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The aim of this research is because Indonesia is geographically and geologically the most disaster-prone country in the world. Based on this phenomenon, education can anticipate the high number of disaster victims. Learning at school is one of the bridges to student preparedness through the disaster literacy model. The research method used is Research and Design (R&D). Data collection uses documentation, questionnaires, tests and interviews. The results of the research show that most students have sufficient knowledge regarding disaster literacy, curiosity about disaster material is very high, attitudes during a disaster show high awareness, and awareness of disaster literacy is good. The weakness is that students only understand disasters from the media and their skills in dealing with disasters are still low. The implication of this research is that disaster literacy provides an opportunity in schools to form a character that cares about disasters.

The focus of this research is to look at the impact of Kampung Siaga Bencana on improving community disaster preparedness in Cipada Village and Cililin Village, both in West Bandung Regency. Cipada Village and Cililin Village are the only villages in West Bandung Regency that are designated as Kampung Siaga Bencana. This study is based on the Kampung Siaga Bencana theory, which is a community-based disaster mitigation technique. The descriptive method and quantitative methodology are used in this study. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data, which was then analyzed using statistics. The findings revealed that 1) the Kampung Siaga Bencana influence on Cipada Village was only 0.33 or less than 0.5. This implies that the value of the impact or relationship between disaster preparedness villages and readiness is low value. 2) The research findings for Cililin Village are 0.773 or greater than 0.5. This indicates that the the impact or interaction between Kampung Siaga Bencana and Cililin Village preparedness is quite significant. In conclusion, there are differences in the results in the two villages because Cililin Village is a disaster-prone village, and many Kampung Siaga Bencana programs are implemented and applied well in the village. In contrast to Cipada Village, which is not prone to disasters.

Indonesia’s tsunami-prone areas are primarily located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, where the collision of three active tectonic plates (Eurasia, Indo-Australia, Pacific) results in significant seismic activity. This geological condition places several coastal regions at high risk, particularly for earthquakes and tsunamis. One such area is the Ciletuh–Palabuhanratu UNESCO Global Geopark (CPUGG) in Sukabumi Regency. This study aims to develop a tsunami disaster risk reduction strategy for the region, using a quantitative descriptive method. The study finds that the tsunami disaster risk level in CPUGG is 0.64, indicating a moderate risk that borders on high. The proposed risk reduction strategies are categorized into three levels, focusing on government, community, business, and tourist preparedness. The findings highlight that most hazard and vulnerability indicators remain high, while tourist capacity and preparedness are at a moderate level. The strategies suggested by the study could serve as valuable input for mitigating tsunami risks in CPUGG.

This research explores lecturers' perceptions of digital libraries as a learning resource for the industrial era 4.0 that can be used anytime and anywhere to solve the low interest in developing lecturers because of the difficulty of accessing references to conventional libraries, which require lecturers to visit the library building. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 lecturers, and data analysis was performed using thematic analysis. The analysis results found four main themes: benefits, challenges, recommendations, and positive and negative impacts of digital libraries. The research concluded that the existence of a digital library can make it easy for lecturers to browse the references needed quickly, easily, and flexibly just by entering the library's website page. This research contributes to solving the problem of lecturers in Indonesia over the limited learning resources in conventional libraries that are difficult to access online and require particular visiting time because they have to come directly during library operating hours. Therefore, support from the government, university leaders, and the wider community is needed to develop a digital library system to facilitate lecturers in Indonesia having adequate learning resources for the industrial era 4.0.

Craniopharyngiomas are rare, slow growing tumors arising along the craniopharyngeal duct. The incidence of craniopharyngioma was 0.13 per 100,000 persons per year. Intratumoral hemorrhage is a serious complication that can mimic pituitary tumor apoplexy, a life-threatening condition. In this report, We presented a case of a 20-year-old male with 3 days of decreased consciousness, with a history of worsening headaches, vomiting, blurry vision, bitemporal hemianopia, and right-sided limb weakness. MRI findings revealed a mixed cystic and solid suprasellar mass with blooming artifacts and fluid-fluid levels on SWI strongly suggest craniopharyngiomas with intratumoral hemorrhage. Trans-petrosal surgery was performed, the lesion appeared intraoperatively as a firm, elastic mass with a hemorrhagic component. Further histopathological testing confirmed the diagnosis of craniopharyngioma with adamantinomatous subtype, which typically occurs in children and adults over 45. While in this patient's diagnosis at age 20 falls outside the usual range. This study highlights the possibility of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma occurring in young adulthood and the role of imaging in diagnosing craniopharyngioma, including its detailed characteristics and the presence of intratumoral hemorrhage for early management and better patient outcome.

Analysis of questions is crucial in improving reused questions for subsequent tests; it also serves to eliminate items that do not fit the question framework. This research focuses on questions and test quality while exploring the relationship between the difficulty index of questions (p-value), the discrimination index of questions (DI), and the effectiveness of distractors in the questions (DE). The study was conducted on participants who took part in a geography Olympiad with a total of 259 students answering multiple-choice geography Olympiad questions from the year 2019. One hundred multiple-choice questions were provided as a competition in the field of geographical science. The internal consistency reliability of the test was 0.82, using the Kuder Richardson 20 coefficient (KR-20). The average score was 33.85 with a standard deviation of 9.85. The average difficulty index (p) and DI of the questions were 0.33 and 33%, respectively, indicating that a considerable number of items had moderate difficulty and high discrimination power. Effective distractors should be integrated into future tests to enhance the quality of questions and assessments. Regarding the discrimination index (DI), it can be observed that 10%–30% of test items fall within a range that is fairly good or acceptable with potential for improvement.

Background: Congenital duodenal obstruction is an anatomical abnormality in newborn. Various intrinsic and extrinsic etiologies can cause duodenal obstruction. The surgical treatment that commonly performed on duodenal obstruction in neonates is duodenoduodenostomy. However, several etiologies conditions such as preduodenal portal vein (PDPV) and pancreatic annulare cause duodenoduodenostomy is nearly impossible to be performed, so an alternative treatment is necessary. Case: This case describes female neonate with congenital duodenal obstruction which had been suspected since in pregnancy due to polyhydramnios, an OGT was installed with greenish yellow residue after the baby was born. Based on abdominal x-ray examination, a double bubble appearance was seen. The patient then underwent surgery when he was 5 days old. Intraoperatively, there was PDPV and pancreas annulare covering the 3rd-4th part of duodenum, so it was decided to perform Roux-en-y duodenojejunostomy. Conclusion: In patients with congenital duodenal obstruction with special etiology and anatomy such as PDPV and pancreatic annulare, it is possible to perform a roux-en-y duodenojejunostomy. Even though this operation is rarely performed on neonate and more common in adult patients, it can be an alternative in cases of congenital duodenal obstruction.

The purpose of this study is to find an authentic assessment in field study activities that can be used to shape the professionalism of geography teacher candidates. The method used in this research is Research and Development. Research instruments: documentation study guidelines; model authentic assessment; Instruments for prospective professional teachers with peer ratings. Authentic factual model assessment limited testing of students at the Jakarta State University Geography Education. The factual model was improved to be retested. The hypothetical model was tested on 120 respondents in geography education students at Jakarta State University & Indonesian Education University. Data analysis used by path analysis, with the help of AMOS software program 5. The type of authentic assessment is positively related, namely the performance appraisal of tool use (0,36) and project assessment (0,24), which has a negative relationship namely attitude assessment (-0,13), presentation performance (-0,14), and portfolio assessment (-0,40). Teacher professionalism includes four competencies. Field study can make personality and social competencies of geography teacher candidates, but it lacks in making pedagogic and professional competences.

This research develops learning media with a Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics (STEAM) approach based on Augmented Reality (AR) to improve students' mathematical problem-solving abilities on geometric concepts. This method uses design-based research (DBR). The development stages consist of needs assessment and literature review, design and development, user testing to analyze user responses and evaluation and examination of the media devices being developed. The research subjects for expert tests included media experts and education experts, practicality tests for teachers, response tests for ten high school students, and examination stage tests for 30 high schools in Indonesia. The instruments used were media expert questionnaires, education expert questionnaires, practicality questionnaires, and tests. The media developed is called Augmented Reality Mathematics (ARM). The results of this research are 1) ARM media expert test in the very good category, 2) ARM educational media expert test in the very good category, 3) ARM media practicality test in the good category, 4) responses from students who use ARM media in the very good category, and 5) ARM media can improve mathematical problem-solving abilities in the moderate category. The findings of this research are that AR media is effectively used to improve students' problem-solving abilities in medium-category geometry concepts using the STEAM approach. This research concludes that using ARM media with STEAM learning can improve problem-solving abilities in geometric concepts.

The effects of Ca2+ substitution on the structural and optical properties of Na2TiSiO5 were studied. It was expected that the Ca2+ ions would replace Na+ ions and change the coordination of Ti4+-O2- as a luminescence center. Na2(1‑x)CaxTiSiO5 (x = 0.00, 0.50, 1.00) samples were synthesized using the solid-state method, and their structural properties, the local Ti4+-O2- coordination, the absorption spectra, and the photoluminescence properties were studied. The electronic structure of Na2(1-x)CaxTiSiO5 with x = 0.00 and 1.00 was also calculated using the Full Potential Linear Augmented Plane Wave (FP-LAPW) method to explain some of the observed properties. The Ca2+ substitution resulted in a phase transformation from an orthorhombic to a monoclinic structure. The number of TiO6 octahedra increased with the increase of Ca2+ and correlated with the decrease of PL emission intensity of the Na2(1‑x)CaxTiSiO5 samples. The Ti-3d bands in the CaTiSiO5 were more dispersive than in the Na2TiSiO5 and were responsible for the PL emission intensity reduction.

Nowadays in the digital era, obtaining information is a very easy task, however, critical thinking from many university students in reality are still lacking and they have a high plagiarism level. This problem can be solved if the students have a digital literacy ability. The purpose of this research is creating a digital literacy instrument for students. The method applied in this research was R&D (Research and Development) research method with RDR (Research, Development, and Research) model. Subject of this study were two (2) expert lecturers in their field and collaborated with 30 students as test subjects. The method of data collection was questionnaires and interview, whereas the data analysis technique applied in this research was qualitative analysis with product moment correlation technique. The result of this research showed the content validity from the digital literacy coefficient of the students was 1, 00 which interpreted as a very high validity value. While the result of reliability test calculation showed r11 value was 0.88 which means the instrument is reliable since reliability coefficient value obtained a number greater than 0.60. Therefore, it can be concluded the digital literacy instrument from this research can be used to evaluate the students’ digital literacy ability. The implication of digital literacy instrument usage hopefully can help students to improve the quality of their learning process.

Abstract The timeframe required to complete the audit process of financial statements can impact a company's timeliness in submitting financial reports to the public. Many companies still face delays in financial report submissions, making the audited financial statements less relevant to financial statement users. The objective of this study is to determine and analyze the influence of Return On Asset and company size on Audit Report Lag in companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) during the period 2017-2021. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling technique, resulting in a sample size of 9 companies studied over a period of 5 years. The analysis was performed using descriptive statistical analysis, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, determination coefficient analysis (R2), and hypothesis testing using t-tests and F-tests. The research findings indicate that individually, Return On Asset and company size have a significant negative impact on Audit Report Lag, and simultaneously, Return On Asset and company size also significantly influence Audit Report Lag. Keywords: Return On Asset, Company Size, Audit Report Lag Abstrak Rentang waktu yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan proses pengauditan laporan keuangan dapat mempengaruhi ketepatan waktu perusahaan dalam menyampaikan laporan keuangan kepada publik. Sejauh ini masih banyak perusahaan yang mengalami keterlambatan dalam penyampaian laporan keuangan, sehingga membuat laporan keuangan hasil audit, sehingga membuat informasi yang terkandung di dalamnya menjadi kurang relevan bagi para pengguna laporan keuangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh dari Return On Asset dan ukuran perusahaan terhadap Audit Report Lag, yang dilakukan di perusahaan yang terdaftar pada Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) selama periode 2017-2021. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling yang diperoleh sampel penelitian sebanyak 9 perusahaan dengan periode penelitian selama 5 tahun. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif, uji asumsi klasik, regresi linier berganda, analisis koefisien determinasi (R2), serta pengujian hipotesis dengan uji t dan uji F. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial Return On Asset dan ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap Audit Report, dan secara simultan Return On Asset dan ukuran perusahaan juga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Audit Report Lag. Kata kunci: Return On Asset, Ukuran Perusahaan, Audit Report Lag

This research attempted to find whether spatial intelligence (without context) has a correlation to (contextual) spatial ability and affects geographic skills as crystallized ability (Gc). It employed the descriptive method with subjects including students at the primary, junior high, and senior high schools. The data were collected through two instruments, namely test and questionnaire. Data of test results were processed by tabulation technique and correlated for the scores of spatial intelligence, spatial ability, and geographic skills. The results show that spatial intelligence (Gf) tended to increase from the level of primary to junior high and to senior high school level, whereas spatial ability (Gc) and geographic skills (Geo-s) tended to decrease. Despite the decline, all three (Gf, Gc, and Geo-s) had the potentials for improvement. Thus, geography teachers are encouraged to participate in improving students' spatial and geographic skills, so students can develop their potentials optimally for geographic skills and future career development.

The Northern Bandung area covers two landforms, namely volcano and structural landforms. Unconfined groundwater has become the water source for local people’s daily needs in both landforms. It is necessary to map the potential unconfined groundwater for both volcano and structural landforms due to the significant role of springs for the local people living in those areas. This research aims to map the unconfined groundwater on the volcano and structural landforms. This study employed the approaches of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Remote Sensing (RS) using the variables of lineament density, rainfall, slope, and Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), hydrogeology, drainage density, and land use. The result shows that each variable has the Consistency Ratio (CR) below 0,1, resulting in consistent research variables and appropriate for discussion. The classification of the potential groundwater is divided into three categories: low, medium, and high. The survey validation finds that 147 springs spread at 86 high lands, 55 medium lands, and six lowlands. This model can be an alternative to map the potential unconfined groundwater in both volcano and structural areas.

Shallot productivity relies on diverse environmental conditions, including soil fertility. Compost is an organic material that is crucial for the improvement of soil health and fertility. Compost amendment could be employed on shallot to improve its growth and productivity. This study aims to investigate the effect of 4 different composts amendments, processed with 4 different bioactivators, on the shallot growth (Bima–Brebes variety), the dynamic of culturable microbes, and nutrient content on the growth medium inside the polybag. Treatments include a mature compost processed with no biactivators (K0), and with the bioactivator Bioaktimo (K1), Beyonic Startmik (K2), indigenous (K3), and the mixed of K1, K2, and K3 (K4). Measured parameters on shallot growth include plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, wet and dry weights of shallot bulb, root, and above-ground biomass, and chlorophyll content. In addition, physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the initial planting medium on the polybag were determined. The result showed that compost amendment significantly increased all parameters tested, except chlorophyll content, when compared to the control and the treatment with 100% chemical fertilizer. The best shallot growth was found in the treatment with soil planting media of 75% Soil + 25% Compost K4 (TK5). Keywords: organic fertilizer, bioactivator, shallot

This study aims to provide an overview of the existing Nyadran tradition literature as material for social studies development in junior high schools. In addition, it is also intended to create a conceptual model related to the use of the Nyadran tradition. This article is a conceptual article that covers the basics, basic competencies, and curriculum. This research is qualitative research with case study methods. The data collection technique is derived from interviews with the main data source of the Klumutan village community, while the other data is from the documentation of the profile of the Klumutan town and the photographs of the implementation of traditional Clumutan. Sampling techniques using purposive sampling. Data validity testing using source triangulation and methods Analysis techniques using interactive data analysis models: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawings. The results of this research consist of three conclusions. First, the Nyadran tradition can be used as a source of social studies development in junior high schools. This is because this tradition contains moral teachings and local wisdom relevant to the vision of social science, namely civics education. Moreover, the oral tradition, which is part of anthropology and history, has the same characteristics as social studies material, which combines social science disciplines. The two high social values of the Nyadran tradition can be used as a source of social science learning. These values mean moral, social, cultural, spiritual, and environmental. Third, the development of oral traditions as teaching materials can be carried out through three stages, namely: (a) the analysis stage (defining the oral traditions and their relevance to the curriculum); (b) the design and development stage (determining the form and structure of the learning materials needed); and (c) implementation stage.

The teacher's ability to construct assessment instruments is a focus that needs to be considered. Furthermore, the demand of the 21st century directs teachers to set questions that are oriented to train students' abilities in higher-order thinking. However, several factors affect the ability to construct HOTS-oriented assessment instruments. This study aims to investigate what factors influence geography teachers’ ability to develop higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) instruments to measure learning outcomes. This study used a survey method with a quantitative approach. The data collection technique was field observation, and multiple linear regression was used for analysis. The results showed the linearity of teacher education regarding the length of teaching geography was 0.904, the tertiary institution was 0.009, and the background of education was 0.019. Also, teachers' certification was 0.007, their training was 0.032, and their experience in making HOTS questions was 0.047. The coefficient value of determination R, namely 0.635 means the relationship between teaching length, the linearity of their education in tertiary institutions, background, certification, training, and experience regarding the ability to develop HOTS-oriented assessment instruments is 63.5%. This means the relationship is strong, and 36.5% is another factor. This study concludes that the factors that significantly affect the ability of geography teachers in developing HOTS-oriented assessment instruments are the linearity factor of teacher education in universities, education background, certification, teacher training and experience in making HOTS questions.

Buana Seed is an agricultural business sector that sells various kinds of agricultural seeds, such as: chilli seeds, Servo tomato seeds, and Ranti tomato seeds. The problem found was the sale of seeds that was not optimal, because the owner used the previous period's sales as a reference. Due to an error in determining the number of seeds to be sown, there is often an overstock or understock. An information system is needed to assist seeders in determining the number of seeds to be sown. The forecasting method used is the "Additive Holt-Winters" method where the data used is sales data for each seed from January 2019 to August 2021. This method is based on three elements, namely linear, trend and seasonal data elements by giving three weights respectively in their predictions, namely α, β, and γ. There were 10 combinations of alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) made in the calculation. The accuracy value will be calculated using MAPE. MAPE results from each combination are different. The results of this forecasting calculation will be a reference in determining the seeds to be sown so that sales become optimal.

This research is motivated by the increasing frequency and variety of violence on television. The show was consumed by many people, including junior high school students. The problem that arises is that many junior high school students are watching. The purpose of this study is to describe the shows of violence on television and bullying behavior among students in schools, and analyze the relationship of television violence to students' bullying behavior in schools. The research subjects were students of Majalengka 6 Middle School. Based on the hypothesis and the type of data used, testing will use a nonparametric statistical test. The reason for using this statistical test is because the data taken is in the form of nominal and ordinal data. The analysis uses the Spearman rank correlation test. The results of the study show that the description of violent shows on television, bullying behavior is included in the low category. There is a significant relationship between the display of violence on television and the bullying behavior of students at school.

The effectiveness of farmer groups in developing sustainable agroforestry farming requires the active participation of all members of farmer groups. One of the factors that influences the level of member participation in farmer group activities is the level of member satisfaction toward the role of farmer groups. This study aims to determine the level of member satisfaction and the main factors increasing member satisfaction toward the role of farmer groups. The study was conducted in Cukangkawung Village, Sodonghilir Sub-district, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province from November 2017 until April 2018. Data were analyzed using Customer Satisfaction Index and Importance Performance Analysis approaches. The results showed that the level of member satisfaction toward the role of farmer groups in the development of agroforestry farming was still low. The main factors that must be considered by farmer groups to increase member satisfaction with the role of farmer groups are the ability to increase members’ capacity, to establish cooperation with stakeholders, and to strengthen of farming capital. Therefore, it is recommended that the farmer group, central and local governments should manage these main factors in developing agroforestry farming.

Geography is one of the oldest branch in natural sciences but people's understanding is still low. This is also evidenced by the results of the national geography examination (UN) of students which are still relatively low compared to the national average. This study aims to determine the learning interest and geography learning difficulties of public high school students in Bangka Regency. This research is quantitative descriptive. The research respondents were all geography teachers in all public high school and 214 students grade XII in 2018. The data collection techniques used were documentation and questionnaires. Documentation is used to obtain data on the number of students who choose geography specialization subjects in 2018 National Examination. Questionnaires are used to obtain data on geography material that is considered difficult by students. In addition, questionnaires are also used to obtain data about material that is difficult and easy to teach by teachers to students. The results showed that the geography learning interest of social studies students in grade XII of the public high school in Bangka Regency was very low. 22.22% of students' interest in geography subjects has been categorized as high, 11.11% are moderate, and 66.67% are very low. Students believe geography material covers very wide area so that they feel very hard to be understood. So that geography teachers better implementing several media and appropriate learning method in order to improve understanding among students. Geografi merupakan salah satu ilmu pengetahuan yang berumur tua namun pemahaman masyarakat masih rendah. Hal ini juga dibuktikan dengan hasil Ujian Nasional (UN) geografi siswa masih tergolong rendah dibandingkan dengan rata-rata nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui minat belajar dan kesulitan belajar geografi siswa SMA Negeri Se-Kabupaten Bangka. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Responden penelitian yaitu seluruh guru geografi di SMA Negeri se-Kabupaten Bangka dan 214 siswa kelas XII IPS di SMA Negeri se-Kabupaten Bangka. Metode yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data adalah dokumentasi dan angket. Dokumentasi digunakan untuk memperoleh data mengenai jumlah siswa yang memilih mata pelajaran peminatan geografi dalam UNBK tahun 2018. Angket digunakan untuk memperoleh data mengenai materi geografi yang dianggap sulit oleh siswa. Selain itu angket juga digunakan untuk memperoleh data mengenai materi yang sulit dan mudah diajarkan oleh guru kepada siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 214 responden hanya 42 siswa yang menyatakan tertarik dengan pembelajaran geografi. Rata-rata siswa menganggap materi geografi terlalu luas dan sulit untuk dipelajari secara mendalam. Berikut ini materi geografi yang dianggap sulit oleh siswa; Sistem Informasi Geografis, Penginderaan Jauh, Materi yang berhubungan dengan hitungan (skala, jarak, demografi), Litosfer, Geosfer, dan Tatasurya. Materi yang sulit dijelaskan guru kepada siswa adalah; Penginderaan jauh, Sistem Informasi Geografi (SIG) dan Dasar-dasar geografi. Kendala guru geografi dalam menjelaskan materi adalah kekurangan media pembelajaran yang memadai dan waktu pembelajaran. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um017v24i12019p025

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kemampuan guru IPS Sekolah Menengah Pertama Kota Bandung dalam membuat alat ukur hasil belajar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat ukur bentuk tes lebih dominan digunakan dibandingkan bentuk non tes, baik pada Ulangan Harian, Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS) maupun Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS). Selain itu, hanya sebagian kecil responden guru yang membuat soal dengan mengacu pada kisi-kisi, bahkan ada guru yang tidak membuat kisi-kisi. Alat ukur tes yang dibuat pun tidak melalui tahap uji validitas dan reliabilitas. Responden guru belum menunjukkan peningkatan kualitas dalam pengembangan alat ukur hasil belajar peserta didik. Peneliti merekomendasikan kepada semua pihak terkait untuk melakukan peningkatan, pembiasaan dan pengawasan terhadap guru untuk membuat alat ukur hasil belajar, khususnya bagi guru-guru IPS. Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the ability of the Social Studies Teachers of Junior High School of Bandung city in creating instruments to measure the students’ learning outcomes. This research used survey method. The result of this study showed that the test form was more dominant than non-test forms, both on Daily Tests and Middle or Final Semester Exams. In addition, only a few teachers made questions referring to the question framework, and several teachers did not even use it. The instrument also did not pass the validity and reliability test. Teachers had not indicated the quality improvement in developing instrument to measure the students’ learning outcomes. Researcher recommended to all relevant parties to improve, habituate and supervise teachers to make learning outcome instruments, especially for Social Studies teachers.

This study aims to analyze skylight conditions surrounding the newly constructed Timau National Observatory (TNO) in Kijang, Indonesia. The analysis was carried out with the primary reason of determining the initial conditions and surroundings of the area, thereby providing valuable information for future observers who will be using the facility. To achieve the stated aim, the sky brightness in the study area was measured in units of magnitudes per square arcsecond (mpsas) at a 20-kilometer radius. Furthermore, numerous observations were conducted at 32 distinct observation points using Sky Quality Meter (SQM) LUDL (SQM -LU-DL), which was directed towards the zenith. The results obtained from these observations were subsequently analyzed using Surfer software with the primary aim of determining sky brightness in the study area. The analysis showed variations in sky quality in a 20 km radius, ranging from 21.64 to 20.37 magnitudes per square arcsecond (mpsas). The measurements showed that sky quality fdl between the categories of great dark and semi-suburban transitional skies. However; it was important to comprehend that recent investigations had identified bright areas surrounding the observatory area, capable of diminishing the visual quality of sky if left unaddressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the impact of outdoor learning methods at Subang Museum on the historical consciousness and patriotism of eighth-grade students from SMPN (State Junior High School) 1 Subang, utilizing a quasi-experimental design with an experimental and control class comprising 33 students from class 8F. Data collection involved pre-tests, post-tests, questionnaires, observation, and documentation, with statistical analyses including normality tests, homogeneity tests, mean difference tests, N-Gain score tests, and observation data tests, each brieWly explained for clarity. Results demonstrate a signiWicant increase in post-test scores for historical consciousness (50 to 75) and patriotism (49 to 74), with a signiWicant difference observed between experimental and control groups in post-test results, despite an overall lack of statistical signiWicance. These Windings suggest that outdoor learning positively inWluences students' historical awareness and love for their homeland, with implications for educational practices and future research directions emphasizing the potential beneWits of outdoor learning in fostering historical consciousness and patriotism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the institutional capacity of farmer groups, and to formulate increasing institutional capacity of farmer groups in the agroforestry farming development. Research was conducted in the Cukangkawung Village, Sodonghilir Subdistrict, Tasikmalaya District, West Java Province, from August 2015 to February 2016. Data was analyzed by using Structural Equation Modelling approach (SEM) of SmartPls program. The results showed that (1) the institutional capacity of farmer group was directly influenced by dynamism level and members’ participation and indirectly influenced by role of the leader, capacity of members, extension role, external support, and characteristics of farmers, and (2) efforts to increase institutional capacity of farmer group can be done through increasing dynamism and participation of members in the activities of farmer groups.

Fasting before contrast enhanced CT-scan procedure is applied to prevent aspiration that may occur as a side effect of intravenous contrast. Fasting causes hydration disruption with the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Increased creatinine immediately after examination using contrast can predict the incidence of contrast nephropathy. The research subject was taken through consecutive random sampling technique at Department of Radiology Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung from April–September 2012. This descriptive analysis study with case-control study design aimed to determine the effect of fasting on the occurrence of CIN. Subjects were recruited through consecutive random sampling technique. A total of 28 patients were divided into 2 groups: group experienced an increase in creatinine after contrast injection within 48–72 hours as the case group and the group that did not experience an increase in creatinine after intravenous contrast injection as the control group. Results showed no significant differences between fasting patients who experienced increased creatinine and who did not experience increased creatinine (p=0.910) after a CT scan with contrast medium There was a relationship between age and CIN in patients undergoing CT-scan with intravenous contrast (p=0.008) and there was no relationship between long fasting and CIN (p=0.967). It is concluded statistically that fasting in patients undergoing CT-scan with intravenous contrast at a young age does not affect the incidence of CIN; however, effect is seen in elderly patients.