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This paper aims to study luxury brands’ marketing strategies, taking coach and Chanel as examples. Because coach and Chanel belong to two levels of luxury brands, choose coach and Chanel as examples to study marketing strategy because marketing strategy is the most important part of luxury brands. And this paper chooses to study the marketing strategy from all aspects of the brand and, finally, get the different marketing strategies. Compared with Coach, Chanel is a top luxury brand. This paper studies the differences in marketing strategies among the two brands at different levels to infer what kind of marketing strategies can get good development. The relevant conclusions can help different brands or companies develop better, promoting social and economic development. This study chose to promote the whole article through investigation and online access. Through investigation, comparison, and summary, this paper finds that Coach and Chanel have different marketing strategies. The two luxury brands have chosen different marketing methods due to their differences in development history, brand image, and current situation, which is also the reason for their hierarchical differentiation.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been associated with increased risks of new-onset and worsening proteinuria. However, the epidemiologic data of post-AKI proteinuria was still lacking. This study aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors and clinical correlations of post-AKI proteinuria among hospitalized patients. Methods This study conducted a multicenter cohort including patients aged 18–100 years with hospital-acquired AKI (HA-AKI) hospitalized at 19 medical centers throughout China. The primary outcome was the incidence of post-AKI proteinuria. Secondary outcomes included AKI recovery and kidney disease progression. The results of both quantitative and qualitative urinary protein tests were used to define post-AKI proteinuria. Cox proportional hazard model with stepwise regression was used to determine the risk factors for post-AKI proteinuria. Results Of 6,206 HA-AKI patients without proteinuria at baseline, 2,102 (33.9%) had new-onset proteinuria, whereas, of 5,137 HA-AKI with baseline proteinuria, 894 (17.4%) had worsening proteinuria after AKI. Higher AKI stage and preexisting CKD diagnosis were risk factors for new-onset proteinuria and worsening proteinuria, whereas treatment with RAS inhibitors was associated with an 11% lower risk of incident proteinuria. About 60% and 75% of patients with post-AKI new-onset and worsening proteinuria, respectively, recovered within 3 months. Worsening proteinuria was associated with a lower incidence of AKI recovery and a higher risk of kidney disease progression. Conclusions Post-AKI proteinuria is common and usually transient among hospitalized patients. The risk profiles for new-onset and worsening post-AKI proteinuria differed markedly. Worsening proteinuria after AKI was associated with adverse kidney outcomes, which emphasized the need for close monitoring of proteinuria after AKI.

Microcombs have sparked a surge of applications over the past decade, ranging from optical communications to metrology1–4. Despite their diverse deployment, most microcomb-based systems rely on a large amount of bulky elements and equipment to fulfil their desired functions, which is complicated, expensive and power consuming. By contrast, foundry-based silicon photonics (SiPh) has had remarkable success in providing versatile functionality in a scalable and low-cost manner5–7, but its available chip-based light sources lack the capacity for parallelization, which limits the scope of SiPh applications. Here we combine these two technologies by using a power-efficient and operationally simple aluminium-gallium-arsenide-on-insulator microcomb source to drive complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor SiPh engines. We present two important chip-scale photonic systems for optical data transmission and microwave photonics, respectively. A microcomb-based integrated photonic data link is demonstrated, based on a pulse-amplitude four-level modulation scheme with a two-terabit-per-second aggregate rate, and a highly reconfigurable microwave photonic filter with a high level of integration is constructed using a time-stretch approach. Such synergy of a microcomb and SiPh integrated components is an essential step towards the next generation of fully integrated photonic systems.

This paper argues that Tocharian B koṣko, koṣkīye does not mean ‘hut’, as was taken for granted, but ‘pit, hole’; and that it is not an inherited Indo-European word, but an Iranian loanword in Tocharian B. Although the possibility of a borrowing from an unknown Middle Iranian language cannot be excluded, an unattested (Pre-)Bactrian form *kōškā is demonstrated to be the most likely source of this loanword.

The rising demand for high scanning accuracy and resolution in sensors for self-driving vehicles has led to the rapid development of parallelization in light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies. However, for the two major existing LiDAR categories—time-of-flight and frequency-modulated continuous wave—the light sources and measurement principles currently used for parallel detection face severe limitations from time- and frequency-domain congestion, leading to degraded measurement performance and increased system complexity. In this work we introduce a light source—the chaotic microcomb—to overcome this problem. This physical entropy light source exhibits naturally orthogonalized light channels that are immune to any congestion problem. Based on this microcomb state, we demonstrate a new type of LiDAR—parallel chaotic LiDAR—that is interference-free and has a greatly simplified system architecture. Our approach also enables the state-of-the-art ranging performance among parallel LiDARs: millimetre-level ranging accuracy and millimetre-per-second-level velocity resolution. Combining all of these desirable properties, this technology has the potential to reshape the entire LiDAR ecosystem.

As the search for exoplanets continues, more are being discovered orbiting Red Giant stars. We use current data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive to investigate planet distribution around Red Giant stars and their presence in the host’s habitable zone. As well, we update the power law relation between planet mass and stellar radius found in previous studies and provide more detailed investigations on this topic. Ten Red Giant-hosted exoplanets are found to be in the optimistically calculated habitable zone, while five of which are in the conservative habitable zone. We believe additional exoplanets can be found in habitable zones around Red Giants using the direct imaging method and more powerful detection instrumentation.

Background: The association between loop diuretics and acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unclear. Methods: The population studied was selected from the Epidemiology of AKI in Chinese Hospitalized patients (EACH) study. Exposure to loop diuretics was defined as any filled prescription prior to the date when AKI was detected in patients with HA-AKI, and prior to the last date of SCr testing in those without AKI. The outcome was AKI, defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Associations between loop diuretics and HA-AKI were examined by Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for baseline and time-dependent covariates. Results: Of the 150,020 patients, 16,437 (11.0%) were prescribed loop diuretics, and 5717 (3.8%) experienced HA-AKI events. The crude rates of HA-AKI in patients who were and were not prescribed loop diuretics were 1632 (9.9%) and 3262 (2.8%), respectively. A multivariate cox proportional hazards analysis showed that exposure to loop diuretics was associated with significantly increased risks of HA-AKI compared with non-users (hazard ratio (HR), 1.61; 95% CI (confidence interval), 1.55–1.67), other diuretics (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03–1.15), and osmotic diuretics (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.20–1.42). Compared with other diuretics, the use of loop diuretics was associated with higher risks of HA-AKI in women, in patients without hypertension, in patients without heart failure, in patients without liver cirrhosis, and in patients not requiring surgery. Conclusions: Loop diuretics are widely used and are associated with increased risks of HA-AKI in hospitalized adults. Renal function should be more closely monitored during the use of loop diuretics.

Metals were for decades perceived as devoid of interesting optical properties that could be harnessed for optical components and devices. However, with the development of accurate nanofabrication techniques and precise control over architectural parameters, metals can be structured and characterized on the nanoscale. Metallic plasmonic nanomaterials exhibit a number of unique structural and optical properties, which offer the potential for developing new types of plasmonic devices. Here, we demonstrate a low-loss broadband polarizer based on a hybrid plasmonic fiber structure using metals as polarization-selective absorption materials. The polarization mechanism, design, fabrication, and characteristics of the plasmonic polarizers are investigated theoretically, numerically, and experimentally. The theoretical analysis predicts that the polarization-selective absorption with insensitivity to wavelength enables hybrid plasmonic fibers to function as broadband polarizers. Numerical simulations give the comparison of the polarization-selective absorption of various metallic nanomaterials (Ag, Au, In, Al, Cr) and show that aluminum is regarded as the optimum absorption material for the plasmonic polarizer. Experimental results show that through precise control over geometrical parameters, this device is capable of offering a high polarization extinction ratio (PER) of over 40 dB and a low insertion loss (IL) of less than 1.3 dB in the wavelength region of 810.1-870.0 nm. Compared with commercial birefringent-crystal-fiber polarizers, the plasmonic fiber polarizer has a better PER and IL bandwidth. These merits, combined with a compact and robust configuration, enable the plasmonic polarizer to have great potential in a broad range of applications.

Integrated microwave photonic filters (IMPFs) are capable of offering unparalleled performances in terms of superb spectral fineness, broadband, and more importantly, the reconfigurability, which encounter the trend of the next-generation wireless communication. However, to achieve high reconfigurability, previous works should adopt complicated system structures and modulation formats, which put great pressure on power consumption and controlment, and, therefore, impede the massive deployment of IMPF. Here, we propose a streamlined architecture for a wideband and highly reconfigurable IMPF on the silicon photonics platform. For various practical filter responses, to avoid complex auxiliary devices and bias drift problems, a phase-modulated flexible sideband cancellation method is employed based on the intensity-consistent single-stage-adjustable cascaded-microring (ICSSA-CM). The IMPF exhibits an operation band extending to millimeter-wave (≥30 GHz), and other extraordinary performances including high spectral resolution of 220 MHz and large rejection ratio of 60 dB are obtained. Moreover, Gb/s-level RF wireless communications are demonstrated for the first time towards real-world scenarios. The proposed IMPF provides broadband flexible spectrum control capabilities, showing great potential in the next-generation wireless communication.

Sodium metal batteries are attracting increasing attention on account of their high energy densities as well as the abundance of sodium-based resources. However, the uneven metallic deposition and dendrite formation during cycling hinder the application of sodium metal anodes. Carbon skeletons have been reported in the literature to mitigate the dendrite formation during the plating and stripping of metallic sodium. Still, the role played by different carbon structural features (i.e., pores vs. defects) and relative mechanisms are not well understood, preventing the controllable interface engineering at the anode side. Here, we have rationally designed the structural features of sustainable carbon skeletons from a renewable precursor to unveil the roles of defects and pores for metallic deposition. The obtained carbon skeleton with rich defects and negligible pores exhibits the best performance when applied to protect metal anodes. After long cycling (>1200 hours), the retained high Coulombic efficiency (∼99.9%) of the plating and stripping processes indicates the importance of defects for inducing uniform metallic deposition. Combined with different types of cathodes (e.g., Prussian blue and sulfur), “anode-less” sodium metal batteries with enhanced electrochemical performance are also demonstrated in terms of sustainability.

Integrated waveguides with slot structures have attracted increasing attention due to their advantages of tight mode confinement and strong light-matter interaction. Although extensively studied, the issue of mode mismatch with other strip waveguide-based optical devices is a huge challenge that prevents integrated waveguides from being widely utilized in large-scale photonic-based circuits. In this paper, we demonstrate an ultra-compact low-loss slot-strip converter with polarization insensitivity based on the multimode interference (MMI) effect. Sleek sinusoidal profiles are adopted to allow for smooth connection between the slot and strip waveguide, resulting reflection reduction. By manipulating the MMI effect with structure optimization, the self-imaging positions of the TE0 and TM0 modes are aligned with minimized footprint, leading to low-loss transmission for both polarizations. The measurement results show that high coupling efficiencies of − 0.40 and − 0.64 dB are achieved for TE0 and TM0 polarizations, respectively. The device has dimensions as small as 1.1 μm × 1.2 μm and composed of factory-available structures. The above characteristics of our proposed compact slot-strip converter makes it a promising device for future deployment in multi-functional integrated photonics systems. Graphic Abstract

Challenges in achieving valid risk prediction and stratification impede treatment decisions and clinical research design among patients with glomerular diseases. This study evaluated whether chronic histologic changes, when complementing other clinical data, improved the prediction of disease outcomes across a diverse group of glomerular diseases.Multicenter retrospective cohort study.4,982 patients with biopsy-proven glomerular disease who underwent native biopsy at eight tertiary care hospitals across China from 2004 to 2020.Chronicity scores (CS) depicted as 4 categories of histological chronic change, as well as baseline clinical and demographic variables.Progression of glomerular disease defined as a composite of kidney failure or a ≥40% decline in eGFR from the value at the time of biopsy.Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. The performance of predictive models was evaluated by C statistic, time-dependent AUC, net reclassification index, integrated discrimination index, and calibration plots.The derivation and validation cohorts included 3,488 and 1,494 patients, respectively. Over a median of 31 months of follow-up, a total of 444 (8.9%) patients had disease progression in two cohorts. For predicting the 2-year risk of disease progression, the AUC of the model combining CS and the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) in the validation cohort was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.65-0.87), significantly better than the KFRE model (AUC, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56-0.79; P=0.04). The combined model also had a better fit with lower AIC and a significant improvement in reclassification as assessed by the IDI and NRI. Similar improvements in predictive performance were observed in subgroups and sensitivity analyses.Selection bias, relatively short follow-up, lack of external validation.Adding histologic chronicity scores to the KFRE model improved the prediction of kidney disease progression at the time of kidney biopsy in patients with glomerular diseases.

Carbon hybrids (CHs) with controllable synthesis and hierarchical structures have been considered as promising materials to satisfy the explosive energy consuming. Here, a novel strategy is demonstrated to design hierarchical CHs by reductive-catalytic chemical vapor deposition (RCCVD). The graphene oxide sheets self-assemble into microfiber skeleton during wet-spinning, combining with in situ growth of carbon hybrid nanofibers by the catalytic species from RCCVD. The derivatives from RCCVD exhibit diverse microstructures of nanocaps, nanofibers and nanorods under different synthesis temperatures. Ammonia (NH3), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and cyanic acid (HCNO) are released efficiently as the reductant by the synergy of ion-contained graphene oxide and melamine. The microassemblies display satisfactory performance as LIB anodes ascribed to the well-designed micro-nano hierarchical structures. This work provides a feasible strategy to synthesize functional carbon-based hierarchical assemblies.

The present paper continues a serial article dealing with the identifications of sources for Chapter 6 of the Book of Zambasta, a Mahāyāna Buddhist poem in Khotanese. The first installment of this serial article was published in 2018 by the same authors in this journal. In this installment, we report on new identifications made in the interim, and offer a detailed analysis of four additional identified quotations, underlining their significance in historical and cross-cultural perspective.

We achieve 100 Gbps/Lane PAM4 transmission by employing an AlGaAsOI microcomb source and silicon modulators. With 20 parallel wavelength channels utilized at C-band, an aggregate data rate of 2 Tbit/s is achieved.

We demonstrate coherent microcomb generation based on an AlGaAs-on-insulator microresonator operating at sub-milliwatt pump power regime, that can be directly driven by on-chip laser.

A hybrid integrated 16-channel silicon transmitter based on co-designed photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and electrical chiplets is demonstrated. The driver in the 65 nm CMOS process employs the combination of a distributed architecture, two-tap feedforward equalization (FFE), and a push–pull output stage, exhibiting an estimated differential output swing of 4.0Vpp. The rms jitter of 2.0 ps is achieved at 50 Gb/s under nonreturn-to-zero on–off keying (NRZ-OOK) modulation. The PICs are fabricated on a standard silicon-on-insulator platform and consist of 16 parallel silicon dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulators on a single chip. The chip-on-board co-packaged Si transmitter is constituted by the multichannel chiplets without any off-chip bias control, which significantly simplifies the system complexity. Experimentally, the open and clear optical eye diagrams of selected channels up to 50 Gb/s OOK with extinction ratios exceeding 3 dB are obtained without any digital signal processing. The power consumption of the Si transmitter with a high integration density featuring a throughput up to 800 Gb/s is only 5.35 pJ/bit, indicating a great potential for massively parallel terabit-scale optical interconnects for future hyperscale data centers and high-performance computing systems.

This paper presents the preliminary findings of an in-depth investigation of a pair of wooden book covers, each inscribed on the inside, which a Russian diplomat brought from the Tarim Basin to St. Petersburg. Pinpointing the find-spot of the covers as a significant archaeological site to the east of Khotan, the present research analyses the inscriptions, sheds new light on the materiality of the covers, and suggests that they were probably used as votive objects. A salient aspect of the covers is that they bear testimony to a close connection between the monastery, to which they once belonged, and some prestigious monasteries known from Chinese and Tibetan sources. Based on a careful reconstruction of the ties between these monasteries and their socio-religious implications, a tentative hypothesis is ventured on the nature of the binary system of Buddhist monasteries in the Kingdom of Khotan (ca. 1st c.?–1006).

BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that long-term exposure to air pollution increases the risk of chronic kidney disease and its progression. However, the effect of air pollution on the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) has not been studied. We aim to evaluate the transient effect of air pollution on the risk of hospital-acquired AKI (HA-AKI).MethodsWe selected from the Epidemiology of AKI in Chinese Hospitalized patients cohort AKI cases in which the onset date could be unambiguously determined. We obtained city-specific daily averages of the ambient level of particulate matter (2.5 μm and 10 μm), carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China. We used the time-stratified case-crossover approach to examine the association between the ambient level of air pollutants and the risk of HA-AKI in the selected cases.ResultsA total of 11 293 AKI cases that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. In univariable analysis, the ambient levels of NO2 and SO2 were significantly associated with the risk of HA-AKI. In the multivariable analysis that incorporated all six pollutants in the same model, NO2 was the sole pollutant whose level remained associated with the risk of AKI (P < 0.001). The relationship between the level of NO2 and the risk of HA-AKI appeared to be linear, with an estimated odds ratio of 1.063 (95% confidence interval 1.026–1.101) for each increment of 1 median absolute deviation in the exposure. The association was consistent across the subgroups stratified by age, gender, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, AKI severity, need for intensive care and season.ConclusionsHigher ambient levels of NO2 are associated with an increased risk of HA-AKI in hospitalized adults in China.

A novel method used to design wideband balanced bandpass filter (BPF) is validated through a dual-mode balanced BPF based on semicircular patch resonator. In order to arrange the differential-mode (DM) passband, TM 11 and TM31 modes are adopted. Approaches are employed to amend the disparity of the modes' resonant frequencies. For instance, two rows of vias are introduced to perturbed the electric field distribution of TM 11 mode, which can shift the resonant frequency of TM 11 mode to that of TM31 mode; two small patches are located at the balanced ports to decrease the resonant frequencies of TM 11 and TM31 mode. Subsequently, for the purpose of common-mode (CM) suppression, cascaded defected ground structures (DGSs) are etched in the ground plane under the differential transmission line. The wideband balanced BPF is fabricated and measured. The results agree with each other very well, which validate the feasibility of the proposed design concept.

Cost-effective metal-based nanostructured hybrids have been widely dedicated to potential energy storage and conversion applications. Herein, we develop a facile methodology for the synthesis of precise carbon-confined hybrid nanostructures by stereoselective assembly accompanied by catalytic pyrolysis. Polyacrylonitrile fiber films favors not only metal-polymer coordination, but also oriented assembly to ensure the well-defined nanostructure of the carbon hybrids. During chemical vapor deposition (CVD), cobalt-nanoparticle-catalyzed growth of carbon-nanotube branches driven by organic molecules (e.g. melamine) delivers hierarchical carbon hybrids. The resulting carbon hybrids exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance for metal-ion batteries, for example, a high specific capacity of 680 mAh g-1 after 320 cycles (Li-storage) and 220 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles (Na-storage) without decay.

A quasi-Mxene architecture was synthesized by 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide-iron phthalocyanine via self-template pyrolysis. The unique quasi-Mxene structure results in a rich contact area and good electronic conductivity, showing excellent rate capacity and cycling stability for lithium storage.

Various interpretations of Kāśyapaparivarta § 68 have been attempted in the Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda tradition. This passage, which consists in a simile likening a magician devoured by his own creation to a monk involved in meditation practice, appears prima facie absurd, insofar as the similarity between the tenor and the vehicle is not readily apparent. This article mainly consists of two parts: The first part examines the received interpretations of the simile and reconstructs their interrelationship from a historical perspective. The second part explores the literary dimension of the simile and argues that its ostensible absurdity is rooted in a pun which is visible only in Middle Indo-Aryan and seems to serve no purpose. Coming to terms with the opaque and pointless pun, this essay is aimed at a new interpretation of Kāśyapaparivarta § 68 and, it is hoped, a deeper understanding of the literary playfulness inherent in the making of the Kāśyapaparivarta as a so-called early Mahāyāna sūtra against the backdrop of the Sanskritization of Buddhist sūtra literature.

The RF design of a dual-band bandpass-to-bandstop filter that employs surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) resonators is reported. It is based on SAW resonators combined with lumped elements and a RF signal path controlled by PIN diode. The bandpass-to-bandstop (BP-to-BS) transformation is realized by adj usting the DC bias voltage of PIN diode and the value of variable capacitor. In this way, the filter features narrow bandwidths and analog transmission zeros tuning in bandpass-mode and enhanced fractional bandwidths (FBWs) in bandstop-mode. The proposed concept is experimentally verified by a second-order manufactured filter with two bands centered at 868.7 and 916.7 MHz. It exhibits a bandpass-mode with FBWs of 0.44, $0.61k_{t^{2}}$ , insertion loss of 2.80, 1.91 dB and a bandstop-mode with FBWs of 1.50, $1.12k_{t^{2}}$ , stopband isolation of 30.7,28 dB, respectively.