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This paper brings a comprehensive systematic review of the application of geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) in quantitative human geography studies, including the subdomains of cultural, economic, political, historical, urban, population, social, health, rural, regional, tourism, behavioural, environmental and transport geography. In this extensive review, we obtain 14,537 papers from the Web of Science in the relevant fields and select 1516 papers that we identify as human geography studies using GeoAI via human scanning conducted by several research groups around the world. We outline the GeoAI applications in human geography by systematically summarising the number of publications over the years, empirical studies across countries, the categories of data sources used in GeoAI applications, and their modelling tasks across different subdomains. We find out that existing human geography studies have limited capacity to monitor complex human behaviour and examine the non-linear relationship between human behaviour and its potential drivers—such limits can be overcome by GeoAI models with the capacity to handle complexity. We elaborate on the current progress and status of GeoAI applications within each subdomain of human geography, point out the issues and challenges, as well as propose the directions and research opportunities for using GeoAI in future human geography studies in the context of sustainable and open science, generative AI, and quantum revolution.

ABSTRACTCOVID-19 cripples the restaurant industry as a crucial socioeconomic sector that contributes immensely to the global economy. However, what the current literature less explored is to quantify the effect of COVID-19 on restaurant visitation and revenue at different spatial scales, as well as its relationship with the neighborhood characteristics of customers’ origins. Based on the Point of Interest (POI) measures derived from SafeGraph data providing mobility records of 45 million cell phone users in the US, our study takes Lower Manhattan, New York City, as the pilot study, and aims to examine 1) the change of restaurant visitations and revenue in the period prior to and after the COVID-19 outbreak, 2) the areas where restaurant customers live, and 3) the association between the neighborhood characteristics of these areas and lost customers. By doing so, we provide a geographic information system-based analytical framework integrating the big data mining, web crawling techniques, and spatial-economic modelling. Our analytical framework can be implemented to estimate the broader effect of COVID-19 on other industries and can be augmented in a financially monitoring manner in response to future pandemics or public emergencies.

China’s rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to ecological and environmental problems, particularly air pollution. Digitalization has become a key component in high-quality development to overcome the previous high-energy and high-pollution development model. However, a certain degree of “green blindness” exists in the digital development process, and the impact on air pollution is not always positive. Therefore, the impact of the digital economy on air pollution is worth exploring. In this study, the authors examines the emissions increase and reduction effect mechanisms of the digital economy on air pollution using panel data in 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020. The two-tier stochastic frontier model showed that the interaction between the emissions increase effect and emissions reduction effect of the digital economy reduced the actual air pollution emissions level below the frontier level by 0.15%, on average. Overall air pollution level is characterized prominently by emission reduction, owing to the asymmetric bilateral effect of the digital economy. Second, the time trend characteristics of the net effect of the digital economy on air pollution emissions showed a wave-like change; the average values of the net effect in the three major regions (i.e., the east, central, and west) were all negative. Third, along with the development of digital economy, human capital levels, and general economic levels, the emissions reduction effect of the digital economy on air pollution has strengthened, such that the net effect became positive to negative. However, significant heterogeneous characteristics were noted in the effects of the digital economy on air pollution under different levels of digital economy development, human capital, and economic development. This study provides practical paths for air pollution management, strengthening inter-regional environmental synergy management and high-quality economic development.

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has induced a mental health crisis. Social media data offer a unique opportunity to track the mental health signals of a given population and quantify their negativity towards COVID-19. To date, however, we know little about how negative sentiments differ across countries and how these relate to the shifting policy landscape experienced through the pandemic. Using 2.1 billion individual-level geotagged tweets posted between 1 February 2020 and 31 March 2021, we track, monitor and map the shifts in negativity across 217 countries and unpack its relationship with COVID-19 policies. Findings reveal that there are important geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic disparities of negativity across continents, different levels of a nation’s income, population density, and the level of COVID-19 infection. Countries with more stringent policies were associated with lower levels of negativity, a relationship that weakened in later phases of the pandemic. This study provides the first global and multilingual evaluation of the public’s real-time mental health signals to COVID-19 at a large spatial and temporal scale. We offer an empirical framework to monitor mental health signals globally, helping international authorizations, including the United Nations and World Health Organization, to design smart country-specific mental health initiatives in response to the ongoing pandemic and future public emergencies.

Background: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has been associated with vascular tone and blood pressure (BP), however, its role in the genesis of hypertension remains elusive. In the present study, we investigated the regulating effect of CFTR on angiotensin II (Ang II) -induced hypertension and defined the molecular role of CFTR in vasoconstriction. Results: We found that CFTR mRNA and protein expression were markedly down-regulated in the arteries from Ang II induced hypertensive animals. During the development of hypertension, BP of Cftr-⁣/- mice was significantly higher than that of Cftr+⁣/+ mice. Arteries from Cftr-⁣/- mice or pre-incubated with CFTR specific inhibitor CFTR(inh)-172 exhibited a greater contractile response to Ang II. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC), which is the core of VSMCs contraction, was negatively modulated by CFTR. Furthermore, intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) rise in response to Ang II was negatively modulated by CFTR, while no alteration was observed in resting VSMCs. Ras homolog family member A/Rho-associated protein kinase (RhoA/Rock) mediated phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), a regulator of MLC phosphorylation, was negatively modulated by CFTR in both resting and Ang II-stimulated VSMCs. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that CFTR is a negative regulator of vasoconstriction and hypertension, and the underlying mechanism contains two possible pathways: (1) in resting VSMCs, CFTR altered MLC phosphorylation through RhoA/Rock pathway; (2) in Ang II stimulated VSMCs, the regulating effect was mediated by both Ca2+ influx and RhoA/Rock mediated pathway.

Abstract Osteoporosis (OP) is a common age-related disease characterized by a deterioration of bone mass and structure that predisposes patients to fragility fractures. Pharmaceutical therapies that promote anabolic bone formation in OP patients and OP-induced fracture are needed. We investigated whether a neutralizing antibody against Siglec-15 can simultaneously inhibit bone resorption and stimulate bone formation. We found that the multinucleation of osteoclasts was inhibited in SIGLEC-15 conditional knockout mice and mice undergoing Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody treatment. The secretion of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) mononuclear cells, and bone formation were significantly increased in the SIGLEC-15 conditional knockout mice and antibody-treated mice. The anabolic effect of the Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody on bone formation was blunted in mice with Pdgfb deleted in TRAP+ cells. These findings showed that the anabolic effect of the Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody was mediated by elevating PDGF-BB production of TRAP+ mononuclear cells. To test the therapeutic potential of the Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody, we injected the antibody in an ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic mouse model, which mimics postmenopausal osteoporosis in women, and in two fracture healing models because fracture is the most serious health consequence of osteoporosis. The Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody effectively reduced bone resorption and stimulated bone formation in estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. Of note, the Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody promoted intramembranous and endochondral ossification at the damaged area of cortical bone in fracture healing mouse models. Thus, the Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody shows significant translational potential as a novel therapy for OP and bone fracture.

The functional relationship between subchondral bone and articular cartilage is unclear. Here, the authors show that transforming growth factor-beta propagates the mechanical impact of subchondral bone on articular cartilage through αV integrin–talin mechanical transduction system in chondrocytes.

In the field of graphics, to maintain the incompressibility of volume, most of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) methods based on the continuity equation of incompressible fluids, which are proven to be effective, focus on the correction of density error and the divergence-free velocity field. However, these two conditions are considered separately in the existing methods, which lead to a time consuming process when the algorithm is used to deal with the continuity equation. In addition, the two conditions that are treated separately can also cause the continuity equation to be inconsistent in the parameters and variables, which results in the instability of the fluid. In this paper, an effective and efficient SPH method is introduced to simulate incompressible fluid. The proposed method shortens the time of fluid simulation by coupling the two conditions of density-invariant and divergence-free and achieves the similar simulation effect compared with peer methods. Furthermore, we regard the displacement of particles as the only basic variable of the continuity equation, which improves the stability of the fluid to a certain extent.

Spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L., 2n=6x=42, AABBDD) is a valuable source of new gene resources for wheat genetic improvement. In the present study, two novel high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) 1Ax2.1* at Glu-A1 and 1By19* at Glu-B1 from German spelt wheat were identified. The encoding genes of both subunits were amplified and cloned by allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR), and the complete sequences of open reading frames (ORF) were obtained. 1Ax2.1* with 2478 bp and 1By19* with 2163 bp encoded 824 and 720 amino acid residues, respectively. Molecular characterization showed that both subunits had a longer repetitive region, and high percentage of α-helices at the N- and C-termini, which are beneficial for forming superior gluten macropolymers. Protein modelling by AlphaFold2 revealed similar three-diamensional (3D) structure features of 1Ax2.1* with two x-type superior quality subunits (1Ax1 and 1Ax2*) and 1By19* with four y-type superior quality subunits (1By16, 1By9, 1By8 and 1By18). Four cysteine residues in the three x-type subunits (1Ax2.1*, 1Ax1 and 1Ax2*) and the cysteine in intermediate repeat region of y-type subunits were not expected to participate in intramolecular disulfide bond formation, but these cysteines might form intermolecular disulfide bonds with other glutenins and gliadins to enhance gluten macropolymer formation. The SNP-based molecular markers for 1Ax2.1* and 1By19* genes were developed, which were verified in different F2 populations and recombination inbred lines (RILs) derived from crossing between spelt wheat and bread wheat cultivars. This study provides data on new glutenin genes and molecular markers for wheat quality improvement.

Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common degenerative diseases, is characterized by progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone, as well as the synovium. Integrins, comprising a family of heterodimeric transmembrane proteins containing α subunit and β subunit, play essential roles in various physiological functions of cells, such as cell attachment, movement, growth, differentiation, and mechanical signal conduction. Previous studies have shown that integrin dysfunction is involved in OA pathogenesis. This review article focuses on the roles of integrins in OA, especially in OA cartilage, subchondral bone and the synovium. A clear understanding of these roles may influence the future development of treatments for OA.

Using computers to conduct human body simulation experiments (e.g., human sport simulation, human physiology simulation, and human clothing simulation) can benefit from both economic and security. However, the human simulation experiment usually requires vast computational resources due to the complex simulation model which combines complicated mathematical and physical principles. As a result, the simulation process is usually time-consuming and simulation efficiency is low. One solution to address the issue of simulation efficiency is to improve the computing performance of the server when the complexity of the simulation model is determined. In this paper, we proposed a concurrent optimization scheme for the server that runs simulation experiments. Specifically, we firstly propose the architecture of the server cluster for the human body simulation, and then we design the concurrent optimization scheme for the server cluster by using Nginx. The experiment results show that the proposed concurrent optimization scheme can make better use of server resources and improve the simulation efficiency in the case of human sport simulation.

Video question answering (QA) aims to understand the video scene and underlying plot by answering video questions. An algorithm that can competently cope with this task needs to be able to: (1) collect multi-modal information scattered in the video frame sequence while extracting, interpreting, and utilizing the potential semantic clues provided by each piece of modal information in the video, (2) integrate the multi-modal context of the above semantic clues and understand the cause and effect of the story as it evolves, and (3) identify and integrate those temporally adjacent or non-adjacent effective semantic clues implied in the above context information to provide reasonable and sufficient visual semantic information for the final question reasoning. In response to the above requirements, a novel temporally multi-modal semantic reasoning with spatial language constraints video QA solution is reported in this paper, which includes a significant feature extraction module used to extract multi-modal features according to a significant sampling strategy, a spatial language constraints module used to recognize and reason spatial dimensions in video frames under the guidance of questions, and a temporal language interaction module used to locate the temporal dimension semantic clues of the appearance features and motion features sequence. Specifically, for a question, the result processed by the spatial language constraints module is to obtain visual clues related to the question from a single image and filter out unwanted spatial information. Further, the temporal language interaction module symmetrically integrates visual clues of the appearance information and motion information scattered throughout the temporal dimensions, obtains the temporally adjacent or non-adjacent effective semantic clue, and filters out irrelevant or detrimental context information. The proposed video QA solution is validated on several video QA benchmarks. Comprehensive ablation experiments have confirmed that modeling the significant video information can improve QA ability. The spatial language constraints module and temporal language interaction module can better collect and summarize visual semantic clues.

Objective To investigate whether the Notch–Hif-1α signaling pathway is involved in liver regeneration. Methods Rats were divided into two groups and treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of saline (control) or the gamma-secretase inhibitor, Fli-06, for 2 days. Two-thirds of the rat livers were resected and rats were later euthanized at specific time points post-resection to analyze the remnant livers. Each group's liver/body weight ratio was calculated, and immunostaining and western blotting were used to determine the cell proliferation marker, PCNA and Ki-67 expression. Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to compare the mRNA expression of Notch homolog-1 ( Notch1 ), hairy and enhancer of split-1 ( Hes1 ), and vascular endothelial growth factor ( Vegf ), and the protein expression of NICD and HIF-1α, respectively. Results The liver/body weight ratios and number of Ki-67- and PCNA-positive cells were significantly lower in the experimental group than the control group, indicating lower levels of liver regeneration following the disruption of Notch signaling by Fli-06. The Hes1 and Vegf mRNA levels and NICD and HIF-1α protein expression levels were all down-regulated by Fli-06 treatment. Conclusion Notch–Hif-α signaling pathway activation plays an important role in liver regeneration, where it may contribute toward liver cell proliferation.

Abstract Background The majority of hepatocellular carcinoma patients (HCCs) with extrahepatic metastases die of progressive intrahepatic tumor. There have been little data on the role of primary tumor resection (PTR) for HCCs with extrahepatic metastases but with resectable primary tumors. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on HCCs with extrahepatic metastases with resectable primary tumors who either underwent or did not undergo PTR in the SEER registry between 2004 and 2013. The overall and cancer‐specific survivals (OS and CSS) were assessed by the log‐rank test and the Cox proportional hazard regression model. A propensity score matching was conducted to minimize biases. Validation was performed in another cohort from the Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital (SYSMH). Results Of the 529 HCCs with extrahepatic metastases with resectable primary tumors included into this study, 230 patients underwent PTR and 299 did not. The percentages of patients who underwent PTR increased from 38.6% in 2004 to 70.3% in 2013. In the propensity score‐matched patients, PTR was associated with improved OS (HR 0.310, P

With regard to the privacy of client-server communication systems, most research works have concentrated on authentication to guarantee security. Among the investigated schemes, two-factor password authentication has been a major focus and has undergone considerable development. Two-factor password authentication is a process in which both a password and a physical object are used for authentication to achieve a higher level of security. However, these methods are still subject to some security vulnerabilities, such as malicious card reader attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and a lack of perfect forward secrecy. Moreover, although there are many evaluation criteria, there still lacks a set of universal criteria. To address these issues, a two-factor password authentication scheme is proposed in the context of practical application environment in this paper, such as side-channel attacks. Moreover, a card reader verification step is added to the authentication scheme to counteract malicious card reader attacks. In addition, the proposed scheme can resist various known attacks, including replay attacks, lost or stolen smart card attacks, and man-inthe-middle attacks. We present a detailed security analysis and comparative evaluation, and we prove the security of our scheme with Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic. Compared with previous schemes, the main advantages of the proposed scheme are its low computational cost, guaranteed security, and better adaptability to actual client-server communication environments.

To alleviate human labor in redrawing keyframes with ordered vector strokes for automatic inbetweening, we for the first time propose a joint stroke tracing and correspondence approach. Given consecutive raster keyframes along with a single vector image of the starting frame as a guidance, the approach generates vector drawings for the remaining keyframes while ensuring one-to-one stroke correspondence. Our framework trained on clean line drawings generalizes to rough sketches, and the generated results can be imported into inbetweening systems to produce inbetween sequences. Hence, the method is compatible with standard 2D animation workflow. An adaptive spatial transformation module (ASTM) is introduced to handle non-rigid motions and stroke distortion. We collect a dataset for training with 10k+ pairs of raster frames and their vector drawings with stroke correspondence. Comprehensive validations on real clean and rough animated frames manifest the effectiveness of our method and superiority to existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]