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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dietary densities on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum metabolism, ruminal papillae morphology and liver injuries of steers. For this purpose, a total of eighteen Holstein steers were randomly fed one of the three diets: high energy and protein diet (H), standard energy and protein diet (C), and low energy and protein diet (L) for 11 months fattening with three-step finishing strategy. Steers fed with H diet had higher (p .05) average daily gain, feed efficiency, hot carcass weight, serum aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio, and monounsaturated fatty acids along with continuous low ruminal pH value, severer hepatic steatosis and ruminal papillae parakeratosis. Meanwhile, steers fed L diet increased the proportion of C20:0, C22:6n-3, saturated fatty acids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids along with lower n-6 to n-3 ratio in longissimus dorsi muscle as compared to that of steers fed H diet. Dietary densities did not influence (p .10) proximate nutrients and sensory characteristics of beef. The present study indicates that Holstein steers could achieve better growth and carcass performance under high-density diet, whereas they are under threat of visceral injuries and metabolic disorders. This study gives comprehensive relationship between productivity and animal health and suggests that a proper diet should be adopted for fattening Holstein steers in consideration of both beef quality and quantity and animal health.

The present study aimed to morphometrically evaluate the ruminal mucosa and ruminal fluid characteristics of Santa Inês sheep fed different levels of spineless cactus as a replacement for Tifton grass hay. A total of 32 intact male Santa Inês sheep, approximately 180 days old and with a mean weight of 32.0±1.6kg, were studied in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replicates. The morphometric measurements evaluated in the ruminal epithelium (papilla height and surface area) were significantly affected (P< 0.05) by supplementation of the diet with spineless cactus, and these effects showed increasing linear trends. Evaluations of the ruminal fluid also showed a significant increasing linear effect (P< 0.05) for ammonia and a quadratic effect for microbial protein. The inclusion of spineless cactus in the sheep diet affects the ruminal epithelium morphology, including the papilla height and surface area, and favors the absorption process in the rumen. The diet containing higher levels of spineless cactus led to maximum microbial protein production. These results characterize spineless cactus as a feasible alternative for feeding sheep during periods of drought, when the typical food source is scarce. RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar morfometricamente a mucosa ruminal e as características do líquido ruminal de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com diferentes níveis de palma forrageira como substituta do feno de capim-Tifton. Um total de 32 ovinos, machos inteiros, da raça Santa Inês, com aproximadamente 180 dias de idade e peso médio de 32,0±1,6kg, foi estudado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. As medidas morfométricas avaliadas no epitélio ruminal (altura e área superficial da papila) foram significativamente afetadas (P

The effects of replacing a known feed additive (tylosin) with a novel direct-fed microbial (L. salivarius L28) on ruminal papillae morphology and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile of feedlot steers fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet were evaluated. Using a randomized complete block design, 144 single-sourced crossbred steers (BW = 371 ± 19 kg) were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (12 pens/treatment; 4 steers/pen). Treatments consisted of: a) no feed additives [Control]; b) monensin (330 mg/animal-daily) and tylosin (88 mg/animal-daily) [MonTyl]; and c) monensin (330 mg/animal-daily) and L. salivarius L28 (107 CFU/animal-daily) [MonPro]. Animals were harvested in two groups (140 d; 158 d). Individual samples (6 cm2) of ruminal cranial sac epithelium were collected (n = 144), preserved under refrigeration (4oC), and immersed in 70% alcohol. Ruminal tissue was trimmed (2 cm2), in which papillae were counted, followed by random removal of 12 papillae specimens for further area electronic scanning (The University of Texas Health Science Center of San Antonio, Image Tool). During the first harvest group, individual samples (50 mL) of ruminal fluid (n = 53) were collected following evisceration (VFA analysis). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS, using pen as experimental unit. Steers fed MonPro tended (P = 0.09) to increase number of ruminal papillae compared to Control, whereas steers fed MonTyl were intermediate. Combinations of feed additives did not affect papillae area, size, or absorptive area (P ≥ 0.26). Ruminal VFA profile was not affected (P ≥ 0.12) by dietary treatments. Ruminal absorption potential maybe positively affected by feeding MonPro during cattle finishing phase. Feed additives tended to affect ruminal physical components at a greater extension than momentary metabolical markers (ruminal VFA molar proportions). Long-term effects of feed additives on ruminal morphology needs to be further investigated.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of 2 feeding systems and 5 breeding groups on the growth performance, biometric features, and stomach morphology of feedlot goat kids. The experiment utilized gender as a randomized blocking factor in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme. The study goats were from the Alpine, Anglo-Nubian, 1/2 Boer x Alpine, 3/4 Boer x Alpine, and 7/8 Boer x Alpine breeds. Half of the goats were fed an experimental diet, whereas the other half were given the same diet supplemented with 1.5 L milk daily. The kids were slaughtered after they attained 30 kg body weight. The 1/2 Boer x Alpine goats showed superior growth performance because they exhibiting considerable heterosis. These animals are especially easy to use given that there is no need to maintain cross-bred females (½ Boer x Alpine e ¾ Boer x Alpine) in the flock. Using milk in the feed the animals does not adversely affect growth performance or biometric features. Moreover, it helps to reduce the total weight of the stomach and leads to a 51.39% savings on feed. Dietary supplementation of milk in goat feed is recommended so long as there is excess milk available on the property.

Many herbivores exhibit phenotypic variations of their digestive system in response to changes in quality of food resources. This digestive plasticity is considered an adaptive trait for individuals to help them cope with variation in food resources and to fulfill nutritional needs. We investigated whether digestive phenotypic variations could contribute to sustain the population of introduced white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) on Anticosti Island (Quebec, Canada) facing a winter diet of low-quality forage. We compared digestive morphology and in vitro digestibility of winter forage to that of deer from the original mainland population. Deer on Anticosti Island had a higher ruminal volume and digesta load (43% and 62%, respectively), greater absorption surface of the ruminal papillae, and greater relative mass of all forestomachs than deer from the mainland. Woody forage digestibility was similar between the 2 populations, even though faster kinetic digestion may occur for deer on Anticosti Island. Digestive plasticity appears to play a central role in sustaining high deer densities facing harsh forage conditions on Anticosti Island. Comparisons of digestive morphology and digestibility between populations that have access to forage of variable quality contribute to our understanding of the digestive response and the role of digestive plasticity for individuals facing a decline in diet quality.

Submitted by Márco Túlio Costa Almeida null (marcotulio695@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-13T21:07:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 almeida_mtc_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 1335296 bytes, checksum: 6624bc0c3b9c08902c4f551d6cfe9599 (MD5) almeida_mtc_dr_jabo_com.pdf: 1774797 bytes, checksum: fe491553121edda657d27fd1f2e8911a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-03-19T17:35:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_mtc_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 1335296 bytes, checksum: 6624bc0c3b9c08902c4f551d6cfe9599 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T17:35:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_mtc_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 1335296 bytes, checksum: 6624bc0c3b9c08902c4f551d6cfe9599 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) A glicerina bruta tem sido utilizada como ingrediente energético na alimentação dos ruminantes, e devido a sua baixa capacidade de acidificação do ambiente ruminal, a partir de produtos da sua fermentação, pode ser utilizada para evitar distúrbios metabólicos decorrentes de sistemas de confinamento com alto concentrado. Neste sentido, experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão crescente de glicerina bruta (83% de glicerol) em substituição total ou parcial ao milho das dietas para ovinos em confinamento. No experimento 1, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em baias individuais cinquenta e cinco cordeiros mestiços de 3 meses de idade (Santa Inês × Dorper, 21,7 ± 2,7 kg de peso corporal), dispostos em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Foram utilizadas quatro dietas experimentais contendo 0, 10, 20 ou 30% MS de glicerina bruta. Para as avaliações, três animais foram abatidos no final do período de pré-adaptação (d0), doze no final do período de adaptação (d14) e o restante (n = 40) quando atingiram ~35 kg PC. Foram avaliados o comportamento alimentar, o desempenho em confinamento, as características de carcaça e carne, os componentes comestíveis da não-carcaça e os compartimentos do estômago e fígado dos animais. Independentemente da inclusão de glicerina bruta, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os períodos do confinamento para as variáveis peso inicial e final, GMPD e CMS. A inclusão de mais de 10% de glicerina bruta nas dietas aumentou os dias de confinamento e diminuiu o CMS e o GMPD dos animais. A inclusão também aumentou o número de mastigações e o tempo gasto mastigando por bolo de alimentação. Não houve efeitos da inclusão de glicerina bruta sobre o pH e a cor do músculo Longissimus a 45 min ou 24 h após o abate, bem como sobre as outras características de carcaça e componentes comestíveis não-carcaça. A inclusão de glicerina bruta reduziu a gordura perirrenal, porém sem efeito prejudicial em outros locais de deposição de gordura. Todos os compartimentos do estômago, número de papilas do rúmen e índice mitótico foram maiores para o período final do confinamento. Os tratamentos com glicerina bruta apresentaram maiores pesos de rúmen quando comparados ao tratamento controle no período final do confinamento. No segundo experimento, oito carneiros Santa Inês × Dorper (64,5 ± 8,5 kg de PC) portadores de cânulas ruminais foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino duplo 4 × 4. Foram avaliados os parâmetros ruminais dos animais, tais como o pH, concentrações de N-NH3, AGCC e degradabilidade in situ das dietas, bem como a produção in vitro de gases de efeito estufa e digestibilidade in vitro das dietas. As dietas experimentais continham 0, 10, 20 ou 30% de glicerina bruta. A inclusão de glicerina bruta nas dietas tendeu a promover um efeito quadrático no CMS, com maiores valores observados para tratamentos com 10 e 20% de glicerina bruta. A glicerina bruta tendeu a aumentar o pH ruminal e o N-NH3, mas reduziu linearmente a concentração molar total de AGCC, acético, butírico, isobutírico e isovalérico. A inclusão de glicerina bruta nas dietas diminuiu linearmente a produção total de gases e CO2 (mL/g degradada) e tendeu a reduzir a produção de CH4 (mL/g degradada). Um aumento linear da fração solúvel em água ("a") das dietas foi observado com a inclusão crescente de glicerina bruta. A fração insolúvel e potencialmente degradável ("b") de MS e FDN das dietas foi linearmente reduzida e aumentada, respectivamente. A degradação potencial e efetiva das dietas foi linearmente aumentada com a crescente inclusão do coproduto. Os tratamentos aumentaram linearmente a digestibilidade in vitro da MS e reduziram linearmente a digestibilidade da FDN das dietas. Em conclusão, a inclusão crescente de até 30% de glicerina bruta em dietas para cordeiros mestiços não comprometeu a eficiência alimentar, os compartimentos do estômago e as medidas das papilas do rúmen em ambos os períodos do confinamento. No entanto, a inclusão de 10% de glicerina bruta parece ser a estratégia mais interessante para o período de acabamento, promovendo o maior desempenho animal. A substituição de grãos de milho por glicerina bruta (até 30% MS) altera os parâmetros de fermentação do rúmen, diminui a produção AGCC, e a produção in vitro de gás total e CH4. Além disso, a degradação potencial e efetiva, bem como a digestibilidade in vitro das dietas foram melhoradas com a inclusão de glicerina bruta. Como nenhuma manifestação clínica resultante de acidose ruminal (como abscesso hepático, ruminite e lesões na mucosa ruminal) foi observada, concluímos que todas as dietas foram eficazes na adaptação dos animais. Crude glycerin has been used as a source of energy in ruminant diets, however, due to low capacity ruminal acidifying from products of their fermentation, it can be used to prevent ruminal metabolic problems. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of crude glycerin (83% of glycerol) in diets of feedlot as ingredient able to reduces nutritional metabolic disorders in total or partial replacement of corn. In experiment 1, fifty-five 3-month-old crossbred lambs (Santa Inês × Dorper, 21.7 ± 2.7 kg bodyweight) were randomly allocated in individual pens indoors, assigned to a complete randomized block design and fed with four experimental diets, containing 0, 10, 20 or 30% crude glycerin. Three animals were slaughtered at the end of the pre-adaptation period (d0), twelve at the end of the adaptation period (d14), and the remaining (n= 40) when they reached ~35 kg BW. The feed intake, feeding behaviour, growth performance, carcass and meat traits, edible non-carcass components, stomach compartments and liver were evaluated. Regardless of the inclusion of crude glycerin, significant differences among feedlot periods were observed for the initial and final BW, shrunk final BW, ADG and DMI. The inclusion of more than 10% of crude glycerin in the diets increased days on feed and decreased DM intake and average daily gain. Crude glycerin increased number of chews and the time spent chewing per feed bolus. There were no effects of crude glycerin on pH and colour of Longissimus muscle at 45 min or 24 h after slaughter, as well as on other carcass and edible non-carcass characteristics. The addition of crude glycerin reduced perirenal fat without detrimental effect on others fat deposition sites. All stomach compartments, number of rumen papillae and mitotic index were higher for the finishing period. Crude glycerin treatments showed greater rumen weights when compared to control treatment in the finishing period. In the second trial, eight ruminally-cannulated male Santa Inês × Dorper sheep (64.5 ± 8.5 kg bodyweight) were distributed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The ruminal parameters, such as pH, NH3-N and volatile fatty acids concentrations, in situ degradability, as well as in vitro greenhouse gas production and in vitro digestibility were evaluated. The experimental diets contained 0, 10, 20 or 30% of crude glycerin. The inclusion of crude glycerin in the diets tended to promote a quadratic effect in DMI, with greater values observed for treatments with 10 and 20% of crude glycerin. Crude glycerin tended to increase the ruminal pH and NH3-N, but linearly reduced the total molar concentration of VFA, acetic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids. The inclusion of crude glycerin in the diets linearly decreased the in vitro total gas and CO2 production (mL/g degraded) and tented to reduce CH4 (mL/g degraded). A linear increase of soluble fraction in water (“a”) of the diets were observed with the increasing inclusion of crude glycerin. The insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (“b”) of DM and NDF of the diets were linearly decreased and increased, respectively. The potential and effective ruminal degradation of the diets were markedly and linearly increased with the increasing inclusion of the by-product. Treatments linearly increased in vitro DM digestibility of diets and linearly reduced NDF digestibility. In conclusion, the increasing inclusion of up to 30% of crude glycerin in diets for crossbred lambs did not compromise the feed efficiency, stomach compartments and rumen papillae measurements in both periods of the feedlot. However, the inclusion of 10% of crude glycerin seems to be the most interesting strategy for the finishing period, promoting the greatest animal performance. The replacement of corn cracked grain by crude glycerin (up to 30% DM) changes rumen fermentation parameters, decreasing VFA production, in vitro total gas production and CH4. Additionally, the potential and effective degradation as well as in vitro DM digestibility of diets are improved while fiber digestibility is impaired. As no clinical manifestations resulted from ruminal acidosis (such as liver abscess, ruminitis, and lesions in the ruminal mucosa) were observed, we concluded that all diets were effective in the animals’ adaptation. FAPESP: 15/04595-4

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T12:36:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-07-07T12:45:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ISSN1519-9940-2015-16-01-161-169.pdf: 82758 bytes, checksum: d59edc19d7fb57a619b1a9ffe998b6c0 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão do preparado de anticorpos policlonais (PAP) e/ou de monensina sódica (MON) na morfologia das papilas ruminais, incidência de ruminites (IR) e abscessos hepáticos (AH) em bovinos jovens confinados. Foram utilizados 72 novilhos da raça Brangus, não castrados, com peso vivo inicial de 261,04 ± 34,73 kg, em 24 baias (3 animais/baia) com 6 repetições por tratamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo os fatores a adição ou não de MON e PAP. Após o abate foram realizadas as avaliações. No fígado tanto o percentual de AH quanto a severidade foram menores (P 0.05) of additives on the IR. The treatment with MON had higher (P = 0.07) surface absorption/cm2 wall of the rumen and greater (P = 0.10) papillary area compared to treatment without this additive. Number of papillae/cm2 wall and average area of the papillae showed no difference among treatments. The use of PAP was effective in reducing HA as well as the severity the same, but was not able to improve the shape and structure of the ruminal papillae, as observed with the use of MON. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Departamento de Melhoramento e Nutrição Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Departamento de Produção Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Departamento de Melhoramento e Nutrição Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Departamento de Produção Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brasil FAPESP: 2008/52542-3

Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) is expressed in bovine ruminal epithelium, making it possible that dietary components or commensal microbes may influence gastrointestinal ANGPTL4 production via interactions at the mucosal surface. Therefore, we conducted 3 experiments to evaluate the effects of dietary concentrate level and VFA infusions on ANGPTL4 abundance in ruminal tissue. In Exp. 1, we assigned 12 nonlactating Holstein cows to either 8% or 64% concentrate diets; diets were fed 28 d before euthanasia and ruminal tissue collection. Ruminal tissue and plasma ANGPTL4 protein abundance were unaltered by treatment. In Exp. 2, we assigned 8 continental crossbred heifers to either a 45% or 90% concentrate diet; diets were fed for 75 d before euthanasia and ruminal tissue collection. Compared with the 45% concentrate diet, the 90% concentrate diet decreased (P 0.10) mRNA or protein abundance of ANGPTL4 in ruminal papillae. Ruminal papillae ANGPTL4 abundance was, however, negatively correlated with (P = 0.01) ruminal VFA concentrations. ANGPTL4 abundance in ruminal tissue decreases in response to very high dietary concentrate and is inversely correlated with ruminal total VFA concentrations.

For a lamb feedlot system became competitive it is essential that an equilibrate nutrition and functional feeding management happens naturally. Therefore, this experiment has the objective to evaluate the efficiency of whole corn grain diet on lambs performance and carcass quality parameters and ruminal papillae development. During the experiment twenty Dorper/Santa Inescrossbred lambs were used, divided randomly in two treatments: control diet and whole grain diet. The experimental design was completely randomized design and data analysis done by SISVAR using the Tukey test at 5% of probability. No statistical differences were observed on the characteristics evaluated for performance and carcass as well as the length and width of ruminal papillae. The composition of the diet together with the weight gain potential of the lambs can explain the good average daily weight gain of 0.284 kg. The initial body condition average was 2.1 (thin) and improved at the end of the trial period achieving3.15 (normal). Carcass yield reached 46.24%, the results is between the range ideal for specialty meat breeds ranging from 40 to 50%. The carcass conformation, fat cover conformation and the thickness of subcutaneous fat found can be classified as medians. Also there was no difference in the characteristics of ruminal papillae. Thus, it is concluded that the use of whole grain diet did not influence the characteristics evaluated; and the choice of diet should be made with regard to profitability, simplicity of use and availability of forage in feedlot.

Submitted by Ismael de Castro Pereira null (ismael_pepe@hotmail.com) on 2016-07-14T12:02:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ismael C. Pereira.pdf: 999527 bytes, checksum: 659b99bf13f31aff35209d2f1c4f2380 (MD5) Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A data informada na capa do trabalho está diferente da data de defesa. Corrija esta informação no arquivo PDF e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-07-14T17:49:56Z (GMT) Submitted by Ismael de Castro Pereira null (ismael_pepe@hotmail.com) on 2016-07-14T18:06:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ismael C. Pereira.pdf: 954667 bytes, checksum: 37ebeb6c315f8a5dff36a212d3369bca (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-14T18:15:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_ic_me_bot.pdf: 954667 bytes, checksum: 37ebeb6c315f8a5dff36a212d3369bca (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-14T18:15:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_ic_me_bot.pdf: 954667 bytes, checksum: 37ebeb6c315f8a5dff36a212d3369bca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o impacto da flutuação natural da ingestão de massa seca no desempenho, características de carcaça, comportamento ingestivo, perfil metabólico sanguíneo e aspectos morfofisiológicos ruminais de bovinos alimentados com dietas de alta inclusão de concentrado, por meio de estudo meta-analítico. Os experimentos contidos na meta-análise utilizaram animais com grupamento genético similar ao utilizado em confinamentos comerciais brasileiros. A meta-análise teve como base de dados os resultados de dez experimentos conduzidos no Confinamento Experimental da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da UNESP, em Botucatu, entre os anos de 2006 e 2015. Os dados foram coletados a partir 838 bovinos, divididos em 238 baias, consideradas as unidades experimentais para o estudo. Os valores de flutuação de ingestão de massa seca na baia foram calculados pela diferença da ingestão de massa seca entre dois dias consecutivos e dividido pelo dia anterior para encontrar o valor em porcentagem. Com base na mediana geral de 5,62%, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: alta e baixa flutuação de massa seca. As análises estatísticas foram feitas com auxílio do programa computacional R (versão 3.2.3). Utilizou-se um modelo de regressão linear misto para analisar os dados, no qual os experimentos e baias foram considerados como variáveis aleatórias e grupos de flutuação como variável fixa. Os grupos de baixa e alta flutuação apresentaram flutuação média de 4,79 e 6,47%, respectivamente. O grupo de baixa flutuação de ingestão de massa seca apresentou maior ingestão de massa seca em % do peso vivo (P < 0,01), maior ganho de peso diário (P = 0,05), maior ingestão de massa seca em kg (P = 0,06), maior ganho de peso total (P = 0,08), além de maior deposição em área de olho de lombo (P = 0,03) e menor força de cisalhamento (P = 0,03). Com relação ao comportamento ingestivo, o grupo de baixa flutuação de ingestão de massa seca apresentou maior taxa de eficiência da alimentação da massa seca, maior taxa da eficiência da ruminação da massa seca (P = 0,09), maior tempo de ruminação (P = 0,04) e menor tempo em ócio (P = 0,06), além de menor número de idas ao bebedouro (P = 0,04). Não foram observadas diferenças no perfil metabólico sanguíneo, incidência de rumenites e morfologia das papilas ruminais entre os dois grupos avaliados. Menor flutuação na ingestão de massa seca melhora o desempenho e ganho em musculatura de bovinos confinados. This study aimed to evaluate the inpact of natural dry matter intake fluctuation on performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behavior, blood metabolic profile and morphophysiological ruminal aspects of cattle fed with diets of high inclusion of concentrate. The experiments used for this meta-analysis used cattle with genetic group similar to used in Brazilian commercial feedlots. The meta-analysis was conducted using a database of results of ten experiments conducted in Experimental Feedlot of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, between the years 2006 and 2015. Data were collected from 838 bulls, divided into 238 pens, considered the experimental units for the study. The values of dry matter intake fluctuation were calculated by the difference in dry matter intake between consecutive days and divided by the previous day to find the value in percentage. Based on the overall median of 5.62% cattle were classified into two groups: high- or low-fluctuation. All data analysis was performed in R using a mixed model approach where pens and year were random variables and fluctuation group fixed. The low and high fluctuation groups presented a dry matter intake fluctuation average of 4.79% and 6.74%, respectively. Low fluctuation group showed higher dry matter intake as percent of body weight (P

Submitted by JOSIMARI REGINA PASCHOALOTO null (jpaschoaloto@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-27T19:52:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese definitivo.pdf: 831425 bytes, checksum: 723818d0349a0fa5f8736c8b8052f9da (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-29T14:41:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paschoaloto_jr_dr_jabo.pdf: 831425 bytes, checksum: 723818d0349a0fa5f8736c8b8052f9da (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-29T14:41:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paschoaloto_jr_dr_jabo.pdf: 831425 bytes, checksum: 723818d0349a0fa5f8736c8b8052f9da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-03 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A glicerina tem sido usada apenas como uma fonte de energia na alimentação de ruminantes, no entanto, devido à baixa capacidade de acidificação no rúmen a partir de produtos da sua fermentação, pode ser usada também para evitar problemas metabólicos ruminais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a glicerina bruta no período de adaptação e terminação de bovinos como ingrediente capaz de minimizar problemas metabólicos. Foi avaliado o consumo de MS, desempenho animal, comportamento ingestivo, morfologia das papilas ruminais e características de carcaça. Sessenta bovinos Nelore não castrados, foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2×2, sendo uma dieta com presença e uma com ausência de 30% MS de glicerina bruta e dois períodos de confinamento (adaptação e terminação). As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoenergéticas (1.0 Mcal ELg/kg MS) e isoproteicas (12,5% PB/MS). Os dados foram avaliados utilizando o procedimento MIXED do software SAS. A inclusão de glicerina bruta aumentou a digestibilidade in vitro da MS das dietas e reduziu o consumo de MS dos animais durante o período de terminação do confinamento. A inclusão de glicerina bruta em ambos os períodos do confinamento aumentou o GMPD dos animais. As características de carcaça avaliadas 30 minutos e 24 h após o abate (pH, L*, a* e b*) não foram influenciados pela inclusão de glicerina bruta em nenhum dos períodos do confinamento. A inclusão de glicerina bruta no período de terminação do confinamento proporcionou aos animais menores tempos de ruminação em pé, maiores tempos de mastigação total (P=0,0162), menores eficiências de alimentação (P

The ability of swamp buffaloes for adaptation to swampland was suggested to be supported by their digestive system efficiency including absorption one. This research was done to obtain scientific explanation about digestive efficiency of swamp buffalo by investigating swamp buffalo stomach morphologically. Six stomachs were obtained at slaughterhouse from 2.5-3 years old healthy male swamp buffaloes. Every part of the stomach includes nonglanduler stomach (forestomach: rumen, reticulum, and omasum) and glanduler stomach (abomasum) was taken for measuring length, width, and weight organs. Then all of samples from each part of stomach were prepared for morphological observation. The data were analyzed descriptively. Stomach of swamp buffalo had morphological peculiarities, such as: mucosa surface of rumen, reticulum, and omasum has black color, and there is variation of ruminal papillae of swamp buffalo, including branching. Special characteristics of swamp buffalo stomach is estimated as supporting morphological factors for increasing digestive efficiency to survive in swampland.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a inclusão de substâncias húmicas na dieta sobre o desempenho e o desenvolvimento ruminal de bezerros leiteiros da raça Holandesa. Foram utilizados 20 animais em delineamento experimental em blocos completos aleatorizados, distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) controle; 2) substâncias húmicas, via concentrado inicial. Os animais receberam 4 L d-1 da dieta líquida e concentrado inicial ad libitum. Diariamente foram realizadas análise de escore fecal, e semanalmente foram realizadas pesagens, medidas de crescimento corporal e colheita de sangue para a determinação de glicose, N-ureico e β-hidroxibutirato (BHBA). Os animais foram desaleitados na oitava semana de idade e foram abatidos para análise do desenvolvimento do trato digestório superior. Não houve efeito significativo (p > 0,05) entre os tratamentos ou interação tratamento x idade para os parâmetros consumo de concentrado, ganho de peso, medidas de crescimento corporal e parâmetros sanguíneos. Entretanto, foi observado efeito de idade (p < 0,0001) para todos os parâmetros avaliados. O escore fecal e o desenvolvimento ruminal também não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (p > 0,05). Não houve efeito da inclusão de substâncias húmicas na dieta quanto ao desempenho e desenvolvimento ruminal de bezerros leiteiros.The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of humic substances in starter concentrate on the performance of dairy calves and rumen development. Twenty Holstein calves were used in a completely randomized block design and distributed in two treatments according to inclusion of humic substances in concentrate: 1) Control; 2) Humic substances. Animals received 4 L d-1 liquid diet and starter concentrate ad libitum. Fecal score analyses were carried out daily, and calves were weighed weekly and growth measurements and blood samples for glucose, urea-N and β-hidroxibutyrate (BHBA) were taken. The calves were weaned at eight weeks of age and slaughtered for evaluation of forestomach development. There were no effects (p > 0.05) between treatments or treatment x age interaction for concentrate intake, weight gain, growth measurements or blood parameters. Fecal scores and rumen development were not affected (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of humic substances. There were no benefits from the inclusion of humic substances in starter concentrate on performance or rumen development of dairy calves.

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de butirato de sódio, monensina sódica ou propionato de cálcio no concentrado inicial sobre parâmetros ruminais e de desenvolvimento do trato digestório superior de bezerros leiteiros. Quinze bezerros holandeses recém-nascidos foram fistulados no rúmen e alojados em baias individuais até a décima semana de vida, com livre acesso a água, alimentados com leite (4 L/dia), em duas refeições, e concentrado à vontade contendo butirato de sódio (0,15%), monensina sódica (30 ppm) ou propionato de cálcio (0,15%). A partir da quarta semana de vida dos animais, antes e 2 horas após a alimentação da manhã, foram realizadas colheitas semanais de fluido ruminal para determinação do pH, da concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e N-amoniacal. Ao completar 10 semanas, os animais foram abatidos para avaliação do crescimento do trato digestório superior. O pH ruminal apresentou diferenças, tanto entre horários quanto entre os aditivos utilizados no concentrado inicial. As concentrações de AGCC totais, bem como de cada ácido graxo, não foram afetadas pelos aditivos. Entretanto, o horário de colheita teve efeito sobre todos os parâmetros, exceto a concentração molar de ácido acético. O peso total do trato digestório superior, assim como o peso médio de cada compartimento e a capacidade máxima do retículo-rúmen, não foram afetados pelos aditivos fornecidos no concentrado. Também não foram observados efeitos dos aditivos sobre a altura, a largura e o número de papilas do epitélio ruminal. A inclusão desses aditivos no concentrado inicial não afeta os parâmetros ruminais ou de desenvolvimento do trato digestório de bezerros em aleitamento. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the inclusion of calcium propionate, sodium butyrate and sodium monensin in the starter concentrate on ruminal parameters and forestomach development in dairy calves. Fifteen newborn Holstein calves were rumen cannulated and housed in individual stalls until ten weeks old, with free access to water, fed 4 liters of milk per day, split in two meals, and starter concentrate ad libitum containing sodium butyrate (0.15%), sodium monensin (30 ppm) or calcium propionate (0.15%). Starting at the fourth week of life, before and 2 hours after the morning feeding, ruminal fluid samples were taken weekly to determine the pH, short-chain fatty acids and ammonia-N. After 10 weeks, the animals were slaughtered to assess the forestomach growth. The rumen pH was affected by sampling time and the additives used in the starter concentrate. The total short-chain fatty acids concentration and each fatty acid concentration, were was not affected by the additives. However, except for molar concentration of acetic acid, all rumen fermentation parameters were affected by sampling time. The total forestomach weight and the average weight of each compartment and the maximum reticulum-rumen capacity were not affected by additives supplied in the starter concentrate. No significant effects of the additives were observed on the height, width and number of papillae of the ruminal epithelium. The inclusion of these additives in starter concentrate had no effect on most of the ruminal parameters and forestomach development in suckling calves.

The objective of this study was to investigate the development of rumen mucosa and the level of plasma IGF-1 in calves induced by different amounts and types of milk replacers and solid diet. Forty-five male Holstein calves 7 days of age were assigned to three groups: group I milk free replacer, late weaned; group II milk free replacer, early weaned, and group III milk replacer, early weaned. All animals received additional concentrate, water and maize silage were offered ad libitum. In each group, three calves were slaughtered at 41 days of age. The concentration of ruminal total SCFA and the molar proportion of butyrate did not differ between the groups, but the molar proportion of acetate was lower (P = 0.01) and the proportion of propionate was higher (P = 0.02) in early weaned calves. Compared to the late weaned calves (group I) the length, width and surface of the papil - lae of atrium ruminis, the length and width of the papillae of ventral ruminal sac and the length of the papillae of ventral blind sac were greater (P < 0.05) in the early weaned calves fed low amounts of milk and high amounts of concentrate (group III). Furthermore, there was a tendency of plasma IGF-1 concentration to be increased (P = 0.1) in early weaned calves. The plasma levels of glucose and insulin were decreased ( P < 0.01, and P = 0.03, respectively). Positive correlations existed between papillae length and plasma IGF-1 concentrations ( P < 0.10). Insulin and glucose concentrations were negatively correlated with parameters of papillae development (P < 0.1). In conclusion, the development of rumen papillae was stimulated in calves consuming increased amounts of concentrate. The effect was not correlated with the molar proportion of butyrate, but with the molar propionate proportion in the rumen and with the plasma IGF-1 concentration.

The objective of this study was to explore morphological alterations of rumen papillae induced by n-butyric acid in relation to the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in adult castrated bulls. Three animals fitted with rumen cannula were fed twice daily at a low and high nutritional level (LL and HL), i.e., at 1.1 x maintenance (M) and 1.6 x M, respectively. Diets contained artificial dried grass and concentrate (74:26 and 52:48). Bulls received no (B0) or daily intraruminal infusions of 500 g n-butyric acid (B500) over 14 d. The infusion started 1 h after the morning feeding (9:00) and lasted for 3.5 h. Thus, four treatments (BOLL, B500LL, BOHL, and B500HL) were compared. Blood and rumen mucosa samples from the atrium ruminis were taken at the last day of each period. Length, width and surface of rumen papillae were greater (p < 0.001) in BOHL than in BOLL. Treatment with n-butyric acid resulted in an increase of the papillae surface of 20-40% (p = 0.047) for both nutritional levels as compared to periods without n-butyric acid treatments. The higher nutritional level and intraruminal n-butyric acid infusion induced epithelial cell death. The percentage of proliferative cells was doubled by n-butyric acid treatment. The mRNA of IGF-1 and IGF type 1 receptor (IGF-1R), as well as IGF-1R binding capacity were unaffected by butyric acid treatments. The abundance of IGF-1 mRNA tended to be lower (p = 0.1) and IGF-1R abundance was lower (p = 0.03) in response to the HL. The plasma IGF-1 concentration was lower with butyric acid treatment (p < 0.01), but was unaffected by the nutritional level. In conclusion, under described experimental preconditions of daily short-time intraruminal n-butyric acid infusion alterations of rumen papillae morphology is not mediated by ruminal IGF type 1 receptor and by local IGF-1 expression in papillae in castrated bulls.

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of supplementation of various forms of zinc on the ruminal mucosa and dimensions of ruminal papillae in 6-month-old goat kids. The experimental period lasted from weaning to slaughter (4 months). All 20 kids divided into four groups of five animals, were fed with the same feeding dose, which was different only in the quantity and form of zinc. Control group was without additional zinc supplementation (group A), the other groups were supplemented with zinc in the form of ZnO (group B), zinc in the form of chelate (group C) and zinc in the form of lactate (group D). Samples for histopathological and morphometric examination were collected after the slaughter of all animals from the bottom of saccus ruminis ventralis everytime from the same place. Significant differences were reported within the comparison of the length of ruminal papillae between groups B and C (P = 0.026) and B and D (P = 0.040), within the comparison of the width of ruminal papillae between groups A and D (P = 0.020) and within the comparison of the intensity of keratinisation of the mucosa of ruminal papillae between groups A and B (P = 0.034), A and C (P = 0.038) and A and D (P = 0.001). Histopathological and morphometric examination of ruminal mucosa indicated that the ruminal papillae of kids supplemented with zinc in the form of ZnO (group B) were better developed compared to the other groups. This result indicates better utilisation of the supplemented zinc in the form of ZnO. The aim of the study was to identify the effect of supplementation of various forms of zinc on the ruminal mucosa and dimensions of ruminal papillae in 6-month-old goat kids. The experimental period lasted from weaning to slaughter (4 months). All 20 kids divided into four groups of five animals, were fed with the same feeding dose, which was different only in the quantity and form of zinc. Control group was without additional zinc supplementation (group A), the other groups were supplemented with zinc in the form of ZnO (group B), zinc in the form of chelate (group C) and zinc in the form of lactate (group D). Samples for histopathological and morphometric examination were collected after the slaughter of all animals from the bottom of saccus ruminis ventralis everytime from the same place. Significant differences were reported within the comparison of the length of ruminal papillae between groups B and C (P = 0.026) and B and D (P = 0.040), within the comparison of the width of ruminal papillae between groups A and D (P = 0.020) and within the comparison of the intensity of keratinisation of the mucosa of ruminal papillae between groups A and B (P = 0.034), A and C (P = 0.038) and A and D (P = 0.001). Histopathological and morphometric examination of ruminal mucosa indicated that the ruminal papillae of kids supplemented with zinc in the form of ZnO (group B) were better developed compared to the other groups. This result indicates better utilisation of the supplemented zinc in the form of ZnO.

We measured the length and width of ruminal papillae from six sites in rumens of farmed and wild red (Cervus elaphus) and wild fallow (Cervus dama) deer. A multivariate (principal components) analysis was used to explore papillary response to habitat. Three axes of papillary variation were defined: overall size, shape, and site (anatomical location within the rumen). These axes responded differently according to age, sex, diet, and species. Overall papillary size increased with age in wild but not in farmed stock, was significantly affected by sex, but showed no interspecies difference. Papillary shape was not influenced by age, sex, or diet but was influenced by species. Site-specific development was influenced by diet and species but not by age or sex. These results corroborate previous descriptive work and offer a technique for quantitative study of the interaction between wild ruminants and their dietary environment.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a inclusão de substâncias húmicas na dieta sobre o desempenho e o desenvolvimento ruminal de bezerros leiteiros da raça Holandesa. Foram utilizados 20 animais em delineamento experimental em blocos completos aleatorizados, distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) controle; 2) substâncias húmicas, via concentrado inicial. Os animais receberam 4 L d-1 da dieta líquida e concentrado inicial ad libitum. Diariamente foram realizadas análise de escore fecal, e semanalmente foram realizadas pesagens, medidas de crescimento corporal e colheita de sangue para a determinação de glicose, N-ureico e β-hidroxibutirato (BHBA). Os animais foram desaleitados na oitava semana de idade e foram abatidos para análise do desenvolvimento do trato digestório superior. Não houve efeito significativo (p > 0,05) entre os tratamentos ou interação tratamento x idade para os parâmetros consumo de concentrado, ganho de peso, medidas de crescimento corporal e parâmetros sanguíneos. Entretanto, foi observado efeito de idade (p < 0,0001) para todos os parâmetros avaliados. O escore fecal e o desenvolvimento ruminal também não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (p > 0,05). Não houve efeito da inclusão de substâncias húmicas na dieta quanto ao desempenho e desenvolvimento ruminal de bezerros leiteiros. The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of humic substances in starter concentrate on the performance of dairy calves and rumen development. Twenty Holstein calves were used in a completely randomized block design and distributed in two treatments according to inclusion of humic substances in concentrate: 1) Control; 2) Humic substances. Animals received 4 L d-1 liquid diet and starter concentrate ad libitum. Fecal score analyses were carried out daily, and calves were weighed weekly and growth measurements and blood samples for glucose, urea-N and β-hidroxibutyrate (BHBA) were taken. The calves were weaned at eight weeks of age and slaughtered for evaluation of forestomach development. There were no effects (p > 0.05) between treatments or treatment x age interaction for concentrate intake, weight gain, growth measurements or blood parameters. Fecal scores and rumen development were not affected (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of humic substances. There were no benefits from the inclusion of humic substances in starter concentrate on performance or rumen development of dairy calves.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of humic substances in starter concentrate on the performance of dairy calves and rumen development. Twenty Holstein calves were used in a completely randomized block design and distributed in two treatments according to inclusion of humic substances in concentrate: 1) Control; 2) Humic substances. Animals received 4 L d-1 liquid diet and starter concentrate ad libitum. Fecal score analyses were carried out daily, and calves were weighed weekly and growth measurements and blood samples for glucose, urea-N and β-hidroxibutyrate (BHBA) were taken. The calves were weaned at eight weeks of age and slaughtered for evaluation of forestomach development. There were no effects (p > 0.05) between treatments or treatment x age interaction for concentrate intake, weight gain, growth measurements or blood parameters. Fecal scores and rumen development were not affected (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of humic substances. There were no benefits from the inclusion of humic substances in starter concentrate on performance or rumen development of dairy calves O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a inclusão de substâncias húmicas na dieta sobre o desempenho e o desenvolvimento ruminal de bezerros leiteiros da raça Holandesa. Foram utilizados 20 animais em delineamento experimental em blocos completos aleatorizados, distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) controle; 2) substâncias húmicas, via concentrado inicial. Os animais receberam 4 L d-1 da dieta líquida e concentrado inicial ad libitum. Diariamente foram realizadas análise de escore fecal, e semanalmente foram realizadas pesagens, medidas de crescimento corporal e colheita de sangue para a determinação de glicose, N-ureico e β-hidroxibutirato (BHBA). Os animais foram desaleitados na oitava semana de idade e foram abatidos para análise do desenvolvimento do trato digestório superior. Não houve efeito significativo (p > 0,05) entre os tratamentos ou interação tratamento x idade para os parâmetros consumo de concentrado, ganho de peso, medidas de crescimento corporal e parâmetros sanguíneos. Entretanto, foi observado efeito de idade (p < 0,0001) para todos os parâmetros avaliados. O escore fecal e o desenvolvimento ruminal também não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (p > 0,05). Não houve efeito da inclusão de substâncias húmicas na dieta quanto ao desempenho e desenvolvimento ruminal de bezerros leiteiros.

Das anfangs monogastrisch funktionierende Kalb sollte sich möglichst komplikationslos und unter optimalem Wachstum zum Wiederkäuer entwickeln. Mit dem Ziel einer frühzeitigen Adaptation des Pansens an die spätere Ration der Milchkuh werden den Kälbern zusätzlich zur Milchtränke Futtermittel auf Basis von Heu, Silage oder Kraftfutter in pelletierter Form angeboten. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde deshalb der Einfluss verschiedener Futterrationen auf die Lebendmasseentwicklung und die Pansenentwicklung untersucht: gehäckseltes Heu (H), Kraftfutter in pelletierter Form (KF), Kraftfutter mit Heu (KFH), Maissilage mit 5 % Stroh (MS) sowie Maissilage mit Kraftfutter und 5 % Stroh (KFMS). In die Studie wurden 20 Kälber der Rasse Deutsch Schwarzbunt X Holstein-Frisian einbezogen. Die tägliche Futter- und Tränkeaufnahme sowie die körperliche Entwicklung der Kälber mittels Bestimmung der Körpermasse und Messung von Brustumfang und Widerristhöhe wurden 10 Wochen lang dokumentiert. Regelmäßig wurden Blutproben zur Überprüfung des Gesundheitszustandes sowie zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der verschiedenen Futterrationen auf die Blutparameter gewonnen. Nach Schlachtung der Tiere wurden die Gewichte der Organe des Verdauungstraktes sowie die Trockensubstanzgehalte der jeweiligen Ingesta bestimmt. Pansensaftproben wurden auf die folgenden Parameter untersucht: pH-Wert, D-/L-Laktat, Ammonium und kurzkettige Fettsäuren. Nach Begutachtung der Pansenschleimhaut wurden aus zwei Lokalisationen zwei 3 cm² große Gewebeproben entnommen und mikroskopisch untersucht. Die durchschnittliche Gesamt-TS-Aufnahme lag je nach Fütterungsgruppe zwischen 0,40 und 1,27 kg/Tag. Die TS-Aufnahme der Gruppen, in denen Kraftfutter angeboten wurde, fiel aufgrund der größeren Schmackhaftigkeit deutlich höher aus als für die Gruppen mit alleiniger Zufütterung von Heu oder Maissilage. Maissilage wurde nur sehr zögerlich aufgenommen. Die TS-Aufnahmen und der höhere Energiegehalt des Kraftfutters spiegelten sich in der ME-Aufnahme (14,5-24,9 MJ/Tag) und den Lebendmassezunahmen (0,49-0,95 kg/Tag) wider. Die durchschnittliche Trinkwasseraufnahme variierte zwischen 1,3 und 5,0 l/Tag. Es bestand eine positive Wechselbeziehung zwischen der Höhe der TS-Aufnahme und der aufgenommenen Wassermenge. Die Blutuntersuchungen spiegelten die altersbedingten Veränderungen wider und befanden sich innerhalb der für die jeweilige Altergruppe angegebenen Referenzbereiche. Der ß-Hydroxybuttersäure- und Harnstoffspiegel sowie die Enzymaktivität der GLDH wurden von der Art der Ration bzw. deren Fermentationsverhalten beeinflusst. Der pH-Wert im Pansensaft der Kälber lag bei den verschiedenen Gruppen zwischen 5,09 und 6,62. Die Gruppen H und MS zeigten einen höheren pH-Wert, eine niedrigere Laktat-Konzentration und eine niedrigere Gesamtkonzentration kurzkettiger Fettsäuren als die Gruppen KF, KFH und KFMS. Obwohl die Kälber der Gruppen KFH und KFMS nur wenig Rauftutter aufnahmen, fiel der pH-Wert dieser Gruppen etwas höher aus als der der Gruppe KF. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass bereits kleine Mengen Raufutter in der Ration den pH-Wert im Pansen erhöhen können. Bei der Beurteilung der Pansenschleimhaut fielen bei den mit Kraftfutter gefütterten Kälbern unregelmäßig geformte, z.T. verklumpte Zotten sowie die Anwesenheit von Haaren und Läsionen auf. Die Zotten der Gruppe MS waren kaum ausgebildet. Sowohl im ventralen Pansensack als auch im ventralen Blindsack wiesen die Kälber der Gruppen KF, KFH und KFMS eine höhere Zottenlänge und -breite, jedoch eine geringere Zottendichte als die Gruppe H auf. Die Gruppen KF, KFH und KFMS zeigten ein höheres Verhältnis von Mucosa- zu Serosalänge (MLSL) als die Gruppen H und MS, wobei die Gruppe MS die geringste MLSL aufwies. Das Gewicht des leeren Reticulorumens und der Leber fiel bei den Gruppen KF, KFH und KFMS höher aus als bei den Gruppen H und MS. Neben den auf die Entwicklung bezogenen Vorteilen eines Angebots von Kraftfutter, allein oder in Kombination mit Raufutter, sind hinsichtlich der Gesundheit auch mögliche Risiken festgestellt worden. Die Bevorzugung des Kraftfutters auf Kosten der Raufutteraufnahme bedingte morphologische Veränderungen der Pansenschleimhaut. Sie könnten infolge einer subakuten Pansenazidose und/oder einer ungenügenden mechanischen Beanspruchung infolge fehlenden „scratching factors“ entstanden sein. Um die Vorteile der Fütterung von Kraftfutter zu nutzen und gleichzeitig eine gesunde Entwicklung des Pansenepithels von Anfang an sicherzustellen, sollte Kälbern von Beginn an Heu ad libitum und Kraftfutter in begrenzten Mengen angeboten werden., The switch of a calf from the monogastric status shortly after birth to the ruminant status should take place as uncomplicated as possible ensuring optimal growth. Nowadays calves receive hay, silage and concentrates additionally to milk very early in their lives in order to ensure early adaptation of the rumen to the components of the ration of the later dairy cow. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different feedstuffs (chopped hay H, pelleted starter KF, chopped hay and pelleted starter KFH, pelleted starter and corn silage with 5 % straw KFMS, corn silage with 5 % straw MS) that were offered additionally to a milk replacer on growth of the calf and development of the rumen. Four of in total 20 crossbred calves (German Black Pied X Holstein-Friesian) were randomly assigned to one of the five different feeding strategies. The daily feed and water uptake were recorded and bodyweights as well as wither heights and heart girth were determined on a weekly basis over a period of ten weeks. Blood samples were obtained on a weekly basis for evaluation of the health status and of the effects of different feedstuffs on blood parameters. Following slaughter the empty and full weights of the organs of the digestive tract were weighed. The dry content of the digesta of the particular organ was determined and samples of rumen juice were analysed for the following parameters: pH-value, D- and L-lactate, ammonium und short chain fatty acids. After macroscopical evaluation of the ruminal mucosa tissue biopsies of 3 cm² were obtained from two distinct localisations of the rumen, which were subsequently examined by microscope. The mean total dry matter uptake ranged – depending on the ration – between 0.40 and 1.27 kg/day. In calves fed concentrates in form of a starter, the dry matter uptake exceeded the one of calves being fed hay or corn silage. The latter differences are also reflected in the ME-uptakes (14.5-24.9 MJ/day) and the daily weight gains (0.49-0.95 kg/day). A positive correlation was found between the mean water uptake and the dry matter uptake. The blood parameters resembled the normal changes observed in calves in the first weeks of their lives. However, differences were observed in the levels of ß-hydroxybutyrate and urea as well as for the enzyme activity of the GLDH being the consequence of the different kinds of rations and their fermentation characteristics. The pH-value in rumen juice ranged from 5.09 to 6.62 with higher pH-values and lower lactate concentrations as well as levels of short chain fatty acids being observed in calves receiving hay and corn silage. Although calves fed KFH and KFMS showed a very small intake of roughage, pH in their rumen was somewhat higher than in calves fed solely starter. This suggests that even small amounts of roughage in the diet can enhance pH in rumen fluid. The visual examination of the rumen mucosa revealed irregular shaped, branched and clumped papillae as well as embedded hair and lesions in all calves fed concentrates. Except in few small areas papillae of calves receiving corn silage were very small or not present. In the ventral rumen sac as well as in the ventral blind sac calves fed KF, KFH and KFMS showed a higher papillae length and width but a lower papillae density than calves fed H. Furthermore the ratio of mucosa to serosa length was higher in calves fed KF, KFH and KFMS than in calves fed H and MS with calves in group MS showing the lowest ratio of mucosa to serosa length. Empty reticulorumen and liver were heavier in calves fed KF, KFH and KFMS than in calves fed H and MS. Although feeding calf starter additionally to milk replacer in calves led to higher daily weight gains and an advanced development and differentiation of the rumen, this strategy bears some risks. The preference of palatable calf starter led to reduced uptake of roughage and alterations of the ruminal mucosa that might be related to subacute rumen acidosis and/or a deficient “scratch factor”. In order to make favour of the beneficial effects of concentrates in the calf nutrition and to ensure a healthy rumen calves should receive roughage ad lib but limited amounts of concentrates.

In 1986 (trial 1), lambs were exposed with their mothers to WB-PMP (whole barley and protein-mineral pellet) for 15 min/d for 0, 2, 4, 8 or 16 d. In 1987 (trial 2), they were exposed for 0, 4 or 8 d; two treatments for 8 d, with one receiving four times more WB-PMP (8H) than the other (8L). Following exposure to WB-PMP in both years, lambs and their dams grazed on summer range for 2 months before the drylot tests. Exposure for 4 d increased (P 0.05) in 1987. Lambs exposed for 2, 8 or 16 d in 1986 did not consume more WB-PMP than controls (P>0.05). In 1987, lambs in treatment 8L consumed more (P

The number and size of ruminal papillae, reticular cells and omasal laminae in free-living game deer (red deer, fallow deer, roe deer and mouflon) were examined. Mucosal membrane (MM) specimens were collected from the forestomachs of hunted deer. These parameters were assessed as related to the grazing environment, sex and age of animals. The number and size of ruminal papillae corresponded the best to the feeding specialization of the respective deer species and affecting factors. In two areas under study, the number and size of the ruminal papillae were significantly higher during the growing season than during the winter period (P0.05) in all four species. Only the papillae on the dorsal wall of the rumen did not respond to seasonal changes (P0.05). Differences in the number and size of papillae between different deer and mouflon were not significant when compared to sex, or place of origin (P0.05). The size of the reticular cells and number and size of omasal laminae differed between individual species, but the data were not statistically significant. The parameters assessed in this study corresponded to the dietary choices of each species. The most significant differences were found between roe deer and mouflon. The smallest differences were found between red deer and fallow deer where the ruminal papillae responded to changes in the quality of the food during the year.

The influence of diet on the morphology of reindeer ruminal papillae was investigated in 4 groups of 3 free-ranging reindeer calves at different seasons, and in 11 groups of 3 reindeer calves fed experimental diets. Length, cross-sectional perimeter and density (number/cm2) of the ruminal papillae were measured in 4 sample sites in the rumen wall, and the ruminal surface enlargement factor (SEF) was calculated at each sample site. The range of group means were 2.3 to 3.4 mm for overall papillary length (mean of the four sample sites), 2.2 to 3.5 mm for overall cross-sectional perimeter, 85 to 189 papillae/cm2 for overall papillar density and 5.8 to 18.6 for overall SEF. Differences between sample sites wete observed, atrium ruminis having the highest and caudodorsal blind sac the lowest SEF (25% over and 24% below overall value, respectively). The differences between sample sites were considered to be small, indicating a homogenous ruminal content. The SEF of free-ranging animals showed a seasonal pattern, with high overall SEF (18.6) in September (late summer) and lower overall SEF {9.1) in April (late winter). Groups fed timothy silage with low content of cellulose (18.7% of dry matter) showed highest overall SEFs of the fed animals (17.8 and 13.9), while groups fed timothy silage with high content of cellulose (30.4%' of dry matter) showed lowest overall SEFs (5.8 and 7.0), indicating low ability to ferment silage with high content of cellulose. The SEF in animals fed experimental diets seemed partly to be influenced by SEF at the beginning of the feeding period.

Using hunter-harvested deer in the fall of 2003, we compared ruminal papillae density, length, width, surface enlargement factor (SEF) and reticular cell diameter between sympatric Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and White-tailed Deer (O. virginianus), and between age-gender classes within each species. There was no difference in papillae morphology or reticular cell diameter between Mule Deer and White-tailed does or bucks or between any age-gender comparisons within species. Female Mule Deer fawns had larger reticular cell diameters than White-tailed Deer fawns, and male Mule Deer fawns had higher papillae density and larger reticular cell diameters than male White-tailed Deer fawns. Papillae widths of male White-tailed Deer fawns were greater than those of male Mule Deer fawns. Comparisons of papillae morphology between Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer sampled during late fall suggests adults of these species may respond similarly to forage quality, but species differences may be evident in fawns.

The postnatal development of the epithelium of the ruminal papillae was described in lambs during their first few weeks of life. Papillae from the ventral sac were collected from 4 one-week-old lambs and from 4 one-month-old lambs. The stages of epithelial differentiation, which were developmental, were discussed in relation to their transepithelial metabolic exchange.

Three non-lactating cows (Deutsches Schwarzbuntes Rind) with large ruminal fistulas were fed coarsely structured food. Within a trial period of 21 weeks infusion periods lasting 3 weeks alternated with equally long control periods (K). During the 3 infusion periods, 8.4 mMol of propionic acid (P), 14.8 mMol of acetic acid (E) and 4,5 mMol of butyric acid (B) per kg liveweight per day were administered through the fistula, the total quantity being 19 litres of solution. In the periods K1...4 the ruminal fluid contained an average of 68 Mol% E, 19 Mol% P, 13 Mol% B (maximum of 10.25 mMol free fatty acids (FFS) per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.4). In the course of the 10 hrs of infusion the Mol percentages of the particular acids infused increased to 27% P (maximum of 11.14 mMol FFS per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.4) or 79% E (maximum of 12,99 mMol FFS per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.0 (5.5)) or 25% B (maximum of 10.34 mMol FFS per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.0 (5.5)). Infusions of E and B had the most pronounced effect on the ruminal mucosa compared with the K periods. All fatty acids increased the process of keratinization and decreased the size of cell nuclei in the stratum basale. As specific effect, P infusions produced a thickening of the lamina propria; B infusions caused a thickening of the stratum germinativum (proliferative effect) while e infusions led to a drastically reduced thickness of villi (antiproliferative effect) due to reductions in the stratum germinativum and the lamina propria. According to the morphological situation high specific mucosal function is suggested during the B-period. The mucosa appeared quite normal during all periods investigated, with the exception of the E period, where hyperkeratosis, atrophy and necrosis were observed in 34% of the sample. Changes in the state of the mucosa appeared as early as 1 week after the beginning of the respective trial periods. Keratin consolidation was the primary cause for chemically induced keratosis. The development of hyperkeratosis seemed to be favoured if low pH values occurred in the rumen in combination with small amounts of metabolites inducing proliferation, both representing synergistic factors.

The present study aims to characterize the main morphological changes occurring on the bovine ruminal papillae during pre- and postnatal development. Light microscopic observations of the ruminal wall from bovine fetus (3 to 9 month fetal age) and from crossbreed (Holstein-Frisian) calves (5 to 60 days-old) were analysed. The results suggest that the postnatal papillary development corresponds mainly to a fully actualization of the differentiation pattern already developed at the prenatal stage.

Fiftysix calves, in 2 similar experiments, were given 1 of 4 diets including a high lactose milk replacer: ground barley (GB), ground barley plus coarse hay (GB + GH), coarse hay (CH) and the liquid diet only (NS) ; the 2 last diets were held as controls. The calves were on the experimental diet from 1–2 weeks of age until slaughtered at 7-8 weeks of age. As observed by stereo-microscopy, the ruminai papillae in calves fed on GB were thickened, mostly finger- or club-shaped and sometimes nodular; nodular papillae were always arranged on prominent mucosal folds. Scattered nodular papillae had white coats. For calves fed on GB + CH the papillae were mostly finger- or tongue-shaped. Histologically papillae in calves fed on GB had hyperplasia of secondary papillae and epithelial layers. Microabscesses associated with penetrating hairs were frequent, and some calves had dyskeratosis with infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes at the apex of papillae, identified as the white coats. For calves given GB+CH, abscesses and apical dyskeratosis were absent and the hyperplasia of epithelial layers milder than in the case of the GB diet. An ameliorative effect of hay on papillary changes caused by barley is indicated.

Non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium lined the mucosa of the forestomach. The mucosal appendages in the form of ruminal papillae did not develop in the rumen during this study, however, omasal laminae and reticular ribs were evident in groups I and II, respectively. Cytoplasmic accumulations were evident in the middle layer of the epithelium, which is characteristic of this region. The thickness of the epithelium increased constantly in the rumen and reticulum, but in the omasum it remained constant with the increase in the size of the fetus. The corial papillae in the rumen, reticulum and omasum appeared at the 12.7-, 11.5- and 14.6-cm CVR stage, respectively. The muscularis mucosae appeared in the omasum at the 14.6-cm CVR stage in the first-order laminae. The tunica muscularis consisted of spirally arranged muscle fibre bundles. Cross-cut muscle fibre bundles below the tip of the omasal laminae descended downward with the increase in the size of the fetus and continued with the inner circular layer. Acid and alkaline phosphatases and fat could not be observed. The concentration of glycogen in the epithelium was maximum in group III and minimum in group II.

Two pairs of adult castrated male sheep were given intraruminally 2 g/kg body weight per day of sodium n-butyrate rapidly 10 s at noon or slowly over 20 to 24 h from noon in four trials in which they received only mixed minerals and water ad libitum. Their ruminal papillae were biopsied just before each administration and 24 h after the final administration. Mitotic indices of the epithelial cells were observed. Mitotic indices were lower than .48% before butyrate administration. In sheep rapidly administered butyrate, mitotic indices increased to 1.29%, 2.33%, 2.65%, and 1.84% in 1 day after the first administration in four trials and tended to decline on later days. In sheep slowly administered butyrate, mitotic indices stayed lower than .50% and did not show significant fluctuations. Our data support our hypothesis that an increase in the rate of intraruminal production of volatile fatty acids promotes proliferation of epithelial cells of the organ.

The macroscopic anatomy of the stomach in four adult dorcas gazelle was described. Four adult, two male and two female dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) of the Frigya Zoological Park, Enfidha, Tunisie, were used in this study. The ruminal papillae were distributed unequally in the rumen, and were larger and more abundant within the atrium and in the two saccus cecus. The papillae were absent in dorsal part of the dorsal sac. The ruminal pillars had no papillae. The cellulae reticuli were divided and contained secondary and tertiary crests. The curvatura omasi measured 12.1±0.1 cm. A comparison with literature data for sand gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica) emphasises that differences between closely related species that fill similar niches cannot be expected to follow a clear pattern, but yield an inhomogenous picture, with some measurements more tending towards a specific feeding type in the one, and some other measurements tending more towards that feeding type in the other species.We concluded that the stomach morphology of the dorcas gazelle indicates the'cattle-type' morphophysiology representative for intermediate feeders.

By the aid of corrosion-cast, 15 bovine fetuses were examined by scanning electron microscopy and histological observation. Morphogenesis of ruminal microvasculature was preceded by that of the ruminal epithelial layer. It was suggested that the arrangement of ruminal papillae might be decided by the structure of ruminal microvasculature. Key words: Morphogenesis, rumen, blood vessel, cattle