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There is growing body of evidence suggesting that attending university for the first time entails a transition in young people’s lives that incorporates a great deal of stress. Although for most students this period is a chance for personal growth but for some this is a critical time involving drastic changes which could be overwhelming and at times leading to negative consequences like anxiety and depression. Students, after finishing schooling may either get selected to professional courses or may enter non-professional courses. Usually entry into the latter may either be by choice or due to not being to be selected in professional courses despite making an effort and the resulting frustrations may lead to stress. On the other hand, demands for high quality performance may be imposed on students in professional courses leading to different types of stresses among them. The primary purpose of this study, hence, was to identify different sources of stress in professional and non-professional courses. A sample of 400 students including 200 boys from I.I.T., B.H.U. and 200 boys from Faculty of Science, B.H.U.) Student Stress Scale which assesses stress in five areas, viz., academic, environmental, family, financial and hostel was administered on these students and result showed there was significant difference on academic, family, financial, hostel and overall stress areas as the mean scores of non professional students was significantly higher among non professional students than professional students.

Shimadzu UV 1700 was used for quantitation. Method I is three wavelength spectroscopy where absorbance of the sample solution was measured at 287.2 nm and 295.2 nm for the determination of paracetamol, chlorzoxazone, and at 221.8 nm for ibuprofen, respectively. Method II is multiwavelength spectroscopy where absorbance of standard solutions was measured at 221.8 nm, 256 nm, 287.2 nm and 295.2 nm and result of the sample solution obtained by statistical calculations. Beer’s law limit was 0–40 μg/ml for paracetamol and chlorzoxazone where as 0–25 μg/ml for ibuprofen. Validation study was found statistically significant. The LOD values were 0.4217, 0.0658 and 0.1245 μg/mL whereas LOQ values were 1.3457, 0.5874 and 0.4512 μg/mL for paracetamol, chlorzoxazone and ibuprofen respectively. Low % RSD and high recovery shows the dependability of the method for quantitation of drugs in tablet formulation. The developed methods are easy, rapid, economic and accurate for regular simultaneous estimation of par...

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a common intraocular tumor of child-hood arising in the retina and accounts for around 3% of thecancers occurring in children below 15 years [1]. The estimatedglobal annual incidence is approximately four per million childrenunder 15 years of age. RB usually presents before the age of2 years and 95% of cases are diagnosed before the age of 5 years.Approximately 40% of RB cases are due to germ line mutationswhile 60% are sporadic in nature. The genetic locus responsiblefor a predisposition to the development RB is located within theq14 band region of chromosome 13.Increased incidence of sporadic RB is seen in less affluentareas of the world such as Latin America, Africa, and Asia(including India) [2,3] suggesting that environmental factors as-sociated with low socioeconomic status may play a role in etio-pathogenesis of RB. The geographic variation observed in RBmay be due to maternal exposure to viral infections or otherenvironmental factors which could cause mutations in utero. Hu-man papillomavirus (HPV) infection is seen more frequently inpregnant than nonpregnant women [4]. An overlap is seen in theepidemiological risk factors for development of RB and HPVinfection. These include smoking, dietary supplements, poor gen-ital hygiene, multiple pregnancies, multiple sexual partners, andsexual intercourse at an early age [5]. This indicates that increasedincidence of RB has been observed in countries with a highincidence of cervical carcinoma [5].Despite the high incidence of RB in India, familial RB is rareand is noted in only 1.7% of cases and majority of patients havenonfamilial or sporadic RB [6].HPV induces posttranslational interactions of its oncoproteinsviz. E6 and E7 with cell cycle regulatory proteins. E6 binds to thetumor suppressor p53 and promotes its degradation via the pro-teosome /ubiquitin pathway. E7 binds to the tumor suppressor Rbproteins pRb, p107, p130, cyclin A, and cyclin E as well as cyclindependent kinases [7]. Binding of E7 to the pRb blocks its activityrendering the proteins inactive.These epidemiological and molecular studies suggest thatHPV may play a role in the development of sporadic RB. Severalstudies have shown a link between HPV infection and RB [5,8–13]. The aims of this study were to determine the presence ofHPV in sporadic RB and to elicit the effects of HPV infection onthe cell cycle regulatory pathway focusing on the pRb family ofproteins.

Conflicting evidence has created substantial controversy regarding the use of continuous passive motion (CPM) in the in-patient setting post total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A total of 109 patients were randomly assigned to two groups, CPM or no CPM, applied after TKA. All patients received the same physical therapy protocol (3 sessions per day), with the only exception being the CPM. Both groups had a knee flexion of 115° at 6 weeks and 120° at 3 months, with no significant differences (P=0.69 and P=0.41, respectively). Length of stay was significantly less for the group who did not receive CPM. The use of CPM had no clinically relevant benefits with respect to AROM, clinical outcomes or discharge disposition and was associated with a cost of $235.50 per TKA.

Context.—The Ewing family of tumors are often difficult to distinguish from other malignant small round cell tumors, but more than 90% have EWS-FLI1 chimeric transcript, which acts as a potential molecular diagnostic marker. Objective.—To do a comparative analysis of 32 cases with EWS-FLI1: Ewing family of tumors (n = 30), desmoplastic small round cell tumor (n = 1), and undifferentiated sarcoma (n = 1). Design.—The initial diagnosis was made on core biopsy (n = 22) and open biopsy (n = 4) specimens by using morphology and immunohistochemistry and on fine-needle aspiration cytology ([FNAC], n = 6) specimens. EWS-FLI1 was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on all 32 fresh FNAC samples and by fluorescence in situ hybridization on 16 paraffin blocks. Results.—The 19 male and 13 female patients had bone (n = 19) or soft tissue (n = 13) tumors. Histologic groups were typical Ewing sarcoma (n = 15), atypical Ewing sarcoma (n = 4), Askin Rosai tumors (n = 5), desmoplastic small round cell tumor (n = 1), undifferentiated sarcoma (n = 1), and cases diagnosed as malignant small round cell tumors on FNAC (n = 6). All tumors except desmoplastic small round cell tumor and undifferentiated sarcoma were CD99 positive. EWS-FLI1 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was noted in 15 cases of typical Ewing sarcoma, 4 cases of atypical Ewing sarcoma, 5 cases of Askin Rosai tumor, and no cases of desmoplastic small round cell tumor or undifferentiated sarcoma. With use of fluorescence in situ hybridization, EWS break was detected in 10 of 11 paraffin blocks used and was negative in desmoplastic small round cell tumor. Conclusions.—The excellent correlation of routine histologic findings in Ewing family of tumors with results on immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization on archival material and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on fresh FNAC specimens underscores that the traditional observation on routine histologic examination is a time-tested tool. The diagnosis of Ewing family of tumors can be validated on archival material or fresh biopsy samples, including those obtained by FNAC.

The incidence of menstrual irregularities, both primary and secondary amenorrhea, has been reported to be as high as 60%, with the highest incidence in younger athletes, suggesting possible adverse effects on bone development. It was hypothesized that in a rat model, suppressed hypothalamic activity via a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-a) before onset of puberty would result in a relatively larger bone strength deficit compared with suppression after puberty. Hypothalamic suppression was achieved by providing GnRH injections. Animals received injections for 25 days either before puberty (pre group) (age 23–46 days) or after puberty (post group) (age 65–90 days). Body weights and uterine weights were measured. Serum estradiol was assayed. Mechanical strength of the right femora and histomorphometry of the left femur were measured. Suppression of the hypothalamic– pituitary–gonadal axis was confirmed by significant atrophy of uterine tissue and suppressed estradiol levels. The peak moment was significantly lower in the pre and post GnRH-a groups compared with control. The percentage difference of the average peak moment and stiffness values from the respective age-matched control groups yielded a greater percentage difference in the pre group. The cortical area was less in the GnRH-a-treated groups, but no significant difference between the relative deficits between pre and post groups were found. Hypothalimic–pituitary–gonadal axis suppression before puberty resulted in a significantly larger deficit in mechanical strength compared with postpubertal animals. The time before puberty may represent a time when skeletal strength is more compromised. Women experience both primary and secondary amenorrhea; however, the treatment may need to be different for each condition.

Introduction: The misfortunate incident of formation of a urogenital fistula remains a major challenge for surgical urologists worldwide. Such fistulae may not be a life-threatening problem, but surely the women face demoralization, social boycott and even divorce and separation. The fistula may be vaginal, recto-vaginal or a combination of the two. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that in the developing nations, nearly 5 million women annually suffer severe morbidity with obstetric fistulae being the foremost on the list. The objective of our study was to enunciate the patient demography, patient profile, incidence, type of surgery, as well as the long-term outcomes encountered in the management of all types of genital fistulae at a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: 50 consecutive patients, attending the outpatient department with urogenital fistulae, were studied during the period of 5 years from July 2005 to July 2009. All female patients with complaints of urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence and dribbling, patients having a history of obstructed labor, radiotherapy, instrumental delivery, foreign body or trauma and with a history of hysterectomy (abdominal/ vaginal) and lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) were included. A thorough urological examination included a dye study using methylene blue, Renal function tests, X-ray KUB and intravenous urography (IVU). Cystoscopy along with examination under anaesthesia (EUA) were done to assess the actual extent of injury. All patients were subjected to appropriate surgical interventions via the same combination of surgeons . Post operatively, prophylactic antibiotics were administered to all patients and patients were managed till discharge and followed thereafter via regular outpatient visits for a period of 3 years. Results: Age of patients ranged from 21 to 40 years. 64% patients hailed from rural areas, 76% were from the lower socio-economic strata, 40% illiterate and 69% were short Statured. Vesico vaginal fistulae (VVF) was seen in 64% cases of which 50% were due to obstructed labor, 19% cases post LSCS and 31% cases post total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). 68% of urogenital fistulae were between 1 to 3 cms. We obtained a 75% cure rate in UVF, 87.5% cure rate in RVF while a 93.75% cure rate was observed in patients with VVF. 76% of all patients were cured while 8% had a recurrence, probably due to the large size of fistula. Conclusion : Genital fistula is preventable, yet it remains a significant cause of morbidity among females of reproductive age group. Despite facilities available, certain conditions like physical, social, economic, illiteracy, and a very casual attitude towards maternal health and children birth practices limit utilization of services for women. It is important that the modern health care providers should be aware of these aspects, so that they can recognize services that are appropriate and acceptable to the people. Thus, one must agree that in cases of urogenital fistulae, "prevention is better than cure".

Synovial sarcoma is a well defined morphologic entity extensively researched in literature. Synovial sarcoma displays a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and histologic appearances that may give rise to diagnostic dilemmas. One such unusual site in the head and neck area is the tongue. We report a case of monophasic synovial sarcoma of the tongue in a 22-year-old male. Microscopically, this tumor mimicked a poorly differentiated carcinoma which is more common at this site though the patient was young for this type of tumor. On immunohistochemistry, neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin, vimentin, calponin, CD99 and bcl2. Molecular studies--viz. reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed a SYT-SSX translocation clinching the diagnosis. This paper highlights the immunohistochemistry profile and SYT-SSX translocation which helped arrive at an accurate diagnosis only because the index of suspicion for a monophasic synovial sarcoma is high.