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Background Recurrent airway infections are common in patients with Down’s syndrome (DS). Hence, ruling out Cystic Fibrosis (CF) in these patients is often required. In the past, the value of sweat testing – the gold standard to diagnose CF – has been questioned in DS as false positive results have been reported. However, these reports are based on measurements of sweat osmolality or sodium concentrations, not chloride concentrations. This study analyses sweat secretion rate and chloride concentration in sweat samples of patients with DS in comparison to healthy controls. Methods We assessed sweat samples in 16 patients with DS and 16 healthy controls regarding sweat secretion rate (SSR) and sweat chloride concentration. Results All measured chloride concentrations were within the normal range. The chloride concentrations were slightly, but not significantly lower in patients with DS (15,54 mmol/l (±4,47)) compared to healthy controls (18,31 mmol/l (±10,12)). While no gender gap in chloride concentration could be found, chloride concentration increased with age in both groups. Insufficient sweat was collected in 2 females with DS (12.5% of the study group) but not in an individual of the control group. A significant lower sweat secretion rate was found in the DS group (27,6 μl/30 min (± 12,18)) compared to the control group (42,7 μl/30 min (± 21,22)). In a sub-analysis, female patients produced significantly less sweat (20,8 ± 10,6 μl/30 min) than male patients with DS (36,4 ± 7,8 μl/30 min), which accounts for the difference between patients and controls. Furthermore, while the sweating secretion rate increased with age in the control group, it did not do so in the DS group. Once again this was due to female patients with DS, who did not show a significant increase of sweat secretion rate with age. Conclusions Sweat chloride concentrations were within the normal range in patients with DS and therefore seem to be a reliable tool for testing for CF in these patients. Interestingly, we found a reduced sweat secretion rate in the DS group. Whether the last one has a functional and clinical counterpart, possibly due to a disturbed thermoregulation in DS patients, requires further investigation.

Background Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is an autoinflammatory disorder of the skeletal system of yet unknown etiology. Patients present with local bone pain and inflammation and - to our experience - often suffer from functional impairment with significant disabilities of daily life. The objective of this study was to assess physical activity, fitness and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents with established diagnosis of CNO versus healthy controls (HC). Methods 15 patients with CNO and 15 age and gender matched HC aged 13–18 years, completed questionnaires, performed an incremental exercise test with gas exchange measures up to voluntary fatigue and wore an accelerometer over 7 days at home to assess physical activity behavior. Results At the time of assessment, 5 CNO patients were in clinical, one in radiological and 5 in clinical and radiological remission. 7 did not receive any therapy at the time of assessment. The results of the exercise test and of the accelerometry did not show any significant difference between CNO and HC. However, reported sports participation was lower in patients with CNO and PedsQL3.0 and 4.0 showed significant lower values in most of the scores indicating reduced HRQOL. Conclusion Although most CNO patients showed a favorable course of disease without any relevant differences in objective measurements of physical activity and fitness versus HC at the time of assessment, questionnaires revealed perceived limitations. Further studies are needed to measure HRQOL and to validate questionnaires in patients with CNO against objective measures including more participants with a higher level of disease activity.

Mukoviszidose als häufigste der seltenen Erkrankungen ist trotz intensiver For-schung und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten nach wie vor mit einer deutlich verkürzten Lebenserwartung assoziiert. In den letzten Jahren hat sich gezeigt, dass körperliche Aktivität einen wichtigen Beitrag nicht nur zur Lebensqualität von Mukoviszidosepatienten leisten kann, sondern auch einen Einfluss auf den Krankheitsverlauf als solches hat. Die genauen Mechanismen des positiven Effekts von Sport auf den Krankheitsverlauf sind jedoch noch nicht hinreichend geklärt. Neben vielen anderen Mechanismen wie verbesserter Sekretelimination aus den Atemwegen, Training des Herz-Kreislaufsystems und Regulierung der überaktiven epithelialen Natriumkanäle wird zunehmend auch ein Anstoßen von Reparaturmechanismen durch Sport diskutiert. Dabei scheinen CD34+-Progenitorzellen und MSCs eine Rolle spielen zu können. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, inwiefern eine maximale Aus-dauerbelastung die Anzahl zirkulierender CD34+-Progenitorzellen und mesen-chymaler Progenitorzellen im peripheren Blut verändert, was sekundär mit Repa-raturvorgängen im Lungengewebe assoziiert sein könnte. Hierfür wurde bei 7 Patienten mit Mukoviszidose sowie 9 gesunden Probanden eine Spiroergometrie bis zur subjektiven Erschöpfung und vor sowie zehn Minuten nach Beendigung der Aktivität eine Blutentnahme durchgeführt. Neben einer Analyse des Blutbildes inklusive Differenzierung und Bestimmung von Entzündungsparametern erfolgte mittels Durchflusszytometrie die Quantifizierung von CD34+ und mesenchymalen Progenitorzellen. Es zeigte sich ein signifikanter Anstieg der CD34+ Progenitorzellen in beiden Studiengruppen nach Belastung, während die mesenchymalen Stammzellen keine signifikante Änderung der Anzahl zeigten. Der Anstieg der CD34+-Progenitorzellen nach körperlicher Belastung ist in der Literatur mehrfach beschrieben und wird als eine Erklärung für die Prävention von Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen durch Sport genannt. Auch bei akuten wie chronischen Lungenerkrankungen scheinen hämatopoetische und endotheliale Progenitorzellen eine Rolle bei Reparaturvorgängen zu spielen. Die Rolle der mesenchymalen Stammzellen ist dagegen noch nicht hinreichend geklärt. Insgesamt erschwert die Heterogenität der Gruppe der mesenchymalen Stammzellen eine genaue Quantifizierung, ihr geringes Vorkommen im peripheren Blut stellt eine weitere Schwierigkeit bei der Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung dar. Nachdem zumindest der Nachweis von ansteigenden endothelialen Progenitorzellen auch bei Patienten mit Mukoviszidose gelingt, sollte in weiteren Studien die Rolle der mesenchymalen Stammzellen weiter untersucht werden. Insbesondere die Charakterisierung der Zellen in der Zellkultur sowie eine Untersuchung von Zytokinen, die für ein Homing von mesenchymalen Stammzellen verantwortlich sein könnten, scheint wesentlich, um den Mechanismus der Reparaturvorgänge besser zu verstehen und so mög-licherweise die Therapie der Mukoviszidose zu erweitern., Cystic fibrosis is associated with a reduced life expectancy despite many therapeutic efforts. Lately, it has been show that patients with cystic fibrosis benefit from regular exercise with regard to a higher quality of life, slowed decline in lung function and better physial fitness. The mechanism of these benefits is not fully understood yet. One possible mechanism could be an increased number of circulating progenitor cells as surrogate markers for repair mechanisms. ln this study patients with cystic fibrosis and healtyh controls underwent an incremental exercise test and blood samples were drawn before and after the exercise with regard tot he number of CD34+ and mesenchymal progenitor cells. ln both groups an signficant increase in CD34+ progenitor cells could be shown with no differente between the groups whereas no change was observed wlth regard to the mesenchymal progenitor cells. Endothelial progenitor cells seem to play a role for repair mechansims in lung disease as has been shown in patients with COPD and pneumonia. The role oft he mesenchymal progenitor cells remains unclear, especially as it is very difficult to define the exact lung specific cell in the heterogenaus group of mesenchymal progenitor cellls. Further research is needed to clarify these issues and hopefully add futher information for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common inherited diseases and is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. Although the pulmonary and gastrointestinal manifestations of the disease remain in the focus of treatment, recent studies have shown expression of the CFTR gene product in skeletal muscle cells and observed altered intramuscular Ca2+ release dynamics in CFTR-deficient animal models. Physical exercise is beneficial for maintaining fitness and well-being in CF patients and constitutes one aspect of modern multimodal treatment, which has considerably increased life span and reduced morbidity. We report on a case of acute muscle trauma resulting from excessive dumbbell exercise in a young adult with cystic fibrosis and describe clinical, laboratory and imaging characteristics of acute exercise-induced muscle injury.