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For vocational school students, career maturity is an important part of the curriculum. The evaluation of career maturity can be done using a questionnaire. The existing career maturity instruments of CMI and revised CMI show low internal consistency. This research aims to develop new instruments for measuring career maturity. The instrument consists of a 20-item Career Maturity Questionnaire and is constructed based on the theory of vocational career maturity. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to examine the measurement property of the new questionnaire. The results of the analysis show that the construct consists of three factors deriving from four factors of the vocational career maturity theory. Two factors are consistent with the vocational career maturity theory. The last factor is found to be the combination of career planning and self-concept. The Indonesian vocational career maturity comprises three factors (1) Career Planning and Self Concept, (2) Career Decision Making and (3) Career Exploration. The questionnaire contains sixteen items giving the required factor loadings. Further research can investigate the concurrent validity of the instrument. Keywords: career maturity, vocational school, exploratory factor analysis, development, validation

This paper aims to dispel the confusion of students related to the knowledge of Rasm and Dhabt al-Quran among students of the Institute of Teacher Education, Sultan Mizan Campus.The confusion arises when they are unable to distinguish between the two disciplines of the Qur'an, namely, writing (rasm) and punctuation (dhabt). This paper solely focuses on the principle of al-hazf, which is one of the five principles in the method of Rasm Uthmani as agreed upon by scholars today. The sample of this study was selected based on the principle of purposive sampling, that is, a sample that is believed to be able to answer the research questions well. The results show that there is no difference in terms of writing in the two mashafs because each was written in accordance with the principles and methods of Rasm Uthmani. However, it is noted that there are differences in terms of punctuation in the two mashafs. The punctuation differences were employed to meet the needs of the readership where the Quran was printed and according to current development then. Tulisan ini bermatlamat merungkai kekeliruan para pelajar berkaitan ilmu Rasm dan Dhabt al-Quran dalam kalangan pelajar Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Sultan Mizan. Kekeliruan tersebut timbul apabila mereka tidak dapat membezakan di antara dua disiplin ilmu al-Quran iaitu, tulisan (rasm) dan tanda bacaan (dhabt). Tulisan ini hanya memfokuskan kepada prinsip al-hazf, iaitu salah satu daripada lima prinsip dalam kaedah Rasm Uthmani sebagaimana yang disepakati oleh ulama pada masa kini. Sampel kajian ini dipilih berdasarkan prinsip pensampelan bertujuan, iaitu sampel yang diyakini boleh menjawab persoalan kajian ini dengan baik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan dari segi tulisan dalam kedua-dua mashaf kerana masing-masing ditulis menepati prinsip dan kaedah Rasm Uthmani. Manakala terdapat perbezaan dari segi tanda baca di dalam kedua-dua mashaf. Perbezaan tanda baca berkenaan dilakukan bagi memenuhi keperluan masyarakat pembaca di tempat al-Quran itu dicetak dan mengikut perkembangan semasa.

The Malaysian OA live mainly a traditional life of forest gathering. Over the decades, the Malaysian government relocated them, exposing them to lifestyle changes. This study investigated the prevalence of MetS among translocated Temiar OA. The objectives were to compare the prevalence and associated risks with other OA and Malaysian studies to inform authorities of the unintended consequences of translocation. This was a cross-sectional study of a resettled Temiar community in Kelantan. The study involved a simple random sampling of 123 resettled Temiar individuals. MetS was diagnosed on a modified NCEP ATP III Guidelines. Anthropometric, dietary, and biochemical information were gathered. Differences were determined using independent t tests for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables. The associations between variables were determined using binary logistic regression. MetS occurred in 39.8% of the subjects. They were younger adults, with a mean age of 38.6 years. Age, BMI, BP, serum adiponectin, and serum resistin predicted MetS development in this population. The prevalence of MetS was higher than reported figures for other OA and ethnic groups in Malaysia with an apparent younger onset. Associated (risk) factors are discussed.

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (Classroom Action Researsch) yang bertujuan untuk Mengetahui Apakah Penerapan Pembelajaran Berbasis Job Sheet Dapat Meningkatkan Keterampilan Memfrais CNC (CNC Milling Skill) Siswa Kelas XII SMK Negeri 5 Makassar. Subyek penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas XII Teknik Pemesinan SMK Negeri 5 Makassar tahun pelajaran 2019/2020 dengan jumlah 24 peserta didik. Siklus satu dilaksanakan 4 kali pertemuan dilanjutkan pada siklus II dilaksanakan 4 kali pertemuan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah melalui tes praktik sesuai dengan job sheet yang diberikan sebelumnya pada setiap siklus dan observasi langsung pelaksanaan tindakan. Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan adanya peningkatan keterampilan peserta didik secara kuantitatif, peningkatan ini terlihat pada skor rata–rata hasil praktik peserta didik pada siklus I adalah 73.91 dan kemudian meningkat menjadi 85.29 pada siklus II, Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa melalui pembelajaran berbasis job sheet dapat meningkatkan keterampilan memfrais CNC (CNC milling skill) siswa kelas XII SMK Negeri 5 Makassar.

Opioids, amphetamines, and other types of substances have been widely abused around the world. Opioid dependence and tolerance are two distinct phenomena that have been associated with substance abuse issues. The management of its adverse consequences is becoming more challenging. More and more people are treated in Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) program yet the issues are still unresolved. Researchers are continuing to study the best formulation in treating opioid dependent people starting with modern and alternative drug therapies. Since 2008 , thymoquinone (TQ) has been extensively studied by researchers around the world and has emerged to be a new potential drug candidate in managing substance abuse issues. Thus, the aim of this article is to review the effects that TQ may have on opioid dependent subjects and other abused substances such as amphetamine may have been studied. All of the articles from 2008 until 2019 involving the effects of TQ on substance abuse from Google Scholar®, Scopus®, and Pubmed® databases have been searched and reviewed. The keywords used were thymoquinone, opioid dependence, amphetamine, and Nigella sativa. The research results also have been discussed in this article. Based on the research conducted, TQ was effective in reducing the adverse health consequences associated with substance abuse such as withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, and cell damages. It is concluded that TQ could be a potential drug that can be complemented with the currently available drugs in substance abuse therapies.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kematangan vokasional dan hard-skils terhadap kesiapan kerja siswa kelas xi kompetensi keahlian teknik pengelasan SMKN 2 Pare-pare. Variable bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah kematangan vokasional dan hard skils serta variable terikatnya adalah kesiapan kerja. Populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas xi kompetensi keahlian Teknik pengelasan SMKN 2 Pare-pare. Peneliti menggunakan bantuan aplikasi SPSS V. 25 dalam analisis data dengan taraf signifikan 5% untuk melihat besarnya pengaruh variable bebas terhadap variable terikat Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1)tidak terdapat pengaruh kematangan vokasional terhadap kesiapan kerja ditunjukkan dengan r x1y 0,026 dan r2 x1y 0,001. Hal tersebut menyatakan bahwa besar pengaruh kematangan vokasional terhadap kesiapan kerja sebesar 0,01 %. (2)terdapat pengaruh positif Hard-skils terhadap kesiapan kerja ditunjukkan dengan r x1y 0,543 dan r2 x1y 0,295. Hal tersebut menyatakan bahwa hard-skils berpengaruh terhadap kesiapan kerja sebesar 29,5 %. (3) terdapat pengaruh positif kematangan vokasional dan hard-skils secara simultan terhadap kesiapan kerja ditunjukkan dengan R y(1,2) 0,580, R2 y(1,2)0,273. Hal tersebut menyatakan bahwa kematangan vokasional dan hard-skils mempunyai pengaruh secara simultan terhadap kesiapan kerja sebesar 27,3% sedangkan sisanya sebanyak 72,7 % dipengaruhi oleh variable lain yang tidak bahas dalam penelitian ini.

Penelitian ini adalah Kuantitaf Deskriptif Inferensial yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bahan ajar daring terhadap prestasi belajar siswa terhadap mata pelajaran gambar teknik,. Indikator untuk variable bahan ajar daring adalah materi dan metode. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMKN 4 Soppeng dengan sampel kelas X otomotif 1 yang berjumlah 30 siswa dan kelas otomotif 2 yang berjumlah 30 siswa jadi jumlah keseluruhan sampel adalah 60 siswa. Alat pengumpul data berupa angket dan dokumentasi nilai prestasi belajar. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi linear sederhana dengan bantuan aplikasi SPSS. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu pengaruh bahan ajar daring terhadap prestasi belajar siswa kelas X pada mata pelajaran gambar teknik di SMKN 4 Soppeng berpengaruh positif dengan pengaruh sebesar 53% sedangkan sisanya 46% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.

Sistem registrasi akun Office 365 UPT TIK Center UNM adalah sebuah sistem penunjang distribusi akun Office 365 untuk mahasiswa, dosen, serta pegawai UNM di lingkungan Universitas Negeri Makassar. Sistem ini diharapkan bisa memudahkan admin memvalidasi data-data mahasiswa, dosen, serta pegawai UNM yang melakukan registrasi untuk mendapatkan akun Office 365. Office 365 merupakan layanan berlangganan office berbasis cloud yang menggabungkan peralatan terbaik untuk memudahkan berbagai macam pekerjaan anda. Dengan menggabungkan aplikasi terbaik di kelasnya misalnya Excel dan Outlook dengan layanan cloud yang canggih seperti OneDrive dan Office Teams, Office 365 memungkinkan anda untuk bisa berbagi dan menghasilkan banyak hal di mana saja, kapan saja pada semua perangkat mobile maupun desktop yang anda gunakan. Microsoft Office 365 menyertakan Office Online (Word, PowerPoint, Excel, dan OneNote), penyimpanan OneDrive tak terbatas, situs SharePoint, dan Yammer. Universitas Negeri Makassar yang sudah bekerjasama dengan microsoft mengizinkan pengajar dan mahasiswanya untuk menggunakan layanan Office 365 sacara gratis, denagn menginstal aplikasi Office full version secara gratis hingga di 5 PC atau Mac. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun sebuah sistem registrasi dan adminstrasi untuk mendapat akun Office 365 .Selain itu untuk melihat efisensi dan efektifitas kerja pengelolaan pelayanan yang disediakan oleh pihak universitas dan proses pengembangan sistem informasi ini menggunakan metode pengembangan waterfall, menggunakan DFD untuk mendokumentasikan, menspesifikasikan dan memodelkan sistem. Diimplemntasi menggunakan bahasa pemograman PHP dengan dukungan Jquery, Javascript dan databases MYSQL diatas Freamwork Codeigneter serta software pendukung lainnya. Tahapan pengembangan menggunakan metode waterfall terdiri atas 5 tahapan yaitu tahap analisis kebutuhan sistem, tahap desain sistem, tahap pengodean sistem, tahap pengujian sistem, dan tahap penerapan dan pemeliharaan sistem. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan akan mengahasilkan sebuah sistem registrasi akun Office 365. Dengan implementasi Sistem regitrasi ini, proses distribusi dan validasi akun Office 365 akan tepat sasaran serta efektif dan efisien.

Background Methadone is widely used to treat opiate addiction, in particular heroin. Proper administration via drug optimisation is the only way to achieve net clinical outcomes. Aims This is an observational cross-sectional study, sought to observe the clinical response to a methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) program. Methods Setting: Four treatment clinics in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Patients and methods: One-hundred and twenty-two methadone patients. Their demographic characteristics, medical history, methadone doses, duration in the program, and compliance rates were recorded. Main outcome measures: The opiate withdrawal scale was used to assess the severity of withdrawal symptoms. Results The mean methadone dose was 50mg (range, 20–160mg). The minimum recorded duration in the MMT program was three months, the maximum was 40 months, and the mean was seven months. 90 per cent of the patients were addicted to multiple substances; of those, 70 per cent were addicted to three or more substances. Many patients reported cravings and seeking behaviours while on methadone. Conclusion Gradual increments in methadone doses are relatively safe, but patients should be monitored daily. Doses should be increased to control withdrawal symptoms. Despite optimal dosing, cravings and drug-seeking behaviours may not be controlled in some patients, and an alternative to methadone may be an option.

Introduction: Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) is one of the dopamine receptors that have been studied in relation to opioid dependence. It is possible, therefore, that DRD2 gene (DRD2) polymorphisms influence treatment outcomes of patients with opioid dependence. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of DRD2 polymorphisms on the clinical outcomes of opioid-dependent patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). Materials and Methods: Patients with opioid dependence (n = 148) were recruited from MMT clinics. Pain sensitivity, severity of the opiate withdrawal syndrome, and sleep quality were assessed using cold pressor test (CPT), Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS-M), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)-Malay, respectively. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from whole blood, and then was used for genotyping of Val96Ala, Leu141Leu, Val154Ile, Pro310Ser, Ser311Cys, TaqI A, -141C Ins/Del, and A-241G polymorphisms. Results: Among 148 patients, 8.1% (n = 12), 60.8% (n = 90), 27.7% (n = 41), and 29.1% (n = 43) had at least one risk allele for Ser311Cys, TaqI A, -141C Ins/Del, and A-241G polymorphisms, respectively. There were no significant differences in pain responses (pain threshold, tolerance, and intensity), SOWS, and PSQI scores between DRD2 polymorphisms. Conclusion: The common DRD2 polymorphisms are not associated with pain sensitivity, severity of the opiate withdrawal syndrome, and sleep quality in patients with opioid dependence on MMT. However, this may be unique for Malays. Additional research should focus on investigating these findings in larger samples and different ethnicity.

Methadone is a morphine-substitute drug in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program to treat patients with opioid dependency. However, the methadone clinical effects are depending on the methadone metabolism rates that vary among the patients with genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450s (CYPs). Our previous study showed methadone has different binding affinity due to the polymorphisms in CYP2B6, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 that could contribute to the methadone metabolism rate. In this work, the conformation and interactions of R- and S-methadone in wild type CYP2B6, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 were further studied in order to understand behaviour of R- and S-methadone at the CYP binding site. Clustering analysis showed that the conformation of R- and S-methadone in CYP2B6 are most stable, thus could lead to a higher efficiency of methadone metabolism. The conformation fluctuation of methadone in CYP2D6 could due to relatively smaller binding pocket compared with CYP2B6 and CYP3A4. The binding sites volumes of the studied CYPs were also found to be increased upon the binding with methadone. Therefore, this might contributed to the interactions of both R- and S-methadone in CYPs were mainly by hydrophobic contacts, van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. In the future, should an inhibitor for CYP is to be designed to prolong the prolonged opioid effect, the inhibitor should cater for single CYP isozyme as this study observed the behavioural differences of methadone in CYP isozymes. Graphical Abstract

Background: Endogenous and exogenous opioids are substrates of the permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter, which is encoded by the ABCB1 (MDR1) gene. Genetic polymorphisms of ABCB1 may contribute to interindividual differences in pain modulation and analgesic responses. We investigated the relationship between ABCB1 polymorphisms and cold pain sensitivity among healthy males. Methods: Cold pain responses, including pain threshold and pain tolerance, were measured using the cold-pressor test (CPT). DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyped for ABCB1 polymorphisms, including c.1236C>T (rs1128503), c.2677G>T/A (rs2032582), and c.3435C>T (rs1045642), using the allelic discrimination real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: A total of 152 participants were recruited in this observational study. Frequencies of mutated allele for c.1236C>T, c.2677G>T/A, and c.3435C>T polymorphisms were 56.6%, 49.7%, and 43.4%, respectively. Our results revealed an association of the CGC/CGC diplotype (c.1236C>T, c.2677G>T/A, and c.3435C>T) with cold pain sensitivity. Participants with the CGC/CGC diplotype had 90% and 72% higher cold pain thresholds (87.62 seconds vs. 46.19 seconds, P = 0.010) and cold pain tolerances (97.24 seconds vs. 56.54 seconds, P = 0.021), respectively, when compared with those without the diplotype. Conclusion: The CGC/CGC diplotype of ABCB1 polymorphisms was associated with variability in cold pain threshold and pain tolerance in healthy males.

Introduction: Methadone is accepted as an alternative therapy in opioid use disorders worldwide. Methadone responsiveness, however, is affected by a range of CYP450 enzymes and OPRM1 polymorphisms. Objective: This study sought to detect CYP2B6 and OPRM1 variants and their genotypes, as major contributors to inter-variability in methadone responsiveness and methadone dose requirements. Methods: We carried out a prospective experimental one-phase pharmacogenetic study in four addiction clinics in Malaysia. Patients on stable methadone maintenance therapy were recruited. The prevalence of the CYP2B6 and OPRM1 polymorphisms was determined using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by genotyping. A two-step multiplex PCR method was developed to simultaneously detect the 26 SNPs in these two genes. Results: 120 males were recruited for this study. The patients were between 21and 59 years old, although the majority of the patients were in their 30s. C64T and G15631T in CYP2B6and G31A, G691C, and A118G in OPRM1 were found to be polymorphic, and the allelic frequencies of each were calculated. We further detected eight new haplotypes. Conclusion: C64T and G15631T in CYP2B6and G31A, G691C, and A118G in OPRM1were found to be polymorphic. The new haplotypes may give a new insight on methadone clinics.

The chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of the crude extracts of Thai basil (Ocimum basilicum) were investigated. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones and tannins in the crude extracts of Ocimum basilicum. GC-TOFMS (Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) analysis indicated the presence of sequiterpenoids, diterpene alcohol, fatty methyl esters (linoleic acid, gamma linoleic acid, arachidonic acid). Total phenolic components of the crude extracts was found to be 45.38 ± 0.66 mg gallic acid equivalents/g which was determined by Folinciocalteu method. The DPPH (2,2diphenyl-1-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) radical scavenging activity was found to increase with increasing concentrations, it was found to be 73.75% with IC50 values of 22 μg/ml. The highest antioxidant activity may be due to the presence of flavonoids which has the scavenging potential by reducing the free radicals. Fatty acid methyl esters are proven to possess antimicrobial, ant...

This research is a class action research (Classroom Action research) which aims to improve learning outcomes of Mechanical Engineering Basic Knowledge (PDTM) for students of SMK Negeri I, South Sulawesi Province. The object of this research is the students of class XI of Las Teknik I of South Sulawesi Province, totaling 24 students. The data collection technique used is through the provision of tests at the end of each cycle in accordance with the material taught earlier in each cycle and direct observation of action implementation. The results of this study identified an increase in student learning outcomes quantitatively, this increase was seen in the average score of student learning outcomes in class XI of Las Teknik I of South Sulawesi Province, for the welding class. In the first class welding test of 65 increased in the first cycle of 71.45 which then continued with the action of the second cycle of 77.71. In welding class 2 the initial test results obtained 65.38 increased in the first cycle to 71.75 and in the second cycle increased with 77.5 test results. welding class 3 preliminary test obtained 69.64 increased in cycle 2 by 75.18 then in the second cycle obtained results increased 81.07 Qualitatively there was a change in the activeness and attention of students during the implementation of the action namely increasing student activity in doing assignments, fostering student courage in expressing opinions, as well as the creation of a favorable learning process condition for students of SMK Negeri I of South Sulawesi.

Opioidergic system involves in regulation of sleep and wakefulness. It is possible, therefore, that genetic polymorphisms in OPRM1 influence sleep quality. This study investigated the association of OPRM1 polymorphisms with subjective sleep quality among opioid-naive individuals. This cross-sectional observational study involved 161 opioid-naive males (mean age = 27.74 years; range: 18−63 years). Subjective sleep quality was assessed with the translated and validated Malay version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). DNA was extracted from whole blood and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-genotyping for two OPRM1 polymorphisms (118A>G and IVS2+691G>C). Subjects with combined 118A and IVS2+691G alleles (AC haplotype) had significantly lower PSQI scores [mean (SD) = 4.29 (1.76)] compared to those without the haplotype [4.99 (2.50)] (p = 0.004). On the other hand, subjects with combined heterozygous genotype (GC/AG diplotype) had significantly higher PSQI scores compared to those without the diplotype [6.04 (2.48) vs 4.54 (2.22), p = 0.004]. In opioid-naive individuals, AC haplotype and GC/AG diplotype for the 118A>G and IVS2+691G>C polymorphisms of OPRM1 are associated with better and poorer sleep quality, respectively.

Hyperalgesia is a common clinical phenomenon among opioid dependent patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) and it may be associated with undertreated pain and/or therapeutic failure. This study aimed to investigate association between serum methadone concentration (SMC) and cold pressor pain responses. Cold pressor pain responses in 147 opioid dependent patients on MMT were assessed using cold pressor test (CPT) at 0 h and at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after the dose intake. Blood samples were collected at 24 h after the dose. Serum methadone concentrations were measured using the Methadone ELISA kit and classified into two categories: < 400 ng/mL and ≥ 400 ng/mL. Eighty-eight patients (59.9%) had trough concentrations of < 400 ng/mL and 40.1% had trough concentrations of ≥ 400 ng/mL. There were significant effects of SMC on the cold pressor pain threshold (p = 0.019). Patients with concentrations < 400 ng/mL had significantly higher (almost 60% higher) cold pressor pain threshold (adjusted mean (95% CI) = 30.15 (24.29, 36.01) s) compared to those with concentrations of ≥ 400 ng/mL (18.93 (11.77, 26.08) seconds). There was also a 20% difference in pain tolerance, and 6% difference in cold pressor pain intensity score, neither of which were significant statistically (p > 0.05). Our results suggest an association of trough methadone concentration with the cold pressor pain threshold among opioid dependent patients on MMT. It would be useful to study the mechanisms underlying this association to help managing pain in such a population.

Background: In Southeast Asia and many parts of the world, herbal products are increasingly used in parallel with modern medicine. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of herbs commonly used in Southeast Asia on activity of cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8), an important human hepatic enzyme in drug metabolism. Materials and Methods: The selected herbs, such as Eurycoma longifolia Jack (ELJ), Labisia pumila (LP), Echinacea purpurea (EP), Andrographis paniculata (AP), and Ginkgo biloba (GB), were subjected to inhibition studies using an in vitro CYP2C8 activity marker, amodiaquine N-desethylase assay. Inhibition parameters, inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50), and Ki values were determined to study the potency and mode of inhibition. Results: All herbs inhibited CYP2C8 with the following order of potency: LP > ELJ > GB > AP > EP. LP and ELJ inhibited potently at Ki's of 2 and 4 times the Ki of quercetin, the positive control. The inhibition by LP was uncompetitive in nature as compared to competitive or mixed type inhibition observed with other herbs. GB exhibited moderate inhibitory effect at a Ki6 times larger than quercetin Ki. AP and EP, on the other hand, showed only weak inhibition. Conclusion: The herbs we chose represented the more commonly used herbs in Southeast Asia where collision of tradition and modernization in healthcare, if not properly managed, may lead to therapeutic misadventures. We conclude that concurrent consumption of some herbs, in particular, LP and ELJ, may have relevance in drug-herb interactions via CYP2C8 inhibition in vivo. SUMMARY Herbs are increasingly used in parallel with modern medicines nowadays. In this study five commonly used herbs in Southeast Asia region, ELJ, LP, EP, AP and GB, were investigated for their in vitro inhibitory potency on CYP2C8, an important drug-metaboliz-ing human hepatic enzyme. All herbs inhibited CYP2C8 activity marker, amodiaquine N-desethylation, with potency order of LP > ELJ > GB >AP > EP. LP, ELJ and GB exhibited Ki values of 2, 4 and 6 times the Ki of quercetin, the positive control, indicating potent to moderate degree of enzyme inhibition. AP and EP, on the other hand, showed only weak inhibition. In summary, concurrent consumption of some herbs especially LP and ELJ may have relevance in drug-herb interactions via CYP2C8 inhibition in vivo. Abbreviations Used: AQ: Amodiaquine, AP: Andrographis paniculata, CYP: Cytochrome P450, DEAQ: Desethylamodiaquine, EP: Echinacea purpurea, ELJ: Eurycoma longifolia Jack, GB: Ginkgo biloba, Ki: Inhibition constant, LP: Labisia pumila, Vmax: Maximal velocity, Km: Michaelis-Menten constant.