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Rural infrastructure is an important foundation for achieving sustainable rural development. To effectively formulate policies for rural infrastructure, it is crucial to evaluate the benefits of rural infrastructure investment (RII) using a systematic method. This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of the income-increasing effect of RII from a multidimensional perspective, and provide a reference for developing countries to adjust and improve rural infrastructure policies. For this purpose, this study has utilized 15 years of data in China to analyze the income-increasing effect of RII from three dimensions: structure, spatiality, and heterogeneity. The results indicate that (1) in terms of structure, both living infrastructure investment (LII) and production infrastructure investment (PII) promote wage income. PII has an increasing effect on non-wage income, but the increasing effect of LII on non-wage income is not evident. Meanwhile, the income-increasing effect of RII for high-income groups is larger than that for low-income groups. (2) In terms of spatiality, RII has a spatial spillover effect, which increases villagers' income in neighboring areas. From the perspective of spatial effect decomposition, the indirect effect of RII even exceeds the direct effect. (3) In terms of heterogeneity, the increase in the level of job-related migration inhibits the income-increasing effect of LII but promotes the income-increasing effect of PII; the improvement of the education level promotes the income-increasing effect of LII but inhibits the income-increasing effect of PII. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the challenges and constraints of economic development in Afghanistan's rural areas and to propose solutions to overcome these obstacles. Rural economic development in Afghanistan faces significant challenges due to infrastructure deficiencies, financial and social limitations, and high rates of labor migration to urban areas. In this regard, the study seeks to analyze these inhibiting factors and provide practical, policy-oriented solutions to improve the economic conditions of Afghanistan's rural communities. This research utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and quantitative surveys from various groups, including farmers, small business owners, and local officials in several rural regions of Afghanistan. The data were analyzed through content analysis and statistical methods. Findings indicate that the primary challenges to economic development in these areas include a lack of infrastructure, insufficient financial facilities, and limited access to technical and vocational training. Additionally, the results suggest that support for small businesses, infrastructure development, and vocational training could significantly improve rural economic conditions. This research not only offers policy recommendations for government institutions and development organizations but also adds to the theoretical literature on rural economic development in Afghanistan, potentially serving as a guide for effective, localized policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen Sistem Informasi (JEMSI) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rural infrastructure is fundamental to rural development in developing countries. Yet, rural governments endure heavier fiscal constraints than their urban counterparts. Thus, the capacity of rural residents to subsidize infrastructure supply is critical to facilitating provision. While this capability has increased, the willingness of rural inhabitants to absorb cost burdens remains low. However, the factors impacting willingness remains unexamined. This study addresses this deficiency by identifying influencing factors through the lens of "public goods theory." A field survey of 266 rural Chinese residents is conducted. Results reveal that opinions on affordability are shaped by government policy, perceptions of equitable burden-sharing, and group behavior. Situational cognition plays an important intermediary role in affecting rural residents' willingness. The "free-rider effect" is also confirmed as a factor. The findings of this study offer strategies for increasing the affordability of rural infrastructure investment in developing countries by raising the pay-for-use willingness of beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's 65% population resides in rural regions, making these places the heart and soul of the nation. These regions, along with their residents and houses, serve as a reflection of the nation. Previous researchers have described rural houses in social and humanities literature, but their observations have mostly been descriptive rather than analytical. Therefore, conducting a thorough analytical investigation is necessary to fully understand the mental image that people currently have of rural houses. This study aims to develop a theoretical framework for the typology of rural houses and identify the aspects that contribute to a thorough understanding of housing in rural India. The current state of rural houses must be examined as they are changing from traditional to modern architecture. The research study area was selected, Lakhan Village in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. In this village, fieldwork was carried out to determine the types and characteristics of long-established houses. A simple random sampling method was employed to collect the data, and the sample size was determined using the Cochrane formula. The authors' extensive professional first-hand experience in rural houses in Uttar Pradesh integrates with theoretical and analytical analysis in this research. The study sheds light on the development of rural houses in Lakhan Village and highlights several elements that have an impact on a house's overall imageability. It includes recommendations for future growth, gives an in-depth understanding of how rural housing has developed in India, and discusses the reasons that have influenced that development. The study's conclusion highlights the significance of utilizing a holistic strategy to address the challenges with rural housing. The findings of this study will be helpful to researchers, policymakers, and other officials involved in constructing rural houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, rural areas are essential economic focal points for improving rural livelihoods and reducing the life quality gaps between urban and rural areas. To that extent, rural assets and resources, such as agricultural, entrepreneurial, business, and tourism, along with rural infrastructure and service centres, become important elements to further explore and assess for synergising rural change towards a modern approach. To our knowledge, no attempt has been made to assess rural development progress based on the transition towards a modern rural approach. Inspired by this, the study aims to offer a Malaysia modern rural ranking index, the Malaysia Assessment Measure for Modern Rural Development (MAMRD)--a missing link approach for assessing rural development progress towards a modern rural system. The MAMRD was validated based on focus group discussions (FGDs) on three case studies and finally constructed on the three dimension-objectives measure, comprising 13 criteria groups and 141 criteria, to rank a village in a MAMRD star rating index. Using the MAMRD for the rural assessment is reliable for assessing the rural performance towards the future niches of rural development in Malaysia--rural resilient-liveability-and-smart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural infrastructure is an important foundation for achieving sustainable rural development. To effectively formulate policies for rural infrastructure, it is crucial to evaluate the benefits of rural infrastructure investment (RII) using a systematic method. This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of the income-increasing effect of RII from a multidimensional perspective, and provide a reference for developing countries to adjust and improve rural infrastructure policies. For this purpose, this study has utilized 15 years of data in China to analyze the income-increasing effect of RII from three dimensions: structure, spatiality, and heterogeneity. The results indicate that (1) in terms of structure, both living infrastructure investment (LII) and production infrastructure investment (PII) promote wage income. PII has an increasing effect on non-wage income, but the increasing effect of LII on non-wage income is not evident. Meanwhile, the income-increasing effect of RII for high-income groups is larger than that for low-income groups. (2) In terms of spatiality, RII has a spatial spillover effect, which increases villagers’ income in neighboring areas. From the perspective of spatial effect decomposition, the indirect effect of RII even exceeds the direct effect. (3) In terms of heterogeneity, the increase in the level of job-related migration inhibits the income-increasing effect of LII but promotes the income-increasing effect of PII; the improvement of the education level promotes the income-increasing effect of LII but inhibits the income-increasing effect of PII.

The coordinated development of rural infrastructure and ecological environment is an effective way to improve agricultural productivity. The primary focus of the current research is how the two can work together to promote regional economic development in rural areas and in related fields. This study takes the western region as the research object, constructs an evaluation index system for rural infrastructure and ecological environment, and uses the Min-max Scaling method, coupling coordination model, gray GM (1, 1) model, and standard deviation elliptical model for evaluation. The trends and driving factors for the coordinated development of rural infrastructure and ecological coupling in the region from 2012 to 2021 are analyzed. The main results are as follows: (1) Except for Tibet, Qinghai, and Ningxia, the coupling degree of rural infrastructure and the ecological environment in western China reached the maximum level during the research period, also the coordination degree showed a gradual upward trend. (2) A prediction for the development and evolution of rural infrastructure and the ecological environment in western China indicates a trend of agglomerative development in the southern region. (3) By strengthening the construction of reservoirs, improving sanitary conditions, improving cultivated land use area and forest coverage, and controlling soil erosion, the coordinated development of the two can be effectively promoted. The purpose of this study is to promote the sustainable and coordinated development of rural infrastructure and ecological environment, and to provide a reference for policy formulation in the relevant sectors and other countries and regions with similar situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is becoming fundamental to development as it plays a very crucial role in securing economy, improving income distribution and enhancing social progress. However, there are numerous challenges militating against formal education in several rural areas of Nigeria. In view of these, the potential gaps, constraints, and needs of rural education will be discussed in this paper. In particular, this paper will address issues associated with demand and supply of rural educators, educators' development, cu ltural context of education, and rural education environment. It will also explore the future trend and channel possible course of actions for rural education, with measures to help ensure proper rural education, and safeguard against possible problems which may emanate from the rural educators. It will as well deal with the issue of creating an enabling environment for rural education. Secondary data would be examined and analysed for further recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large portion of the world's rural population has limited access to paved roads, which is widely believed to constrain rural economic growth opportunities. Using a panel of nighttime lights and road placement data from the Integrated Road Investment Program (iRoad), a large-scale rural road development program in Sri Lanka, this study examines the relationship between rural road connectivity and local nighttime luminosity. The program was found to result in better and more consistent rural road conditions. Rural areas with improved connectivity after two years show higher local nighttime luminosity, a proxy for economic activity, compared to areas without connectivity. These gains hold even for indirectly targeted rural areas where the iRoad passes through. The gains vary spatially, which are most pronounced in areas at a moderate distance to socioeconomic centers and with more adequate complementary infrastructure provisions. These findings support the notion that improving rural connectivity can ease development constraints, increase resilience in managing negative economic shocks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and contribute to post-pandemic economic recovery. The findings also lend to the idea that targeted placements based on the beneficiary's location and complementary infrastructure (e.g., educational and medical facilities) can enhance the effectiveness of rural road investments. An intensive margin analysis suggests that post-construction maintenance is effective in bringing about sustained impact. • Using data from a large-scale rural road program in Sri Lanka, we study the relationship between rural connectivity and local economic activity. • The rural road program was found to result in better and more consistent rural road conditions. • Rural areas with improved connectivity after two years show higher local nighttime luminosity compared to areas without connectivity. • The gains vary spatially, which are most pronounced in areas at a moderate distance to socioeconomic centers and with more complementary infrastructure. • The findings lend to the idea that targeted placements can enhance the effectiveness of rural road investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper attempts to find the impact of the rural infrastructural facilities on agricultural growth in India. It analyzes the trends in rural infrastructure variables and value of output from agriculture sector over the study period 1990-19 to 2017-18. Compound annual growth rates (CAGR) have been worked out to find the changes in area, production and yield of agriculture output. To investigate the relationship between infrastructure variables and value of agricultural output the regression analysis has been used. In present study the rural infrastructure includes irrigation facilities, fertilizer consumption, primary agricultural credit societies, electric supply, agricultural markets, and road network in rural areas. Study finds that there is significant impact of irrigation, fertilizer consumption, credit, regulated agricultural markets and road infrastructure on agricultural output. The impact of electric pump, tractors and village electrification has not found statistically significant. It implies that infrastructure facility like roads, irrigation and electricity have a more direct effect on agriculture growth than personal infrastructure like electrical pumps and tractors. This finding validates the conclusion regarding positive and significant relationship between rural infrastructure and agriculture growth in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the distribution characteristics and differences of China's provincial rural infrastructure construction levels from the temporal and spatial evolution perspective. Based on the Statistical Yearbook, an evaluation index system for the development level of rural infrastructure construction was established. The level of rural infrastructure development in different provinces is calculated. The following conclusions can be drawn through the analysis of the calculation results and the spatiotemporal evolution images. First, China's rural infrastructure construction level has been continuously improving. However, the contribution ratio of various infrastructures in the overall construction level has changed from similar to unbalanced, and there is a trend toward further expansion. Second, the spatial distribution of China's rural infrastructure development level presents a ladderlike pattern of high in the east and low in the west, and the gap is gradually narrowing. Third, economic development level, policy promotion, and regional resource advantages are the main driving factors for the level of rural infrastructure construction. It is beneficial to provide a path to analyze the level of rural infrastructure construction and guide many developing countries to control critical driving factors and promote high-quality rural infrastructure development. Rural infrastructure is an integral part of promoting rural development. However, many developing countries still have problems, such as inadequate construction and unbalanced regional development. Clarifying the construction level and distribution characteristics of rural infrastructure is the basis for solving the above problems. Therefore, this work selected China as its case study and constructed a framework for evaluating the level of rural infrastructure construction from four aspects: production infrastructure, living infrastructure, ecological infrastructure, and social infrastructure. Using the data from the Statistical Yearbook, the construction level of China's provincial rural infrastructure from 2009 to 2019 was calculated. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and main driving factors of the construction level were finally obtained through the analysis of the two dimensions of time and space. This method is not only conducive to improving the level of rural infrastructure construction and narrowing regional disparities, but also can guide many developing countries to control critical driving factors and provide reform experience to solve rural infrastructure development problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on diaspora philanthropy's contribution to rural development is growing. With increasing Zimbabwean emigration, investigating the migration-remittance-development nexus is vital. This paper explores the main drivers, actors, and opportunities central to diaspora philanthropy in bridging the resource gap in rural development through a qualitative research approach. Document analysis and literature review are applied as data collection tools. It uses Ubuntu, Stewardship Theory, and the United Nations’ “leaving no one behind” mantra as theoretical frameworks to showcase how diaspora philanthropy can aid in bridging the resource gap in rural infrastructure development. The paper highlights the rural projects that have received support from diaspora communities in Zimbabwe. Additionally, the paper exposes the institutional, legal and policy frameworks enabling diaspora philanthropic activities in Zimbabwe to maximise their potential impact on rural communities. It concludes that diaspora philanthropy contributes to sustainable rural infrastructure development. The paper recommends reviewing the Zimbabwe diaspora policy and enacting enabling legislation to provide clear guidelines for enabling frameworks for diaspora philanthropic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formulation of agricultural extension policy and the development of rural regional economy present the relationship of mutual existence, mutual influence and mutual promotion. Therefore, it is necessary to study the agricultural extension policy according to the current situation of rural regional development. Agricultural technology extension system is an organization set up at county and township levels to provide farmers with scientific research achievements and practical technical services on planting, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry, agricultural machinery and water conservancy, and it is an important carrier for implementing the strategy of developing agriculture through science and technology. On the basis of expounding the value and significance of rural regional economic development, this paper analyzes the problems existing in China's rural regional development from the aspects of rural infrastructure and public services, rural labor force's cultural and scientific level, rural grass-roots extension system, etc., and puts forward corresponding measures against the problems. This study has certain theoretical reference value for promoting the all-round development of China's rural economy and realizing the great strategy of rural revitalization in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the development of the world shows that building a new countryside is the only way for all countries to move towards industrialization and urbanization. Whether from the perspective of world development or from the perspective of China's century-old villages, the development of rural agriculture is very important. Rural infrastructure construction is the key measure to promote all aspects of rural development. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current situation of China's rural infrastructure construction, study the factors affecting the development of rural infrastructure construction and find out the key reasons, so as to put forward suggestions on rural infrastructure construction and promote rural development. Therefore, this article uses the relevant data of China Rural Statistical Yearbook 2020 to analyze the influencing factors of China's rural infrastructure. The article divides rural infrastructure into three levels: agricultural production infrastructure, peasant living infrastructure and rural social undertakings infrastructure, and eight indicators are selected for each level. The article analyzes the new indicators system constructed from 24 original indicators using factor analysis. According to the analysis results, the article comprehensively analyzes rural infrastructure construction situation of 31 provincial administrative regions from three levels and comprehensive indicators. Finally, the articled reaches the following conclusions: the overall development of rural infrastructure construction in Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan provinces is the best, while the rural infrastructure construction in Hainan and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai and other provinces is the worst compared with other provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coordinated development of rural infrastructure and ecological environment is an effective way to improve agricultural productivity. The primary focus of the current research is how the two can work together to promote regional economic development in rural areas and in related fields. This study takes the western region as the research object, constructs an evaluation index system for rural infrastructure and ecological environment, and uses the Min-max Scaling method, coupling coordination model, gray GM (1, 1) model, and standard deviation elliptical model for evaluation. The trends and driving factors for the coordinated development of rural infrastructure and ecological coupling in the region from 2012 to 2021 are analyzed. The main results are as follows: (1) Except for Tibet, Qinghai, and Ningxia, the coupling degree of rural infrastructure and the ecological environment in western China reached the maximum level during the research period, also the coordination degree showed a gradual upward trend. (2) A prediction for the development and evolution of rural infrastructure and the ecological environment in western China indicates a trend of agglomerative development in the southern region. (3) By strengthening the construction of reservoirs, improving sanitary conditions, improving cultivated land use area and forest coverage, and controlling soil erosion, the coordinated development of the two can be effectively promoted. The purpose of this study is to promote the sustainable and coordinated development of rural infrastructure and ecological environment, and to provide a reference for policy formulation in the relevant sectors and other countries and regions with similar situations.

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Slovenica is the property of Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study examined the effect of rural infrastructure on livelihood choice among farming households in Southwestern Nigeria (SWN). A multistage sampling procedure was used to collect primary data from 562 selected respondents on their socio-economic characteristics, Access to Rural Infrastructure (ARI) and livelihood choices [Cropping+Non-farm (CN), Cropping+Non-PoultryLivestock+Non-farm (CNPLN), Cropping+PoultryLivestock+Non-farm (CPLN) and Cropping+Fisheries+Non-farm (CFN)]. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Multinomial Logit Regression. The study revealed that about 70% of the respondents were not more than 54 years old, male (65.1%) and married (70.1%). More households had high access to infrastructure (52.8%). Adoption of livelihood choice was 35.8%, 41.6%, 12.2% and 10.4% for CN, CNPLN, CPLN and CFN, respectively. Age, age², sex, household size, household income, Dependency Ratio (DPR), primary education, secondary education and land ownership explained CN, while CPLN was explained by age, secondary education, household income, access to credit and ARI. Age, tertiary education, land ownership, access to credit and ARI explained CFN. The study concluded that CPLN and CFN livelihood choices required adequate access to infrastructure. It is recommended that adequate provision of infrastructure should be ensured to encourage more farmers to go into these enterprises and thereby increase their productivity, level of income and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development of smallholder cassava farmers in rural Southwestern Nigeria. The study was conducted in Nigeria with cross-sectional data collected from 352 smallholder cassava farmers. Crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to compute each farmer’s CCI and categorized into four levels while ordered logit model was employed to analyze the determinants of agricultural commercialization of cassava farmers in the study areas. Availability of some important rural infrastructures were assessed across cassava farmers’ commercialization levels. The results revealed that 13.1 % of cassava farmers did not participate in the sale of cassava roots while 86.9 % of them participated actively in the output market. The mean and maximum CCI in the study areas was 59.1 and 95.5 respectively. The results also showed that less than 40 % and 20 % of cassava farmers in all commercialization levels had access to electricity and piped water respectively. The ordered logit regression analysis indicated that age, transport cost, cassava marketing experience, and distance to market were among the determinants of agricultural commercialization. Therefore, stakeholders should expedite policy actions capable of promoting rural infrastructure development that will enhance agricultural production, marketing and improve the quality of life of rural farming communities.

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the Erzurum-Beypınarı land consolidation project. In the study, primary data were obtained from agricultural enterprises through a survey and secondary data from State Hydraulic Works. The minimum number of questionnaires was determined as 20, taking into account the finite population and a 10% safety margin. Quantitative data of the consolidation project were obtained with the help of the NetCAD program. According to the results obtained from the research, the consolidation rate in the research area was 67.9%. The average parcel size, which was 13.33 decares before consolidation, increased to 28.04 decares after consolidation. The water supply and water usage rates were 55.1% and 17.4%, respectively, between 2000-2012, and these values increased to 100% and 26.8% after consolidation. The ratio of shapeless parcels was 66.8% before Beypınarı consolidation, this value decreased to 15.4% after consolidation. With the consolidation, the length of the in-field road increased 2.67 times, and the rate of parcels directly connected to the road increased from 52% to 100%. Shareholders' sharing of agricultural lands before consolidation efforts resulted in the emergence of new businesses. However, the number of active agricultural enterprises has decreased. When agricultural active enterprises are considered, it has been observed that the number of parcels per enterprise, which was 16.11, decreased to 5.16 after consolidation. The fact that the Beypınarı project area borders the Erzurum Airport and the Kars-Erzincan ring road has transformed the agricultural lands into an attraction center, but made them disposed to misuse. From the research, it was concluded that land consolidation projects are beneficial in terms of quantitative features, but the multiplier effect can be increased by investigating them socially and economically.

The role of infrastructure in poverty alleviation remains ambiguous due to weak institutions in developing countries. Considering spatial dependence, this study provides empirical evidence on the role of rural infrastructure in poverty alleviation using district-wise data of Pakistan. Results indicate positive direct as well as spatial spillover effects of financial infrastructure and female education infrastructure while positive direct effects of energy infrastructure are observed. The insignificant role of health and transportation infrastructure in poverty alleviation is a matter of serious concern. From a policy point of view, allocation of sufficient financial resources, improvement of female education infrastructure in rural areas and reformulation of health and transportation policies should be priority steps for poverty alleviation. An adverse effect of male education infrastructure on poverty reduction is detected, which needs further exploration. Adverse spillover effects of water and sanitation infrastructure on poverty may suggest the authorities to revise the implementation procedure of National Sanitation and Drinking Water Policy. The analysis might be relevant to the South Asian region due to homogeneous economic development. Moreover, the study provides evidence informing the debate on balanced regional development in developing countries with a particular focus on high and medium level of poverty clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the rapid development of rural infrastructures in China, many important issues such as the real wishes of farmers and the proper management of the infrastructure have been overlooked, resulting in a weak sense of gain among farmers. To propose effective improvement strategies, this research aimed to explore the influence mechanism of the farmers' sense of gain and to build a comprehensive evaluation model of farmers' sense of gain in the provision of rural infrastructure. To achieve the above aims, we first proposed hypotheses among four constructs and selected an evaluation index for each construct. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and a questionnaire survey, we then verified the proposed hypotheses and developed a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of the farmers' sense of gain in the provision of rural infrastructure. The results first showed that the content of gain and the way of gain directly affect the farmers' sense of gain, and the governance indirectly affects the farmers' sense of gain. Moreover, the way of gain has the greatest impact on the sense of gain, followed by the governance and the content of gain. Furthermore, the analysis results demonstrate that the developed fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is feasible and effective in evaluating farmers' sense of gain in the provision of rural infrastructures. The findings of this study first enrich the relevant theories of farmers' sense of gain in the provision of rural infrastructure. The findings also provide theoretical support for the government authorities to put forward effective governance strategies for rural infrastructure from the perspective of farmers' sense of gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How much farmers benefit from public agricultural research and development (R&D) has been a topic of continued interest. Compared to studies based on classical statistics, we show theoretically and employ the Spatial Durbin Model and the Panel Threshold Regression Model to investigate the different impacts and spatial spillover effects of public agricultural R&D on farm and nonfarm income. Using China's provincial panel data from 2000 to 2015, we find that public agricultural R&D has a positive impact on rural household income. This impact is mainly reflected by nonfarm income and exhibits heterogeneous interprovincial‐spatial spillover. We also find that interregional differences in infrastructure, represented by road transportation and Internet access in rural areas, are the main reasons for the spatial heterogeneity. Higher road density and Internet penetration enhance the positive impact of public agricultural R&D on rural income, and the enhancement exhibits characteristics of thresholds, after which the size of enhancement becomes increasingly larger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ‘Agenda 2000’ introduces the Rural Development Policy, as part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), as a complex policy that can ensure a stable income and a reasonable standard of living for the rural population. Rural development is a major CAP objective since over 50% of the population lives in rural areas and accounts for 80% of E.U. Territories. As a concept, the ‘rural area’ is defined both at a national and European level following specific criteria; however, these criteria differ from one country to another. A complete definition can be found in the European Charter of Rural Areas. Between 2014-2020, the development of rural areas in Romania is supported by the National Rural Development Program. It provides non-reimbursable funds from the European Union and funding from the Government of Romania. Convergence with the Europe 2020 Strategy is ensured through the Partnership Agreement with the European Union, which covers a number of challenges and thematic objectives. In order to achieve them, well-founded investment programs are needed. These programs must have a direct impact on increasing the living standards of the population residing within rural areas. Over 19 billion euros were allocated to Romania for the 2014-2020 period; these funds were used for agricultural policy and rural development. The total budget of the NRDP (2014-2020) is 9.4 billion euros, of which 1.3 billion euros comes from national funding. We believe the achievements recorded in rural areas, up to 2020, are modest and do not reflect the proposed objectives. Thus, projects were drawn up at national and local levels seldom support rural development and do not reflect development needs; sadly, these projects are often drawn up without focusing on efficiency.

Nowadays, the development of the world shows that building a new countryside is the only way for all countries to move towards industrialization and urbanization. Whether from the perspective of world development or from the perspective of China’s century-old villages, the development of rural agriculture is very important. Rural infrastructure construction is the key measure to promote all aspects of rural development. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current situation of China’s rural infrastructure construction, study the factors affecting the development of rural infrastructure construction and find out the key reasons, so as to put forward suggestions on rural infrastructure construction and promote rural development. Therefore, this article uses the relevant data of China Rural Statistical Yearbook 2020 to analyze the influencing factors of China’s rural infrastructure. The article divides rural infrastructure into three levels: agricultural production infrastructure, peasant living infrastructure and rural social undertakings infrastructure, and eight indicators are selected for each level. The article analyzes the new indicators system constructed from 24 original indicators using factor analysis. According to the analysis results, the article comprehensively analyzes rural infrastructure construction situation of 31 provincial administrative regions from three levels and comprehensive indicators. Finally, the articled reaches the following conclusions: the overall development of rural infrastructure construction in Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan provinces is the best, while the rural infrastructure construction in Hainan and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai and other provinces is the worst compared with other provinces.

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study is aimed at assessing the impacts of Third National Fadama Development Project (NFDP III) on provision of Small-scale Community-owned Infrastructures (SCIs) for poverty reduction. The sector goal of NFDP III was to reduce poverty by improving the living conditions of the rural poor; contribute to food security and increase access to rural infrastructure. The study made use of questionnaires to generate primary data from 245 respondents whilst Project Implementation Manuals, Appraisal Reports, Baseline and Midline Surveys, etc constituted the secondary data. The study found out that outcomes of NFDP III had profound impacts on the incidence of poverty of the beneficiaries. For example in Kaduna State, incomes of Crop farmers increased by 199% and Livestock owners by 221%. In Sokoto State, the incomes of Crop farmers increased by 225% and Livestock owners by 315%. The food security situation of about 84.4% and 98.3% of the beneficiaries had improved, greatly and the socio-economic conditions of 74.2% and 95.7% of the beneficiaries had been promoted, significantly. The study recommends that to further sustained the impetus created by NFDP III on poverty reduction in Nigeria, the Federal, States and Local Governments should as a matter of concern, extend their commitments beyond those of facilitating the provision of rural infrastructure to those of scaling-up the levels of provision, maintenance and management and poverty reduction should ever remain part of national development goals.

This study aims to determine the role of the village government in improving the welfare of the people of Bulili Village, Duhiadaa District, Pohuwato Regency. The research approach uses descriptive research. Informants were the village head, village head, BPD chairman, LPM Chair, village treasurer and Bulili village community leaders. The results showed that the Bulili Village Government in improving community welfare carried out three programs such as: 1) an increase in agricultural production programs planning assistance that would improve the economy of Bulili villagers such as providing rice seeds, corn seeds, tractor assistance, hansplayer assistance (tengki), assistance fertilizer, and PNPM assistance, 2) program to increase livestock production, namely the collaboration of district governments, sub-district governments and village governments in the form of providing assistance for productive superior cow and productive goat seeds to cattle farmers in the Bulili village community formed by Bulili village government . 3) development of village livestock agribusiness, which is to form a group of livestock farmers who are given the assistance of productive cow and goat seeds to each group to be managed.

Traditional hydraulic milling was the main productive activity in the Sierra de Cádiz (Andalusia, Spain), as evidenced by the existence of 85 mills spread throughout the region. Although the date of their construction is unknown, the first documentary evidence of their existence appeared in the 16th century. In the 18th century, a more comprehensive account of the set of mills in the Sierra was drawn up thanks to the Ensenada Cadastre. The majority were operational until the mid-20th century, albeit with some difficulties. The disappearance of this handmade trade has led to the obsolescence and abandonment of its architecture and infrastructure. However, the infrastructure remains there, as traces of a recent past in which it is still possible to see the Circular Water Story that made them work. This article explains the hydraulic system that was used by the mills in the Sierra de Cádiz. Located next to rivers and streams, they formed part of an open water re-circulation system, which captured the water at a specific point in the riverbed of origin, artificially diverted it to the mill and then ended up returning it to the same riverbed of origin, at a different point from the initial one. The methodology used is based on the preparation of graphic documents and photographic recognition to select the riverbanks that show the adaptations and variations of the water re-circulation system according to the hydrographic, topographic, and productive characteristics of each territory. As some of these old artificial riverbeds are still operational, today they are used as a natural resource to supply water to other productive activities, thus proving the usefulness of the system, the suitability of the construction techniques applied, and their consequent integration into the landscape. The research carried out justifies the need to protect and catalogue these architectural hydraulic systems before they disappear completely, in order to benefit from the learning that can be derived from the reading, interpretation, and transformation of the territory and its landscape.

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Rural areas present now a double challenge is: improving competitiveness by adding value to agricultural products and finding alternative activities such as forms of rural tourism. Dependenceon a limited number of products in some regions may make them vulnerable to economic crises or restructuring threats. The purpose of this article is to present some aspects of rural entrepreneurship. The methodused is based on a comparative analysis between two countries considering the population involved in rural activities and the rural development programs applied in these countries.

This study is aimed at assessing the impacts of Third National Fadama Development Project (NFDP III) on provision of Small-scale Community-owned Infrastructures (SCIs) for poverty reduction. The sector goal of NFDP III was to reduce poverty by improving the living conditions of the rural poor; contribute to food security and increase access to rural infrastructure. The study made use of questionnaires to generate primary data from 245 respondents whilst Project Implementation Manuals, Appraisal Reports, Baseline and Midline Surveys, etc constituted the secondary data. The study found out that outcomes of NFDP III had profound impacts on the incidence of poverty of the beneficiaries. For example in Kaduna State, incomes of Crop farmers increased by 199% and Livestock owners by 221%. In Sokoto State, the incomes of Crop farmers increased by 225% and Livestock owners by 315%. The food security situation of about 84.4% and 98.3% of the beneficiaries had improved, greatly and the socio-economic conditions of 74.2% and 95.7% of the beneficiaries had been promoted, significantly. The study recommends that to further sustained the impetus created by NFDP III on poverty reduction in Nigeria, the Federal, States and Local Governments should as a matter of concern, extend their commitments beyond those of facilitating the provision of rural infrastructure to those of scaling-up the levels of provision, maintenance and management and poverty reduction should ever remain part of national development goals.

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)