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Abstract: Astragalus membranaceus(AM) was used for millennia by traditional Chinese medicine to slow down aging and extend lifespan. It has been shown that AM can affect all key hallmarks of aging including compensating telomere shortening which is recognized as one of the most reliable biomarkers of aging. The telomere shortening in peripheral blood leukocytes is viewed as a promising biomarker in predicting the risk of age-related diseases as well as a biomarker of the effectiveness of treatment. However, findings from epidemiological studies on the links between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and age-related diseases are rather contradictory. The present study is aimed to investigate the effect of AM on the LTL and the AM influence on the manifestation and development of the sings of accelerated senescence in OXYS rats. Animals were given AM root powder (100 mg/kg) from 3 to 6 months of age. Our study confirmed the ability of AM to activate telomerase, as evidenced by an increase in LTL in OXYS rats. However, LTL lengthening was not accompanied by a delay of the accelerated senescence of OXYS rats, manifested as the early development of cataract, retinopathy similar to age-related macular degeneration and accelerated brain aging. Thus, we have demonstrated a limitation of using LTL as indicator for assessing the effectiveness of anti-aging therapy.

Vernadite (MnO2·nH2O) is a mineral with a poorly ordered structure. Its synthetic analogue is designated δ-MnO2. Birnessite and vernadite are independent mineral species and cannot be described further under the same name. They have similar hexagonal unit-cell parameters, a0, but different c0parameters. Rancieite has a structure similar to that of birnessite. Calcium bearing, 14-Å birnessite occurring in nature was first described by the authors. In addition to the todorokite having the parameters a0= 9.75 Å, b0= 2.84 Å, and c0= 9.59 Å, other species of natural todorokite are known having a0parameters that are multiples of 4.88 Å equal to 14.6 and 24.40 Å, the b0and c0parameters being the same. Вернадит (МnO2•nН2O) представляет минерал с плохо упорядоченной структурой, его синтетический аналог описывается под названием 8-МnO2. Бёрнессит и вернадит представляет различные минеральные виды и не могут описываться под одним и тем же названием. Их гексагональные элементарные ячейки характеризуются одинаковым параметром а0при разных значениях параметра с0. Рансьеит структурно подобен бёрнесситу. Впервые авторами описан природный 14 Å кальцийсодержащий бёрнессит. Помимо обычного тодорокита (а0= 9,75, b0= 2,84, с0= 9,59 Å) в природе установлены другие тодорокиты с параметром а0, кратным 4,88 Å (14,6 и 24,40 Å). Пар аметры b0и c0у всех тодорокитов одинаковы. Vernadit (MnO2·nH2O) ist ein Mineral mit einer schlecht geordneten Struktur. Sein synthetisches Analogon wird δ-MnO2genannt. Birnessit und Vernadit sind zwei verschiedene Minerale und können nicht länger mit demselben Namen bezeichnet werden. Sie haben ähnlich hexagonale Parameter der Elementarzelle, a0, aber verschiedene c0-Parameter. Rancieit hat eine dem Birnessit ähnliche Struktur. Das natürliche Vorkommen Calcium-führenden 14-Å Birnessits wurde zum ersten Mal von den Autoren beschrieben. Außer dem Todprokit mit den Parametern a0= 9,75 Å, b0= 2,84 Å, und c0= 9,59 Å sind andere Arten von natürlichem Todorokit bekannt. Sie haben a0-Parameter die ein Vielfaches von 4,88 Å sind, wie 14,6 und 24,40 Å. Die b0- und c0-Parameter sind dieselben. [U.W.] La vernadite (MnO2·nH2O) est un minéral ayant une structure pauvrement ordonnée. Son analogue synthétique est designé δ-MnO2. La birnessite et la vernadite sont des espèces minérales indépendantes et ne peuvent plus être décrites par la même appellation. Elles ont des paramètres de maille hexagonale pareils, a0, mais des paramètres c0différents. La rancéite a une structure semblable à celle de la birnessite. La birnessite 14 Å contenant du calcium, trouvée dans la nature, a été decrite pour la première fois par les auteurs. En plus de la todorokite ayant les paramètres a0= 9,75 Å, b0= 2,84 Å, et c0= 9,59 Å, on sait que d’autres espèces de todorokite ont des paramètres a0qui sont des multiples de 4,88 Å égal à 14,6 et 24,40 Å, les paramètres b0et c0étant les mêmes. [D.J.]

Accumulations of fine platy crystals of bavenite, colorless or white, often with inclusions of graphite, were discovered in an albitized garnet skarn, in a geological environment in which the mineral, a relatively high-temperature metasomatic replacer of phenacite and feldspar, is definitely not an end-stage product of a hydrothermal process. - IGR Staff.