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This study focused on assessing the status of ornamental fish Cyphotilapia frontosa trade from Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania to provide a good ground for interested parties to undertake well-designed interventions to protect wild stock from depletion. Purposive sampling was used to select fishers and traders of ornamental fish from Katonga, Mwamugongo and Ilagala villages in Kigoma for interview. Key informant interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires were used for primary data collection. The results showed that much attention is paid during handling and packaging of ornamental fish from collection point to destination to maximize their survival rate. However, there were declining trends of ornamental fish exportation from 15,398 to 12,722 between 2013 and 2019. Ornamental fish C. frontosa are sold in pairs and the most common sex ratio traded was 1 male:3 females. The most price used in trading C. frontosa ranged from USD16 to USD20. Ornamental fish C. frontosa was a good source of income for local communities and the nation at large. It could generate about TZS 159,516,000/= per year per company from exporting C. frontosa. China was the leading foreign market for ornamental fish C. frontosa from Tanzania. Legal frameworks are important components in the fishery and trade of ornamental fish. There should be ornamental fish breeding of C. frontosa in the country to avoid much dependence on fishing from the Lake hence it will ensure the sustainability of the fishery of ornamental fishes and their trade from one generation to another.

An investigative field survey was performed to gather baseline data on locally available feed ingredients and fish farming practices in different regions of Tanzania. More than 80% of respondents relied on locally available feed ingredients as a major feed supplement for their cultured fish, with maize bran being the most commonly used feed ingredient in all regions. Crude protein content in most analyzed local feed ingredients was medium-high, while crude fat content was high in some animal and agricultural by-products, and medium-low in other ingredients. Most respondents were males and the majority of fish farms were owned by individuals. Earthen pond was the most common fish farming system in all regions except Dar es Salaam. Semi-intensively mixed-sex tilapia monoculture was the dominating fish farming practice. The results of the survey presented provide a good platform for future development of culture systems and feeding strategies for tilapia in Tanzania.

The dependence of local people on plant medicine from natural forests has a long tradition in Tanzania and is becoming increasingly popular among rural and urban communities due to among others increase in living costs. The study on utilization of medicinal plants for meeting heath care needs was carried out between March 2001 and March 2002 in New Dabaga Ulongambi Forest Reserve, Tanzania. The study aimed at generating necessary data for the Udzungwa Mountains Forest Management project to draft sound Joint Forest Management plans. Specific objectives of the study among others were to assess knowledge associated with utilization of medicinal plants for health care needs as well as factors associated in using plant medicines in the study area. A questionnaire survey, market survey and literature review were used to collect information. Tools used for data analysis were Statistical Packages for Social Science and content analysis. A total of 45 plant species were documented curing about 22 human diseases. Medicinal plants were readily available throughout the year and plentiful in the forest reserve. Roots and leaves were the plant parts harvested for medicinal purposes. Processing of plant medicines involved boiling, pounding, soaking in water and chewing. Distance to health facility, income level of the household and beliefs contributed to the use of plant medicines. The study concluded that medicinal plants play an important role in providing primary health care to the rural communities. It is recommended that in achieving joint forest management (JFM), villagers adjacent to the forest reserve should be sensitised on the importance of JFM through seminars, workshops, drama, school songs or video show. During the development of a joint draft management plan, villagers as an informal institution must define their priority needs of use of parts of the forest in collaboration with the Udzungwa Mountains Forest Management project.