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In this paper, an IoT based real-time monitoring and controlling system have been designed and developed for an eco-friendly aquaculture system namely a biofloc fish farm. Currently, technology has a vital role in improving aquaculture production which leads to attaining sustainable development. The microorganisms in the biofloc fish tank are utilized for detoxifying the toxic waste materials by recycling as well as transforming them into fish food e.g. protein cells. Hence, it not only manages good water quality in the biofloc system but also produces additional feed for the fish. Water quality monitoring of biofloc fish tanks is a significant aspect to guarantee a better environment for producing fish. This paper focuses on developing an IoT based device for biofloc fish tanks to monitor various water quality parameters as well as control water temperature and air pump. Using this device, users can monitor the water quality data received from sensors and control the actuators accordingly from any remote location through the graphical user interface (GUI).

Solar chimney as a dependable renewable energy system has successfully gained the interest of researchers over the past decades. Severe environment issues and energy crisis can be seen all over the world for continuous and excessive use of fossil energy as buildings can consume up to 42% energy usage of the entire world annually, mostly for cooling, heating, giving electricity and air-conditioning purpose (Shi and Chew in Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews 16:192–207, 2012). Traditional heating and cooling systems have a noticeable impact on greenhouse gas emissions. One of the best strategies for a building to diminish energy consumption is to increase the natural ventilation inside the surrounding area using solar chimney. The overall temperature inside a room can also be diminished using a solar chimney. According to another study, the requirement of daily fan shaft in a house in Tokyo can be reduced by 50% annually due to the implementation of natural ventilation (Miyazaki et al. in Renewable Energy 31:987–1010, 2006). Solar chimney contributes a great deal in efficient residential space heating as well as cooling. With the advancement of technology, researchers have been working relentlessly to develop solar chimney which can save both energy and ensure fire safety.

Pipeline inspection has become a crucial aspect in pipeline integrity management. Precise and reliable inspection data ensures environmental as well as public safety. Detecting defects in the pipeline components and maintaining good condition inside the pipelines are challenging tasks for human professionals. Moreover, going inside remote areas in a pipeline is not only risky but also can be life threatening in some cases. In this paper, a prototype of a pipeline inspection robot is designed and developed to trek through inconvenient areas inside a pipe with the adaptability to adjust inside different shaped pipes keeping in mind the safety measures. The ultrasonic sensor provides a graphical measuring technique to assess the amount of scale gathered in the pipeline’s surface and detect GPS location with live streaming. DC geared motors deliver the prerequisite torque while Raspberry Pi operates as a controlling interface. The robot’s design as well as control interface provide convenient as well as secure entry to the narrower and remote areas in a pipeline system.

Wind energy is a conventional energy source of power generation and a significant player in the today’s energy market. As an unlimited and free energy source, wind is available in majority areas of the world. Wind energy driven turbines uses a variety of composite materials. The details of wind turbine technology along with structure are discussed in this chapter. The historical development of wind turbine technology along with overall structure is briefed. This chapter focuses on the conventional composite materials for wind turbine blades (glass fibers/epoxy matrix composites), natural composites, hybrid and nano-engineered composites technology. A thorough insight in these topics results in appropriate selection of composite materials for wind turbine blade.

PLCs are robust industrial electronic systems applied for controlling a wide variety of mechanical systems. One of the most substantial applications of PLC is found in glass bottle manufacturing industry. PLC based glass bottle spray coating system is a noteworthy part of glass bottle manufacturing industry Especially, in Bangladesh the system has not yet been introduced till now. This paper aims to implement a glass bottle spray coating system using programmable logic controller (PLC) along with SCADA (WinCC RT advanced) and proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control system. For glass bottle spray coating, accurate temperature and density level needs to be maintained, which is emphasized in our proposed system. In this work, temperature sensor is used to detect the temperature of water and level switch is used to detect the water level. WinCC RT advanced is used for obtaining the real time value.

As global energy demand is constantly on the rise; power management has been becoming a major issue in the past decades or so due to less energy reserves. Power shutdown is a key crisis at the present time whereas disruption of power can cause a huge production loss for industries which calls for proper power management and monitoring in a systematic way. This paper deals with this issue by developing a prototype system and implementing real time energy monitoring and controlling of the system. In this system, power from main line is distributed and supplied to certain loads. If capacity of distributed load is less than required, then another line will be activated in parallel in order to prevent power shutdown and avoid production losses. Moreover, this process can ensure safety by tripping the system in case of any fault occurrence. All these are performed in an automated process using PLC and Web server.

The work carried out in this paper aims to present a model based on elderlies daily activities to determine their wellness status. A wellness function is delineated to estimate the health condition of the aged individuals while carrying out their day-to-day routine. The proposed model can also be used to monitor the mobility parameters, such as entry and exit of a room and bed occupy of an elderly. Simple sensors such as capacitive sensors are equipped into their homes to monitor their behaviour and identify their daily activities via non-contact means. The device will allow extracting daily behavioral patterns of the elderly is distressed, an alarm can be sent to a receiver unit. The cost effectiveness of the device will ultimately lower the total cost of wellness monitoring of an elderly person. A prototype of the device can be fabricated and broadly tested for extracting precise results.

Flowsensing technology from today’s application perspective has gained significant research interest over the past few years. Among the existing sensing techniques, electrostatic and capacitive sensing techniques have proven promising although cable capacitance and stray capacitance cause inaccuracy while measuring very small capacitances. The existing measurement circuit model is complicated and has flawed electrode arrangement. By sensing very small capacitive variation, the developed capacitive technique has proven capable of reducing the stray and residual capacitance effect by using an interface sensing circuit based on circular and semicircular shaped electrode and modified capacitive bridge. The proposed interface circuit is simulated via PSPICE for realizing the small capacitive variation with permittivity variation. Hardware implementation is carried out using a flow sensing set up that senses two kinds of biomass flow variation as a change of dielectric permittivity under room conditions. The output voltage has been reproduced as a representative of the flow. Moreover, a comprehensive investigation into experimental data shows an agreeable level of consistency with the simulation results.KEYWORDS: electrodes; sensing; capacitance; electrostatic; piping; measurement

With the advent and progress of technology, care of senior individuals requires spontaneous and timely decisions to be made so that life protecting and saving therapy can be delivered promptly. Research shows that assistive technology can provide systems to aid in the prevention and detection of injuries to seniors, leading to a faster response from monitoring personnel. Falls make one of the major injuries caused to seniors whereby they are often unable to receive proper and timely support. This work reports the preliminary results on the development of a capacitive-based sensing system for monitoring of inhabitants living on their own in elderly homes. The tracking and fall monitoring of elderly is based on floor-sensing model equipped with an occupancy mechanism. To perceive and recognise the behavioural changes of an individual on daily basis, integrated sensors are designed and developed using capacitive proximity sensing approach. The weight of a person exerts a pressure on the sensor, indicating the occupancy of the sensor spot when a threshold value set for this purpose, is exceeded. To begin with, the occupancy sensing floors are equipped with sensors and later integrated into the environment, which aims at providing assistive service for continuous diagnosis of a person's health, hence keeping track of an individual's behavioural patterns.

Human motion detection is a crucial factor for security and surveillance applications. Among all available sensors, capacitive sensors have proven to be advantageous for human motion recognition and tracking due to their cost-effectiveness and intrusive abilities. This kind of sensor is also capable of sensing targets from a remote distance, especially for elderly monitoring at home or care centers. The purpose of this paper is to inspect human motion in an indoor atmosphere to monitor the distinctiveness of an individual person in a specific area by deploying a capacitive-based floor detector. Keeping this aim in mind, a model of capacitive sensing technique for detecting human motion in an indoor environment has been developed. The results attained in this paper are of time analysis of capacitance transducer signals which were obtained in a laboratory environment, measuring the performance of the system. As the mobile human goes toward or far from the capacitive sensors, the capacitance of the system will be varied. This is when the occupancy state of the implemented sensors will indicate the movement of human targets.

This work demonstrates a non-invasive capacitive proximity based floor sensing system to monitor the motion of a human body (elderly patients). Monitoring the motion of an elderly patient can help them to move freely without the limitation of staying in a restricted environment which is suited for homecare applications. On the basis of application, such implementations need low-power, accurate and real-time measurement for measuring any abnormal behaviours. The proposed capacitive sensing system is based on the idea of making capacitive variations due to human body motion and this variation in capacitance is converted into an equivalent signal that has proportionate output frequency change. The floor sensor is proposed to be employed underneath the carpets of the floor surface. The sensors are rectangular shaped electrodes, arranged in the form of a matrix.

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the behavior of a biomass test material, wheat. Ground wheat grain is replicated as fine biomass base. The experiment is based on voltage application inside a capacitive sensor. This sensor allows the sensing of very small capacitive variation. The sensor is incorporated with an interface sensing circuit based on circular and semi-circular shaped electrode and modified capacitive bridge. Analysis of a particular material's flow sensing behavior has been carried out by evaluating the measurement data and assessing conformity between experimentally obtained and simulated data.

The work aims in creating a monitoring system for the elderly population intended to be used in the bedroom. The sensors selected can measure the sleep pattern and selected vital signals. This particular sensor was preferred as a result of its simplicity in integration, cost-effectiveness, and reliability. The suggested work is shown to be in the form of embedded sensors integrated in the bedroom. An alarm system has also been included in the bedroom design to assist the elderly to request for help during an emergency situation. Bed sensors are installed under the bed sheets to detect the sleeping pattern of the elderly person. Furthermore, humidity and ambient temperature sensors are also implemented in the design to constantly monitor their vital health conditions. Thus, the bedroom health and wellness monitoring system will allow an elderly person to stay independently in their own home in a secured environment.

With the continual increase of senior citizens more resources are required for providing care centers services. The quality of such services can be enhanced by remotely monitoring senior citizens living independently in their homes. The monitoring can be performed using various types of sensors, but the solution presented in this paper is simple, cost effective as well as easy to implement compared to most of the existing systems. The proposed system uses capacitive based sensor to monitor the daily activities of an elderly living alone. The monitoring system works on the principle of measuring the disturbance in the electromagnetic field when a human body approaches the sensor. This proposed sensor is fundamentally based on electric field sensing using sensors are in the form of thin planar electrodes. The Arduino-based board in combination with CapSense library acquires the sensed data. The detection system is embedded on the care-center floor surface, making the system to be non-intrusive as well as maintaining the privacy of the user. The data so obtained is perceived as information on a PC, which can be used in generating an automatic alarm system. A notification can be sent to the cell phones of the caregivers for assistance. The important thing in the alarms is that no user input is required from the person under monitoring and no devices need to be worn. A prototype sensor is described in detail and preliminary results are presented based on simulation and experimental procedure.

The primary application of this work is to design and develop a reliable capacitance sensing system for measuring very small capacitive changes at low frequencies for human interface application. The sensing system is applicable in monitoring and characterizing human body movement. The interface circuit measures very small capacitive variation. A number of capacitive values have been set in the proposed system and the produced capacitance variations have been measured for verifying the possibility to characterize the presence/absence of human bodies. A variation in capacitance results in variation on the output voltage. Based on change in the voltage conclusion can be made regarding the presence/absence state of the human body. The sensing method is based on the fundamental principle of capacitance changes that is produced by the interaction of a human body with capacitive sensors. Different human body will exhibit different capacitance due to their height, weight and so on; giving each person distinctive identification. Primary simulation results show that the measurement of little capacitance variation using an interface circuit is precise and linear. The simulation results conclude that a very small capacitive variation can be detected using the developed capacitive sensing method. When a human body enters in the vicinity area right above the sensor, a variation in capacitance as well as output voltage can be observed.

To facilitate real-time flow measurement, this paper aims to realize biomass flow sensing through electronic non-contact capacitive means. Hardware implementation has been carried out using a modified OP-AMP-based bridge circuit, with one arm made of a standard capacitance while the other arm is made from two specifically designed capacitive electrodes fitted on a piping system sensing biomass flow. The experimental results are targeted to obtain data for given biomass types through a custom-developed biomass flow piping system. Several flow affecting parameters namely: electrodes’ shapes, the location of electrodes on the piping system, biomass material type, and particle size have been considered in obtaining experimental data. Also, the circuit has been simulated to analyze flow sensing behavior for the proposed technique by evaluating the measurement data and assessing conformity between experimentally obtained and simulated data.

The aim of this research is to assist elderlies in accomplishing their everyday tasks through facilitating their home atmosphere with sensors, actuators, and computational resources. A significant effort is needed to incorporate them to make them effective in daily life. Particularly, the tracking and detection of elderly people’s daily tasks, associated with the information of the user's location in the home environment signify the key pillars of this work. The detecting and tracking algorithm uses the sensory data to indicate an associated situation in order to allow elderly people with special requirements. Monitoring the elderly’s behaviour over a long period of time will allow prediction of their forthcoming alarming situation which allows the finding of the elderly’s behavioural deviations in their everyday routine. The proposed resolution has been methodically assessed in the laboratory.

Care of senior individuals requires spontaneous and precise decisions so that life protecting and lifesaving therapy can be given on time. Research reveals that assistive technology can provide systems, which aid in prevention and detection of injuries to senior patients leading to a faster response. Falls are one of the major injuries occurring among seniors and they are not able to receive proper and timely help. This paper is based on monitoring the movement of individual senior people, living independently in their homes. The paper aims to study, design and develop a low cost reliable capacitance-based sensing system for capturing human position in order to identify them, and the occurrence of fall. The sensor arrangement is done using a matrix of thin planar electrodes beneath the floor. This makes the system untraceable as well as discreet. Shading or darkness do not affect the system and also this system does not need much computing power. Computer vision does not have these advantages. Moreover, there is no need of wearing these devices and also no batteries should be charged. Here, the proposed system measures the variable voltage output in response to a change in capacitance values. Preliminary results have been obtained based on simulation and experimental setup.

This paper presents an inductive pressure sensor which can be employed for the acquisition of biomedical signal, and these signals can be extremely vital in monitoring and diagnosing human body conditions. Based on the nature of the application, such implementations require precise and real time measurement for measuring any biomedical parameters. The proposed inductive pressure sensor is based on the basic principle of producing inductive changes in response to the movement of a core towards a coil. Using the inductive coil, the physical parameter that is the movement of iron core is translated into a signal with proportionate output frequency change. This type of sensor offers some important criteria like high level of linearity and sensitivity. The proposed pressure sensor can be very effective as it can be used in many biomedical applications.

The promising development of magnetic sensors in biomedical field demands an appropriate level of understanding of the magnetic properties of the materials used in their fabrication. To date only few of the types of magnetic materials are encountered where their magnetic properties, characterization techniques and magnetization behavior are yet to be explored more suitably in the light of their applications. This research work studies the characterization of materials by using a cost effective and simple circuit consisting of inductive transducer and an OP-AMP as a voltage integrator. In this approach the circuit was simulated using PSPICE and experiments have been conducted to achieve the desired results. The simulation and experimental results are obtained for three test materials namely iron, steel and plastic. The novelty lies in applying the simple circuit for material testing and characterization via obtaining simulation results and validating these results through experiment. The magnetic properties in low external magnetic field are studied with materials under test. The magnetization effect of a magneto-inductive sensor is detected in low frequency range for different magnetic core materials. The results have shown magnetization behaviour of magnetic materials due to the variation of permeability and magnetism. The resulted hysteresis loops appeared to have different shapes for different materials. The magnetic hysteresis loop found for iron core demonstrated a bigger coercive force and larger reversals of magnetism than these of steel core, thus obtaining its magnetic saturation at a larger magnetic field strength. The shape of the hysteresis loop itself is found to be varying upon the nature of the material in use. The resulted magnetization behaviors of the materials proved their possible applicability for use in sensing devices. The key concern of this work is found upon selecting the appropriate magnetic materials at the desired frequency of operation for magneto resistive applications, magneto-resistive sensors and for an extensive range of biomedical sensor application.

A proliferating concern has been growing on the development of non-contact sensing and monitoring of human activities in health care sectors to avert accidents of elderly patients. Keeping in mind the limitations of the existing techniques, a novel sensing technique for human movement recognition has been proposed in this paper which uses capacitive proximity sensors. This paper works towards setting the stepping stone of implementing capacitive sensor for a living style profile through MATLAB simulation. The output response for various capacitance values is plotted here proving its utility for precise measurement of voltage which is proportional to the electrical properties of patient's body at the sensing elements of the sensor. The output values measures the phase shift as a depiction of human movement. With the presence of a human body near sensor, signal waveform rises at a certain frequency peak and the movement of human body away from the sensor shows otherwise. The preliminary simulation result obtains accurate phase shift variations at a point frequency which is fruitful in further studies and reaching the ultimate goal of person's movement and activity tracking.

This paper describes a method for analysing and detecting the daily activities of a person with the help of phase sensitive detector analysis. The phase sensitive detector (PSD) is implemented in the circuitry to measure the phase and amplitude change produced, I and Q, hence the amplitude and the phase of the voltage. The basic components of PSD analysis are modulation, multiplication and low pass filter. This technique will be able to distinguish a person's daily activities such as walking, fall events, entering or leaving a room by comparing the amplitude and phase of the output results to the input amplitude and phase change. A detailed analysis is carried out, which reveals equations that can assist in measuring the phase and amplitude information. Furthermore, MATLAB simulation results offers consistent results when compared with theory, hence, this determines the suitability of the model proposed. Likewise the data obtained can aid in the ability to analyse the movement of the person.

Powering implantable low wattage biomedical devices and sensors through non-contact means is on the rise over the past recent years. In view of that, inductive coupling is currently the most favorable means of transferring energy for powering the low wattage implanted devices. The wireless inductive link works as an energy link to power up remote devices and also acts as a communication link to retrieve and write data to the same remote device by using the same set of inductive coils. This paper proposes an op-amp based inductive coupling circuit in order to analyze the magnetic coupling of two coils which can be applicable for the activation of microwatt electronic implants. The inductive powering system is incorporated with an op-amp circuit connected with an inductive sensor constructed by a receiver (embodied by the secondary winding of transformer), a transmitter coil (represented by the primary winding of transformer) and a monitoring device. Moreover this paper also discusses on some design considerations of the inductive power link and evaluates the work mathematically using MATLAB.

This paper presents the categorization of magnetic and non-magnetic materials across a low frequency band through conducting a non-contact measurement of a passive resistive element for low frequency applications. Three different materials have been used as core for the coupled coils. The experimental results for the test circuit with inductive and resistive load separately are obtained under different core materials. The response of the inductive and resistive element under test leads to determine the suitable conditions required for the accurate evaluation of the materials under test (MUT). In this work, material characterization is carried out under low frequency range for two different loads. Moreover for each material under test, the load is kept constant until all three specimens were tested. The change in permeability of material establishes the change of the output voltage, which is done through changing position of the movable core.

The advancement of magnetic sensors in biomedical sector has led toward an immense range of applications. Inductive coupling link has been validated as the most suitable and efficient means for wireless transfer of signal where coupling coefficient plays a crucial role to determine the strength of the transmission in power transfer. In view of that an urgent investigation of the relative magnetism of magnetic and nonmagnetic materials are required. This paper aims to analyse the magnetization effect of a magneto-inductive sensor based on the inductive coupling technique in low frequency range for different values of coupling coefficient. The results have appeared to show different magnetization behavior with the variation of coupling factors. The obtained hysteresis loops for different coupling factors are evaluated in this paper for suitable application.

The significance for measuring the accurate flow rate of gases in pipelines has been ever-increasing in the industrialized regions. There arises the need for gross measurements of gas-flow at some points while more accurate measurements of gas-flow are needed at some other points in an industry. Moreover, as the industry develops it undergoes changes for more comfortable user friendly way of gas flow measurement with improved accuracy. This is coupled with research activities catching demands for exploring alternative and non-invasive means of electronic measurement, thus putting into research more of a precise and reliable measurement rather than just measurement. Various contact and noncontact techniques are available currently for measuring the mass flow rate, pressure, concentration, mean flow velocity and also some other electrical and mechanical parameters in the single, two-and multiphase flows. This paper presents the recent development of noncontact non-contact capacitive flow measurement sensing techniques for two phase flow along with its several noteworthy aspects. The methods employed by some researchers are scrutinized and some measurement parameters are suggested to be optimized in a noteworthy level for future implementation.

This paper presents a magnetic characterization technique based on the analysis of respective magnetization curves of the soft ferrites materials under test. The magnetic properties in low external magnetic field are explored for those materials. The method applies an alternating electric current through the coil to magnetize the ferromagnetic materials used as a core. Due to the change in current, the changes in the primary coil result in changing the magnetic field and the magnetic flux. An op-amp acting as a voltage integrator is used in the circuit, connected to the secondary winding. Several experiments were conducted to obtain desired hysteresis loops. These results show the changes due to variation of magnetism; hence one can decide on the comparative values of magnetic parameters for each sample tested. Moreover, the obtained hysteresis loops are evaluated to be comfortably used for the application in magneto resistive applications, magneto-resistive sensors and for a wide range of biomedical equipment items.

A wireless power supply system based on inductive coupling approach has been developed for implantable biomedical devices that achieves excellent transducer performance by obviating the need for electrical connectors. In this paper, we report in detail the modeling and electrical analysis of an inductive power link for activation of microwatt electronic implants. As the biomedical application requires a safe and clean source of energy to power their operation, the implantable device sourced this power from an astable timer circuit in this system. The system is integrated with a 555 timer connected in astable mode, an inductive sensor, a receiver coil (represented by the secondary winding of transformer), a transmitter coil (represented by the primary winding of transformer) and a monitoring device.

A proliferating interest has been being observed over the past years in accurate wireless system development in order to monitor incessant human activities in health care centres. Furthermore because of the swelling number of elderly population and the inadequate number of competent staffs for nursing homes there is a big market petition for health care monitoring system. In order to detect human researchers developed different methods namely which include Field Identification technique, Visual Sensor Network, radar detection, e-mobile techniques and so on. An all-encompassing overview of the non-wired human detection application advancement is presented in this paper. Inductive links are used for human detection application while wiring an electronic system has become impractical in recent times. Keeping in mind the shortcomings, an Inductive Intelligent Sensor (IIS) has been proposed as a novel human monitoring system for future implementation. The proposed sensor works towards exploring the signature signals of human body movement and size. This proposed sensor is fundamentally based on inductive loop that senses the presence and a passing human resulting an inductive change.

Biomedical implants have acquired an invulnerable and significant importance over the recent years due to their low voltage requirements and trifling dimensions. Biomedical implants are being widely employed for the continuous monitoring of intended parameters as well as stimulation of target organs in patient's body. Being low power devices, the continuous powering without using battery dependent sources necessitates the alternative sources such as energy harvesting from the surroundings. Harvested output needs to be processed before using it for powering purposes, particularly in harsh and challenging premises. Even after processing, it needs to be made robust against the contiguous hazards so that maximum power is transferred to the load. A rectifier is employed to make this harvested energy usable. This paper compares the rectifier circuits, comparing their simulation output in terms of regulation, stability and power transferred. The rectification of small voltages is usually confronted by the threshold voltage drops that affect the output causing an effective drop in the power transfer efficiency and other parameters related. The solution to this problem has been suggested comparing the previous approaches with some modifications. Obtained results have been plotted in terms of ripple factor comparing them with the analytical calculations in order to show the role of capacitance in the reduction of ripple factor.

Recent developments have shown that the use of buried electronic devices or body implants has been becoming prevalent. Such low power devices are being powered up through non-contact means utilizing inductive coupling from external powering source. Inductive coupling not only solves the issue of energy availability but helps collecting the sensed data that can be archived or used for subsequent monitoring purposes. This paper analyses the performance of two-port and three-port inductive links in terms of power sent, power received and power transfer efficiency. All the above mentioned parameters have been plotted using analytical approach and obtaining simulation where required. The effect of mutual coupling has been studied in detail for both systems and demonstrated by plotting the power transfer efficiency for different values of the coefficient of coupling (k) using MATLAB. Results show that power transfer efficiency depends highly upon the value of k.

The use of biomedical implants has been on the rise over the recent past years and this use is expected to increase exponentially over the comings years. Such devices are becoming the most feasible interface to monitor the betrothed parameters. Biomedical implants usually require a low input voltage which is provided making use of inductive coupling. Inductive coupling not only solves the powering issue but also helps to collect the data through non-invasive means. Power transfer efficiency of an inductive link system depends upon factors like mutual coupling, separation between the coils and most importantly the shape of the input voltage. The power transferred or signal received as a result of coil separation under optimum size conditions are reported in contemporary works. This paper comes is testing the effect of different shaped input voltages on the performance of inductive coupling system in terms of power transfer efficiency. Circuits have been tested for three different types of input waveforms of sine, square and ramp. Comparison of plots shows that the shape of input plays a major role on the entire performance of inductive coupling system.

An integrated wireless inductive sensor is reported based on a system for monitoring human movement and body size. The proposed system senses the presence of human beings using electromagnetic field by making use of basic inductive coupling approach, hence analysing the performance of human monitoring. The amalgamation of the integrated system proposed will help in providing better services to the elderly people resided in healthcare centres. The developed sensing system is of low cost, flexible, robust, and easily implantable and capable of inductive sensing through marking signature waveforms as a result of human movements.

The complicated nature of gas-solids' physical properties have challenged the researchers over past decades who have led their efforts in developing its' flow sensing and measurement methods. The term 'gas-solid flow' signifies dilute- or dense-phase flow with a very little concentration of solids. For conducting such flow measurement, generally velocity profile and volumetric concentration of the flow particles being conveyed are needed to be measured. An important application of gas-solid flow has taken root in the form of biomass flow in pneumatic conveying systems, and its' online measurement has proven to be an exigent research pursuit. Additionally the other applications have been explored in power plants, food, chemical and automobiles industries as well. This paper aims at exploring the evolution of flow measurement methods along with a brief explanation on existing fundamental sensing techniques. Furthermore, the most recent patents developed for such measurements in pneumatic conveying pipelines are scrutinized along with their concomitant pros and cons.

The acquisition of Surface Electromyography (SEMG) signals is used for many applications including the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases, and prosthesis control. The diagnostic quality of the SEMG signal is highly dependent on the conditioning circuit of the SEMG acquisition system. This paper presents the design of an SEMG conditioning circuit that can guarantee to collect high quality signal with high SNR such that it is immune to environmental noise. The conditioning circuit consists of four stages; consisting of an instrumentation amplifier that is used with a gain of around 250; 4th order band pass filter in the 20–500Hz frequency range as the two initial stages. The third stage is an amplifier with adjustable gain using a variable resistance; the gain could be changed from 1000 to 50000. In the final stage the signal is translated to meet the input requirements of data acquisition device or the ADC. Acquisition of accurate signals allows it to be analyzed for extracting the required characteristic features for medical and clinical applications. According to the experimental results, the value of SNR for collected signal is 52.4 dB which is higher than the commercial system, the power spectrum density (PSD) graph is also presented and it shows that the filter has eliminated the noise below 20 Hz.

To enhance industry control quality level as well as uphold enterprise economic benefit precise sensing and measurement of biomass flow is a major concern among researchers worldwide. Keeping in mind the shortcomings of existing sensing technologies this paper has developed a capacitive sensing method by making use of aop amp based bridge circuit along with particularly designed sensing electrodes. The objective of this work is fulfilled via experimental validation through a prototype hardware implementation of a flow sensing set up. The experimental results have specified the measurement system which is able to sense flow variation as a change of dielectric permittivity of different biomass materials under room condition. Moreover, the obtained results have revealed distinctive features clearly signifying the shapes and physical characteristics of electrodes, locations of the mounted electrodes on test pipe wall, dielectric permittivity and characteristics of test biomass materials.