized Na 3 V 1.96 Ru 0.04 (PO 4) 3 /C@CNTs cathode material is synthesized by a simple sol–gel method. Specifically, the ionic radius of Ru3+ is slightly larger than that of V3+ (0.68 Å vs 0.64 Å), which not only ensures the feasibility of Ru3+ replacing V3+ site, but also appropriately expands the migration channel of sodium ions in NVP and stabilizes the structure, effectively improving the diffusion efficiency of sodium ions. Moreover, CNTs construct a three-dimensional conductive network between the grains, reducing the impedance at the interface and effectively improving the electronic conductivity. Ex-situ XRD analysis at different SOC were performed to determine the change in the crystal structure of Ru3+doped Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 , and the refinement results simultaneously demonstrate the relatively low volume shrinkage value of less than 3 % during the de-intercalation process, further verifying the stabilized crystal construction after Ru3+ substitution. Furthermore, the ex-situ XRD/SEM/CV/EIS after cycling indicate the significantly improved kinetic characteristics and enhanced structural stability. Notably, the modified Na 3 V 1.96 Ru 0.04 (PO 4) 3 /C@CNTs reveals superior rate capability and ultralong cyclic performance. It submits high capacities of 82.3/80.9 mAh g−1 at 80/120C and maintains 71.3/59.6 mAh g−1 after 14800/6250 cycles, indicating excellent retention ratios of 86.6 % and 73.6 %, respectively. This work provides a multi-modification strategy for the realization of high-performance cathode materials, which can be widely applied in the optimization of various materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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