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The objective of this study was to determine the forage:concentrate ratio that would provide the greatest duodenal flow of unsaturated fatty acids in ewes supplemented with soybean oil and to determine how diets differing in forage content affect flow of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid ([18:1.sup.trans-11]). Five mature ewes (66.5 [+ or -] 12.8 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 5 x5 Latin square experiment. Diets were isonitrogenous and included bromegrass hay, cracked corn, corn gluten meal, urea, and limestone. Dietary fat was adjusted to 6% with soybean oil. Five ratios of forage:concentrate (18.4:81.6, 32.2:67.8, 45.8:54.2, 59.4:40.6, and 72.9:27.1) were fed at 1.3% of BW daily in equal allotments at 0630 and 1830. After 14 d, [Cr.sub.2][O.sub.3] (2.5 g) was dosed at each feeding for 7 d and ruminal, duodenal, and fecal collections were taken for the next 3 d. Duodenal flow of 18:0 increased linearly (P [is less than] 0.01) with dietary forage. Duodenal flow of [18:1.sup.cis-9] and [18:2.sup.cis-9,12] decreased (P [is less than] 0.001) but duodenal flow of [18:3.sup.cis-9,12,15] increased (P [is less than] 0.01) with increased dietary forage. Biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids increased (F [is less than] 0.001) as dietary forage increased, which was concomitant with increased ruminal pH. Duodenal flow of [18:2.sup.cis-9,trans-11] increased linearly (P [is less than] 0.01) with increased dietary forage but increased abruptly when forage was fed at 45.8%. Duodenal flow of the trans10, cis-12 and els-lO, cis-12 CLA isomers decreased as dietary forage increased, but flow tended to increase on the highest-forage diet, resulting in both linear (P [is less than] 0.01) and quadratic (P [is less than] 0.01) effects. Duodenal flow of [18:1.sup.trans-11] decreased from 8.28 g/d on the 18.4% forage diet to 5.47 g/d on the 59.4% forage diet then increased to 7.29 g/d on the highest-forage diet (quadratic, P [is less than] 0.1). Duodenal flow of [18:1.sup.trans-11] was 27- to 69-fold greater than flow of CLA. We conclude that when ewes were fed a 6% crude fat diet duodenal flows of dietary fatty acids changed incrementally as dietary forage was increased, whereas changes in flows of CLA isomers seemed to be more abrupt. Biohydrogenation changes were gradual with diet, suggesting a gradual shift in ruminal microbial populations with increasing forage. Finally, the highest-concentrate diet supported the greatest duodenal flows of dietary unsaturated fatty acids, as well as the highest flow of [18:1.sup.trans-11]. Key Words: Concentrates, Fatty acids, Forage, Linoleic Acid, Sheep

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a valuable specialty crop used both as an herb and as a spice. Fenugreek also has potential to be used as an animal feed. This study evaluated 13 entries of fenugreek in two locations in Wyoming (Laramie and Lingle) for forage accumulation, seed yield, nutritive value, and fatty acid profile. The study at Laramie was conducted under irrigated conditions, while that at Lingle was conducted on both irrigated and rain-fed conditions. Forage accumulations of fenugreek entries grown under irrigated conditions were not different. Location x year interaction (P = 0.003) influenced forage accumulation, with for-age accumulation ranging from 870 kg ha-1 in 2010 at Laramie to 6720 kg ha-1 (2011) at this same location. Entry x year effects on forage accumulation were significant (P < 0.05) under rain-fed conditions. The entry (F96) produced greater forage accumulation than commercial fenugreek cultivars Amber and Tristar in 2 out of the 3 yr. Except crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and fatty acid profile were not different among fenugreek entries when grown under irrigation. Under rain-fed conditions, entry x year interaction had a significant effect on CP (P = 0.009) and IVDMD (P = 0.0007). Seed yield differed among fenugreek entries when grown under irrigation, but the response was not consistent over the 3 yr. Overall, our results demonstrated the potential of fenugreek to diversify forage production in the central Great Plains of Wyoming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rib steaks (n = 52) from forage-fed cattle and United States Department of Agriculture Choice and Select rib steaks obtained from area supermarkets were utilized to determine correlations between fatty acids and sensory characteristics, to develop prediction models for sensory characteristics, and to determine correlations among fatty acids. The beef/brothy and beef fat sensory characteristics were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with 16:0, 16:1cis -9 and 18:1, and negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with 15:0, α-18:3, 20:4, 20:5, 22:5 and 22:6. The grassy sensory characteristic was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with 15:0, 16:1trans -9, 18:0, 18:2cis -9,trans -11 (conjugated linoleic acid [CLA]), α-18:3, 20:5, 22:5 and 22:6. Regression utilizing stepwise selection to develop prediction equations for sensory characteristics indicated that the beef/brothy sensory characteristic was best predicted (P < 0.05) by the single fatty acid 20:5, with this fatty acid explaining 40% of the variation. CLA and α-18:3 were utilized in the model that best predicted (P < 0.05) milky/oily flavor, with these two fatty acids explaining 31% of the variation. These results indicate that CLA and the 20- and 22-carbon polyunsaturates have large roles in influencing flavor, causing increases in grassy and milky/oily flavor or decreasing beef/brothy flavor. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS With the increase in concentrate feed costs, it has become more important to finish cattle on alternate feedstuffs, particularly forage. However, shifting cattle from concentrate to forage finishing diets may impart different sensory attributes of the beef produced. Therefore, it would be advantageous to be able to predict palatability characteristics such as beef flavor in order to correctly segregate beef into markets that seek and accept different sensory attributes. Results from this study would allow beef to be identified from its fatty acid profile as forage finished or grain finished in sensory characteristics and therefore targeted to the appropriate markets. Furthermore, with these results, it may be possible to produce and correctly classify beef from forage-finished diets that may exhibit affinities to deposition of fatty acids more closely associated with grain-finished beef, and therefore fit into those markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A whole-genome scan was conducted on 328 F2 progeny in a Wagyu × Limousin cross to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting palatability and fatty acid composition of beef at an age-constant endpoint. We have identified seven QTL on five chromosomes involved in lipid metabolism and tenderness. None of the genes encoding major enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, such as fatty acid synthase ( FASN), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha ( ACACA), solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter) member 4 ( SLC2A4), stearoyl-CoA desaturase ( SCD) and genes encoding the subunits of fatty acid elongase, was located in these QTL regions. The present study may lead to a better-tasting and healthier product for consumers through improved selection for palatability and lipid content of beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over two consecutive years, steaks from cattle (n = 107) grazing three cool-season grazing systems consisting of either orchard grass pasture or fescue pasture, each with soyhull (SH) supplementation or fescue pasture with no supplementation, were compared with retail United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Choice and Select steaks obtained from area supermarkets for fatty acid and sensory characteristics. Steaks from all three forage treatments had greater (P < 0.05) proportions of longissimus conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; cis-9, trans-11) and lower (P < 0.05) n-6–n-3 fatty acid ratios than USDA Choice or Select steaks. Sensory evaluation revealed that steaks from the SH-supplemented treatments had similar (P > 0.05) beef/brothy and grassy flavor intensities than retail USDA Choice and Select steaks, whereas steaks from unsupplemented forage-fed cattle had decreased (P < 0.05) beef/brothy and increased (P < 0.05) grassy flavor intensities than USDA Choice and Select steaks. These results suggest that supplementing SHs to cattle on forage can enhance beef flavor and reduce grassy flavor characteristics similar to retail USDA Choice and Select steaks while maintaining heightened CLA proportions and a lower n-6–n-3 ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of maternal lipid supplementation on the immune response to antigenic challenge in suckling calves. In Exp. 1, beginning 1 d postpartum, 18 primiparous crossbred beef cows were fed Foxtail millet hay and a low-fat (control) supplement or a supplement containing cracked, high-linoleate safflower seed in individual feeding stanchions until d 40 of lactation. The diets were formulated to provide similar quantities of N and TDN, and the linoleate diet was formulated to contain 5% of DMI as fat. Calves were injected s.c. with 15 mg of antigen (ovalbumin) at d 21 and again at d 35 of age. To measure the total serum antibody production in response to the antigen, blood samples were collected from the calves every 7 d via jugular venipuncture from d 14 to 42. Calves from linoleate-supplemented cows had a decrease (P = 0.04) in total antibody production in response to ovalbumin and appeared to have a delayed response to antigen challenge. Total antibody production increased (P < 0.001) after secondary exposure to ovalbumin. In Exp. 2, 36 Angus × Gelbvieh beef cows that were nutritionally managed to achieve a BCS of 4 or 6 at parturition were used to determine the effects of prepartum energy balance and postpartum lipid supplementation on the passive transfer of immunoglobulins and the immune response to antigenic challenge in their calves. Beginning at 3 d postpartum and continuing until d 60 of lactation, cows were fed hay and a low-fat control supplement or supplements consisting of either cracked, high-linoleate or high-oleate safflower seeds. Safflower seed supplements were formulated to provide 5% of DMI as fat. Calves were injected s.c. with 15 mg of ovalbumin at 21 d of age and again at 48 d of age. The antibody responses were determined in serum; cell-mediated immunity was assessed by intradermal antigen injection at 60 d of age. A trend was noted (P = 0.10) for calves suckling control-supplemented cows to have a greater response to antigen compared with calves from linoleate- and oleate-supplemented cows; however, no difference was observed among treatments (P = 0.86) in cell-mediated immune response. Postpartum oilseed supplementation in beef cows appears to decrease antibody production in response to antigenic challenge in suckling calves. However, BCS at parturition did not influence passive transfer of immunoglobulins in neonatal calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-year-old Angus × Gelbvieh beef cows nutritionally managed to achieve a BCS of 4 ± 0.07 (479.3 ± 36.3 kg of BW) or 6 ± 0.07 (579.6 ± 53.1 kg of BW) at parturition were used in a 2-yr experiment (n = 36/yr) to determine the effects of prepartum energy balance and postpartum lipid supplementation on cow and calf performance. Beginning 3 d postpartum, cows within each BCS were assigned randomly to be fed hay and a low-fat control supplement or supplements with either high-linoleate cracked safflower seeds or high-oleate cracked safflower seeds until d 60 of lactation. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric, and safflower seed supplements were provided to achieve 5% of DMI as fat. Ultrasonic 12th rib fat and LM area were lower (P < 0.001) for cows in BCS 4 compared with BCS 6 cows throughout the study. Cows in BCS 4 at parturition maintained (P = 0.02) condition over the course of the study, whereas cows in BCS 6 lost condition. No differences (P = 0.44 to 0.71) were detected for milk yield, milk energy, milk fat percentage, or milk lactose percentage because of BCS; however, milk protein percentage was less (P = 0.03) for BCS 4 cows. First-service conception rates did not differ (P = 0.22) because of BCS at parturition, but overall pregnancy rate was greater (P = 0.02) in BCS 6 cows. No differences (P = 0.48 to 0.83) were detected in calf birth weight or ADG because of BCS at parturition. Dietary lipid supplementation did not influence (P = 0.23 to 0.96) cow BW change, BCS change, 12th rib fat, LM area, milk yield, milk energy, milk fat percentage, milk lactose percentage, first service conception, overall pregnancy rates, or calf performance. Although cows in BCS of 4 at parturition seemed capable of maintaining BCS during lactation, the overall decrease in pregnancy rate indicates cows should be managed to achieve a BCS >4 before parturition to improve reproductive success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objectives were to evaluate ruminal fermentation patterns, apparent ruminal biohydrogenation, and site and extent of nutrient disappearance in cattle fed supplemental cracked safflower seeds differing in 18 C fatty acid profile. Nine Angus × Gelbvieh heifers (641 ± 9.6 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square. Cattle were fed (OM basis) 9.1 kg of bromegrass hay and either 1) 1.8 kg of corn and 0.20 kg of soybean meal (Control); 2) 0.13 kg of soybean meal and 1.5 kg of cracked high-linoleate (67.2% 18:2) safflower seeds (Linoleate); or 3) 1.5 kg of cracked high-oleate (72.7% 18:1) safflower seeds (Oleate). Safflower seed supplements were formulated to provide similar quantities of N and TDN and 5% dietary fat. Single degree of freedom orthogonal contrasts (Control vs. Linoleate and Oleate; Linoleate vs. Oleate) were used to evaluate treatment effects. True ruminal OM and ruminal NDF disappearances (percentage of intake) were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for Control than Linoleate and Oleate. True ruminal N degradability (% of intake) was not different (P = 0.38) among treatments. Apparent ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary 18:2 was greatest (Linoleate vs. Oleate, P < 0.001) for Linoleate, whereas biohydrogenation of dietary 18:1 was greatest (Linoleate vs. Oleate, P = 0.02) for Oleate. Duodenal flow of 18:0 was least (P < 0.001) for Control but did not differ (P = 0.92) between Oleate and Linoleate. Total flow of unsaturated fatty acid to the duodenum was greatest (P < 0.001) in cattle fed safflower seeds, and was greater with Linoleate (P < 0.001) than with Oleate. Duodenal flow of 18:1 and 18:2 increased (P < 0.001) in Oleate and Linoleate, respectively. Duodenal flow of 18:1trans-11 was greater (P < 0.001) in cattle fed safflower seeds and in Linoleate than in Oleate. Postruminal disappearance of saturated fatty acids was greatest (P < 0.001) for Control; however, postruminal disappearance of total unsaturated fatty acids was greater (P = 0.002) for Linoleate vs. Oleate. Supplemental high-linoleate or high-oleate safflower seeds to cattle fed forage-based diets may negatively affect ruminal OM and fiber disappearance but not N disappearance. Provision of supplemental fat in the form of safflower seeds that are high in linoleic acid increased intestinal supply and postruminal disappearance of unsaturated fatty acids, indicating that the fatty acids apparently available for metabolism are affected by dietary fat source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which determined the forage:concentrate ratio that would provide duodenal flow of unsaturated fatty acids in ewes supplemented with soybean oil. Materials and methods; Results and discussion.

One child and one adult with severe periodontitis were investigated for relevant systemic factors and predominant periodontal pocket bacteria. The child had a chronic neutropenia, the adult late yaws, a chronic iron deficiency and possibly rheumatoid arthritis. The predominant organisms in both pocket floras were gram-negative cocci showing occasional filament formation and resembling strains of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and possibly Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans described by others. There were indications that the flora was determined by the host response rather than vice versa and that thorough systemic investigation may aid the efficient diagnosis and treatment of patients with severe periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibody levels towards sonicated whole cell extracts of selected oral Gram negative bacteria and Actinomyces viscosus were determined in sera from patients with various inflammatory forms of periodontal disease and from healthy control individuals. Antibody titres to two (non-leukotoxin producing) strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were significantly elevated in patients with juvenile periodontitis. Adult patients with severe periodontitis had significantly lower lgG antibody titres to Veillonella parvula (P< 0.001) or A. actinomycetemcomitans strain NCTC 9710 (p<0.01) and patients with mild periodontitis had decreased IgM antibody titres to A. actinomycetemcomitans strain NCTC 10979 (p< 0.05) when compared with the control subjects. Young adults with severe periodontitis showed marked individual differences in their humoral responses. Analysis of data revealed that only patients with a history of juvenile periodontitis had elevated IgG antibody titres to Bacteroides gingivalis (p<0.001)and to V.parvula (p<0.01). Hence the profiles of antibody levels to oral microorganisms identified patients who had previously manifested classical "localised" juvenile periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]