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Examinations of patients suffering from chronic nephritis with the nephrotoxic syndrome and amyloidosis of the kidneys with unchanged glomerular filtration showed that the rate of sulfalen excretion in the patients with the kidney diseases was higher than that in the persons of the control group. The sulfalen elimination rate and the plasmatic clearance in such patients were higher. The higher rate of sulfalen elimination was due to increased excretion of the unchanged drug with urine.

Distribution of clometacillin in mice, rats and rabbits was studied in comparison with some other penicillins. It was found that clometacillin was superior to all other penicillins used for comparison with respect to the circulation time in the blood after intravenous, intramusclar or intrastomach administration. As for the capacity for penetrating into the tissues from the blood, clometacillin was not inferior to ampicillin and benzylpenicillin and was superior to propicillin, though it was bound by the blood serum proteins to a greater extent than the other penicillins used for comparison.

A study of dioxydine effect on the membrane apparatus of Staphylococcus aureus 209 P and Micrococcus lysodeikticus revealed a decrease in the dehydrogenase activity of membrane preparations and in the specific concentration of cytochromes, if cells had been cultivated in a medium with subbacteriostatic concentrations of dioxydine. The total activity of the respiratory chain was slightly decreased. Conservatism of the membrane apparatus of the bacteria studied was demonstrated.

A cytogenetic study of bone marrow cells was carried out first under conditions of toxic hepatopathy, experimental toxic nephropathy, alloxan diabetes in rats and under conditions of colibacillar and pyocyanic sepsis in mice in different periods of pathology. These experimental models may be used in research on medicinal mutagenesis.

Circulation of 4 semisynthetic cephalosporins, such as cephaloridin, cephalotin, cephradin and cephacetryl in the blood of rabbits after their intramuscular administration in single doses of 5 or 20 mg/kg was studied. The above antibiotics were satisfactorily absorbed into the blood reaching the maximum level within 15 to 30 minutes. The blood levels of cephalotin were the lowest and the rate of its elimination from the blood was higher than that of the other drugs. A four-fold increase in the doses of cephalosporins was not accompanied by a proportional increase in their levels in the rabbit blood, the time of the antibiotic circulation in the blood being not significantly changed.

Secondary membrane effects on the membrane apparatus of coccus bacteria were being studied. Cultivation of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Staphylococcus aureus cells on subbacteriostatic concentrations of nitrofurans results in a lower biosynthesis of many membrane proteins, as well as in inhibiting the activity of respiratory enzymes, i. e. the specific concentration of cytochromes and specific activity of NADH-, malate-, lactate oxidases and some reductases drop. Some cytological changes were revealed, when cells were grown on solafur, furazolidone, and furacriline.

The chemotherapeutic effect of di-N-quinoxaline oxide derivatives--quinoxidine and diaxidine, as contrasted to that of carbenicillin and hentamycin with their 3- and 10-day application, was studied on a model of a burn in mice infected with Pseudomonas eruginosa. The results achieved by the quinoxidine and dioxidine medication proved much better than those obtained by the use of carbenicillin and hentamycin.

The antimicrobial properties of two cationic detergents, i.e. rockal, an antiseptic made in England and catamine AB, its analog made in the USSR were compared. It was found that catamine AB and rockal did not practically differ by their bacteriostatic and mycostatic activities with respect to collection and clinical strains of bacteria with multiple resistance to antibiotics. Both detergents were shown to be identical by their membranotropic activity and thus catamine AB may be used instead of rockal as an antiseptic.

Antibacterial activity of 2 natural and 12 semisynthetic penicillins against 5 strains of grampositive bacteria was determined and quantum chemical estimation of their molecules was performed with the Hukkel method. The data were indicative of the fact that antibacterial activity of the penicillins was connected with the acceptor properties of their molecules.

Dioxidine (50 mg/kg a day) and carbenicillin (500 mg/kg a day) administered to rats with Ps. aeruginosa hematogenic pyelonephritis for 7 days brought about high therapeutic effect accompanied by bacteremia elimination, noticeable reduction of bacteriuria and dissemination of renal tissue, by improvement of the histological structure of the kidneys as compared with untreated animals. Complete recovery of all the animals (sterilization of the urine and tissue of both the kidneys), and abolition of pyelonephritis signs in the histological structure of the kidneys are attained as a result of combined use of dioxidine and carbenicillin in doses 25 and 250 mg/kg, respectively.

The chemotherapeutic effect of mecillinam and ampicillin was studied comparatively on rats with hematogenic obturation colibacillary pyelonephritis. The antibiotics were administered intragastrically in a dose of 100 mg/kg for 7 days. The treatment was started 24 hours after infection. When the drugs were used in combination their doses were twice as lower. When used alone mecillinam and ampicillin had a significant effect which was practically the same. A marked increase in the therapeutic effect was observed with the use of the antibiotics in combination: sterilization of the tissues of the affected kidney and prevention of development of macroscopic lesions in it in all the animals.

Penicillins were studied comparatively on mice with infections caused by pneumococci and streptococci. It was shown that klomethacillin was superior by its chemotherapeutic effect to other penicillins in treatment of pneumococcal septicemia when used subcutaneously or intragastrically. Ampicillin was superior in treatment of streptococcal infection.

The effect of furosemid was studied on rats in comparison to that of etamid with respect to circulation in the body of some cephalosporins, such as cephalotin, cephaloridin, cephazolin, cephacetrile, cephapirin, cefradin and cefalexin. Furosemid and etamid were administered to the rats intraperitoneally in a dose of 100 mg/kg 30 minutes before exposure to the cephalosporins. Cefalexin was administered intragastrically in a dose of 100 mg/kg and the other cephalosporins were administered intramuscularly in a dose of 20 mg/kg. It was found that furosemid increased the blood levels of all cephalosporins in the rats and especially those of cephaloridine and cephacetrile, the levels being increased 5-6 times. The effect of etamid was analogous but less pronounced. Furosemid significantly decreased the renal excretion of some cephalosporins, i.e. cephaloridine, cephalotin, cephacetrile and cephazolin and had an insignificant effect on renal excretion of the other antibiotics. Etamid did not inhibit renal excretion of the cephalosporins.

Tobramycin and sisomycin proved to have the highest antibacterial activity against 156 clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa and were 4--8 times more effective than monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin and to a lesser extent gentamicin. The combination of mecillinam and sisomycin had a synergistic effect with respect to 26 out of 50 strains of Ps. aeruginosa and the combination of mecillinam and tobramycin had a synergistic effect on 18 strains. An antagonistic effect was observed with the use of the above combinations in 3 cases. The effect of the combinations depended on sensitivity of Ps. aeruginosa cultures to the aminoglycoside antibiotic included into the compositions.

Tests set up on mice and rats brought evidence that spironolactone, progesterone, testosterone-propionate, methylandostendiol, desoxycorticosterone-acetate, methyltosterone, diethylstilbestrol, preparation PCN, megesterol-acetate and mestranol disply a catatoxic action, whose degree depends upon the method of evaluation and the animal species. A pattern for selection of catatoxic agents is proposed and some aspects of their mode of action are discussed.

It has been demonstrated in experiments on puberal and infantile female rats that a single subcutaneous injection of clonidine (0.03 mg/kg) disturbed whereas in a dose of 1 mg/kg completely inhibited spontaneous or induced ovulation as well as sexual receptivity. When injected in a daily dose of 0.03 mg/kg to puberal rats for 8 days clonidine potentiated the total gonadotropic activity of the pituitaries. When injected in a daily dose of 0.5 mg/kg for 10 days the drug induced the disorders of the estrous cycle during diestrus.

Distribution of sulfalen, sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxypyridazine in the blood and organs of rats and binding of the drugs to the blood serum proteins of the animals with experimental P. aeruginosa pyelonephritis were studied. It was shown that in rats with P. aeruginosa pyelonephritis the levels of long-acting sulfanilamides in the blood and organs were lower, while the levels of their penetration through the histohematic barriers were higher, which was partially due to the decreased binding of sulfanilamides to blood proteins.

Bacteriological and pathomorphological characteristics of experimental pyocyanic burn infection in noninbred albino mice are presented. The model was used for comparative investigation of the chemotherapeutic efficacy of quinoxidin, dioxidin, carbenicillin and gentamicin. The chemotherapeutic efficacy of quinoxidin and dioxidin was shown to be higher than that of carbenicillin and gentamicin with respect to both the bacteriological criteria and the pathomorphological indices. Carbenicillin was inferior to gentamicin in the results of the bacteriological investigation and superior to it with respect to the data of the pathomorphological study. Thus, quinoxidin, dioxidin and to a less extent carbenicillin prevented the development of the purulent inflammatory foci in the internal organs, whereas the use of gentamicin resulted in a slower rate of the inflammatory process organization in the kidneys of the experimental animals.

Distribution of 6 cephalosporin antibiotics, i. e. cephaloridin, cephalotin, cephradin cephacetryl, cephazolin and cephapyrin for parenteral use was studied comparatively on rats. The studies showed that all the above cephalosporins were well absorbed into the blood after intramuscular administration. The highest serum levels were achieved with the use of cephozolin. Still, its levels in the animal organs were mainly not higher and sometimes even lower than those provided by the other antibiotics. The highest levels of cephalosporins were detected in the kidneys. Cephalotin, cephapyrin and cephacetryl differed by the character of their distribution in the rats from the other 3 antibiotics: the levels of cephalotin and cephapyrin in the heart, spleen and muscles were lower than those of the other cephalosporins; sometimes they were even not detected in these organs; cephacetryl was not found in these organs. The levels of these 3 antibiotics in the kidneys were lower than those of the other cephalosporins. Cephalotin, cephacetryl and sometimes cephapyrin were not detected in the rat liver. None of the cephalosporins was found in the brain tissue.

The chemotherapeutic efficacy of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and dioxydin was studied and compared in rats with hematogenic obturation P. aeruginosa pyelonephritis. The drugs were injected intramuscularly in doses of 5, 8, 8 and 50 mg/kg, respectively for 7 days a day after infection. It was shown that on prolongation of the period of the treatment estimation from 24 hours to 7 days after discontinuation of the drug use a significant decrease was observed in the therapeutic efficacy of dioxydin, gentamicin and especially tobramycin. As for sisomicin, the decrease was insignificant. Dioxydin and gentamicin had a similar therapeutic effect at the early and late periods of their estimation after discontinuation of the treatment. They were inferior to tobramycin with respect to the early results and superior to it with respect to the late results. The chemotherapeutic efficacy of sisomycin in both the cases was higher than that of tobramycin, gentamicin and dioxydin.

The kinetics of the blood serum and urine levels of cephalotin, cephaloridine, cephazolin, cephacetrile, cephapirin, cefalexin and cefradin was studied on rabbits treated with the antibiotics administered intravenously. The pharmacokinetic constants of the cephalosporins were calculated on the basis of the one-compartmental mathematical model. It was shown that cephalotin and cephapirin had the highest blood elimination rates. These antibiotics had higher constants of the elimination rate and lower time values of a two-fold decrease in the blood level. The elimination rates of the other cephalosporins were almost the same. The drugs did not differ in renal clearance. Cephapirin, cephalotin and cephacetrile had the lowest values of excretion with the urine. It was found that the tubular secretion took part in the renal excretion of all cephalosporins. Its proportion was especially high in renal excretion of cephalotin, cephapirin, cephazolin. The value of the "apparent" distribution was much higher for cephalotin, cephacetrile, cefradin and cephapirin as compared to the other drugs. The highest values of the total clearance were observed with respect to cephalotin, cephacetrile and cephapirin, as well as higher values of the extrarenal clearance.

A number of inhibitors of benzylpenicillin active transport in surviving sections of the abbit kidney cortex has been found for the first time. The capacity for such transport was shown with respect to all natural and semisynthetic penicillins tested. The section accumulation method was recommended for the use in screening new penicillins with prolonged action. Absence of corelation between the value of the section/medium concentration gradient and the index of penicillin kidney clearance was registered. It was shown that the binding level of penicillins by blood serum proteins did not define the rate of their excretion with the urine in rabbits.

Interaction of 8 penicillin preparations with human serum albumin was studied with the spin-labels method and a probe. Correlation between the binding level of penicillins with human serum albumin and their effect on the spectrum of EPR of the spin-label attached to albumin was observed only with the use of a hydrophobic probe (radical III). The covalent attached marks and the hydrophobic probe may be used for rapid orienting estimation of pencillin interaction with albumin.

Cyclacillin was compared with ampicillin by its bacteriostatic efficiency in vitro, chemotherapeutic efficiency in experimental infections of mice and rats and pharmacokinetic characteristics. It was found that cyclacillin was not superior to ampicillin by its antibacterial action. By a number of characteristics it was even significantly inferior. The pharmacokinetic advantages of cyclacillin were not considered significant.

A model of obturation hematogenous pyelonephritis was reproduced in rats by infecting them with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On the model subject to study was chemotherapeutic activity of dioxidine (50--100 mg/kg per day) as compared to gentamycin (5 mg/kg per day). The drugs were administered intramuscularly for 7 days, starting 24 hours after inoculation of the animals. The action of both dioxidine and gentamycin on lethality, bacteriura, the mass of the kidneys and macroscopic changes in them was approximately the same, but dioxidine extered a greater influence on the seeding rate of the causative agent coming from the kidneys. Both drugs fail to bring about complete recovery of the animals.

Three methods of decomposition of Staphylococcus aureus 209-P cells were compared for the production of membranes-ultrasound, a press, and enzymatic lysis. All the tested methods permitted the isolation of enzymatically active membranes, differing somewhat in protein composition.