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134 results on '"Ruddy, Michael"'

1. Rational partition models under iterative proportional scaling

Author

Coons, Jane Ivy, Langer, Carlotta, and Ruddy, Michael

Subjects
Mathematics - Algebraic Geometry, Mathematics - Statistics Theory, 05C90, 62A09, 62B10, 62R01
Abstract

In this work we investigate partition models, the subset of log-linear models for which one can perform the iterative proportional scaling (IPS) algorithm to numerically compute the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE). Partition models include families of models such as hierarchical models and balanced, stratified staged trees. We define a sufficient condition, called the Generalized Running Intersection Property (GRIP), on the matrix representation of a partition model under which IPS algorithm produces the exact MLE in one cycle. Additionally we connect the GRIP to the toric fiber product and to previous results for hierarchical models and balanced, stratified staged trees. This leads to a characterization of balanced, stratified staged trees in terms of the GRIP., Comment: 41 pages, 8 figures

Published
2022
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2. The Moving-Frame Method for the Iterated-Integrals Signature: Orthogonal Invariants

Author

Diehl, Joscha, Preiß, Rosa, Ruddy, Michael, and Tapia, Nikolas

Subjects
Machine learning -- Methods, Mathematics
Abstract

Geometric, robust-to-noise features of curves in Euclidean space are of great interest for various applications such as machine learning and image analysis. We apply Fels-Olver's moving-frame method (for geometric features) paired with the log-signature transform (for robust features) to construct a set of integral invariants under rigid motions for curves in [Formula omitted] from the iterated-integrals signature. In particular, we show that one can algorithmically construct a set of invariants that characterize the equivalence class of the truncated iterated-integrals signature under orthogonal transformations, which yields a characterization of a curve in [Formula omitted] under rigid motions (and tree-like extensions) and an explicit method to compare curves up to these transformations., Author(s): Joscha Diehl [sup.1], Rosa Preiß [sup.2], Michael Ruddy [sup.3], Nikolas Tapia [sup.2] [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5603.0, Universität Greifswald, Institut für Mathematik und Informatik, , Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17489, Greifswald, [...]

Published
2023
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4. The moving frame method for iterated-integrals: orthogonal invariants

Author

Diehl, Joscha, Preiß, Rosa, Ruddy, Michael, and Tapia, Nikolas

Subjects
Mathematics - Differential Geometry, Mathematics - Algebraic Geometry, 60L10, 14L24
Abstract

Geometric features, robust to noise, of curves in Euclidean space are of great interest for various applications such as machine learning and image analysis. We apply the Fels-Olver's moving frame method (for geometric features) paired with the log-signature transform (for robust features) to construct a set of integral invariants under rigid motions for curves in $\mathbb{R}^d$ from the iterated-integral signature. In particular we show that one can algorithmically construct a set of invariants that characterize the equivalence class of the truncated iterated-integrals signature under orthogonal transformations which yields a characterization of a curve in $\mathbb{R}^d$ under rigid motions (and tree-like extensions) and an explicit method to compare curves up to these transformations., Comment: 37 pages, 4 figures

Published
2020
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5. Signatures of algebraic curves via numerical algebraic geometry

Author

Duff, Timothy and Ruddy, Michael

Subjects
Mathematics - Algebraic Geometry, 14H50, 65H20, 14Q05, 14Lxx, 53A55
Abstract

We apply numerical algebraic geometry to the invariant-theoretic problem of detecting symmetries between two plane algebraic curves. We describe an efficient equality test which determines, with "probability-one", whether or not two rational maps have the same image up to Zariski closure. The application to invariant theory is based on the construction of suitable signature maps associated to a group acting linearly on the respective curves. We consider two versions of this construction: differential and joint signature maps. In our examples and computational experiments, we focus on the complex Euclidean group, and introduce an algebraic joint signature that we prove determines equivalences of curves under this action and the size of a curve's symmetry group. We demonstrate that the test is efficient and use it to empirically compare the sensitivity of differential and joint signatures to different types of noise., Comment: journal submission of v1, 25 pages

Published
2020

6. Maximum likelihood degree of the two-dimensional linear Gaussian covariance model

Author

Coons, Jane Ivy, Marigliano, Orlando, and Ruddy, Michael

Subjects
Mathematics - Algebraic Geometry, 14C17, 62H12, 14H50, 13P25
Abstract

In algebraic statistics, the maximum likelihood degree of a statistical model is the number of complex critical points of its log-likelihood function. A priori knowledge of this number is useful for applying techniques of numerical algebraic geometry to the maximum likelihood estimation problem. We compute the maximum likelihood degree of a generic two-dimensional subspace of the space of $n\times n$ Gaussian covariance matrices. We use the intersection theory of plane curves to show that this number is $2n-3$., Comment: v1 14 pages; v2 19 pages

Published
2019
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7. Differential signatures of algebraic curves

Author

Kogan, Irina A., Ruddy, Michael, and Vinzant, Cynthia

Subjects
Mathematics - Algebraic Geometry, Mathematics - Differential Geometry, 14H50, 14Q05, 14L24, 53A55, 68W30
Abstract

In this paper, we adapt the differential signature construction to the equivalence problem for complex plane algebraic curves under the actions of the projective group and its subgroups. Given an action of a group $G$, a signature map assigns to a plane algebraic curve another plane algebraic curve (a signature curve) in such a way that two generic curves have the same signatures if and only if they are $G$-equivalent. We prove that for any $G$-action, there exists a pair of rational differential invariants, called classifying invariants, that can be used to construct signatures. We derive a formula for the degree of a signature curve in terms of the degree of the original curve, the size of its symmetry group and some quantities depending on a choice of classifying invariants. For the full projective group, as well as for its affine, special affine and special Euclidean subgroups, we give explicit sets of rational classifying invariants and derive a formula for the degree of the signature curve of a generic curve as a quadratic function of the degree of the original curve. We show that this generic degree is the sharp upper bound., Comment: 35 pages, 2 figures; v2: The result on the upper bound for the degrees of signature polynomials is generalized to arbitrary subgroups of the projective group

Published
2018

9. The classification and curvature of biquotients of the form $Sp(3)//Sp(1)^2$

Author

DeVito, Jason, DeYeso III, Robert, Ruddy, Michael, and Wesner, Philip

Subjects
Mathematics - Differential Geometry
Abstract

We show there are precisely 15 inhomogeneous biquotients of the form $Sp(3)// Sp(1)^2$ and show that at least 8 of them admit metrics of quasi-positive curvature., Comment: Final version. To appear in Ann. Glob. Anal. and Geo

Published
2014
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11. Emergence and spread of a human-transmissible multidrug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterium

Author

Bryant, Josephine M., Grogono, Dorothy M., Rodriguez-Rincon, Daniela, Everall, Isobel, Brown, Karen P., Moreno, Pablo, Verma, Deepshikha, Hill, Emily, Drijkoningen, Judith, Gilligan, Peter, Esther, Charles R., Noone, Peadar G., Giddings, Olivia, Bell, Scott C., Thomson, Rachel, Wainwright, Claire E., Coulter, Chris, Pandey, Sushil, Wood, Michelle E., Stockwell, Rebecca E., Ramsay, Kay A., Sherrard, Laura J., Kidd, Timothy J., Jabbaur, Nassib, Johnson, Graham R., Knibbs, Luke D., Morawska, Lidia, Sly, Peter D., Jones, Andrew, Bilton, Diana, Laurenson, Ian, Ruddy, Michael, Bourke, Stephen, Bowler, Ian C. J. W., Chapman, Stephen J., Clayton, Andrew, Cullen, Mairi, Dempsey, Owen, Denton, Miles, Desai, Maya, Drew, Richard J., Edenborough, Frank, Evans, Jason, Folb, Jonathan, Daniels, Thomas, Humphrey, Helen, Isalska, Barbara, Jensen-Fangel, Søren, Jönsson, Bodil, Jones, Andrew M., Katzenstein, Terese L., Lillebaek, Troels, MacGregor, Gordon, Mayell, Sarah, Millar, Michael, Modha, Deborah, Nash, Edward F., O'Brien, Christopher, O'Brien, Deirdre, Ohri, Chandra, Pao, Caroline S., Peckham, Daniel, Perrin, Felicity, Perry, Audrey, Pressler, Tania, Prtak, Laura, Qvist, Tavs, Robb, Ali, Rodgers, Helen, Schaffer, Kirsten, Shafi, Nadia, van Ingen, Jakko, Walshaw, Martin, Watson, Danie, West, Noreen, Whitehouse, Joanna, Haworth, Charles S., Harris, Simon R., Ordway, Diane, Parkhill, Julian, and Floto, R. Andres

Published
2016

12. Classical iterative proportional scaling of log-linear models with rational maximum likelihood estimator

Author

Coons, Jane Ivy, Langer, Carlotta, Ruddy, Michael, Coons, Jane Ivy, Langer, Carlotta, and Ruddy, Michael

Abstract

In this work we investigate multipartition models, the subset of log-linear models for which one can perform the classical iterative proportional scaling (IPS) algorithm to numerically compute the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE). Multipartition models include families of models such as hierarchical models and balanced, stratified staged trees. We define a sufficient condition, called the Generalized Running Intersection Property (GRIP), on the matrix representation of a multipartition model under which the classical IPS algorithm produces the exact MLE in one cycle. In this case, the MLE is a rational function of the data. Additionally we connect the GRIP to the toric fiber product and to previous results for hierarchical models and balanced, stratified staged trees. This leads to a characterization of balanced, stratified staged trees in terms of the GRIP.

Published
2023

18. Drug-resistant tuberculosis, clinical virulence, and the dominance of the Beijing strain family in Russia

Author

Drobniewski, Francis, Balabanova, Yanina, Nikolayevsky, Vladyslav, Ruddy, Michael, Kuznetzov, Sergey, Zakharova, Svetlana, Melentyev, Alexander, and Fedorin, Ivan

Subjects
Radiology, Medical -- Usage, Tuberculosis -- Risk factors, Tuberculosis -- Drug therapy
Abstract

A study is conducted to address the extent of 'Beijing strain' transmission in the prison/civil sectors and the association of drug resistance, clinical, and social factors with the Beijing genotype. The results reveal that the drug resistance and previous imprisonment are significantly associated with Beijing-strain infection and Beijing isolates cause radiologically more advanced disease.

Published
2005

19. An Irish army in America

Author

Ruddy, Michael

Subjects
United States Civil War, 1861-1865, United States history -- Evaluation, Armies -- History, History
Abstract

No Irish army existed in British-ruled Ireland. The Irish army in America was gaining combat experience in the Civil War and its dreams for the revolution is discussed.

Published
2003

21. Rifampin- and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Russian civilians and prison inmates: dominance of the Beijing strain family. (Research)

Author

Drobniewski, Francis, Balabanova, Yanina, Ruddy, Michael, Weldon, Laura, Jeltkova, Katya, Brown, Timothy, Malomanova, Nadezdna, Elizarova, Elvira, Melentyey, Alexander, Mutovkin, Ebgeny, Zhakharova, Svetlana, and Fedorin, Ivan

Subjects
Tuberculosis -- Research, Drug resistance -- Research, Mycobacteria -- Research, Mycobacterium, Rifampin -- Research, Isoniazid -- Research, Russia -- Health aspects
Abstract

Consecutive patient cultures (140) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were collected from five Russian civilian and prison tuberculosis laboratories and analyzed for rifampin (rpoB) and isoniazid resistance (inhA, katG, ahpC); transmission of [...]

Published
2002

25. Contributors

Author

Asmar, Roland, primary, Basile, Jan N., additional, Beevers, D.G., additional, Beilin, Lawrence J., additional, Bilo, Grzegorz, additional, Black, Henry R., additional, Boerrigter, Guido, additional, Bone, Lee R., additional, Brunner, Hans, additional, Burnett, John C., additional, Calhoun, David A., additional, Campese, Vito M., additional, Carey, Robert M., additional, Caro, J. Jaime, additional, Carretero, Oscar A., additional, Chappell, Mark C., additional, Chrysant, George S., additional, Cutler, Jeffrey A., additional, Dahlöf, Björn, additional, da Silva, Alexandre A., additional, de Faire, Ulf, additional, Delgado, Maria Carolina, additional, Devereux, Richard B., additional, Diamond, Joseph A., additional, DiPette, Donald J., additional, Diz, Debra I., additional, Edelman, Jonathan M., additional, Elliott, William J., additional, Ekman, Steffan, additional, Falkner, Bonita, additional, Fan, William L., additional, Fenichel, Robert R., additional, Ferrario, Carlos M., additional, Franklin, Stanley S., additional, Freis, Edward D., additional, Frishman, William H., additional, Frohlich, Edward D., additional, Funder, John W., additional, Fyhrquist, Frej, additional, Gamba, Gerardo, additional, Gami, Apoor S., additional, Gavras, Haralambos, additional, Gavras, Irene, additional, Gehr, Todd W.B., additional, Gleim, Gilbert W., additional, Hall, John E., additional, Hanes, Donna S., additional, Harrap, tephen B., additional, Harris, Katherine E., additional, Haus, Erhard, additional, Hermida, Ramon C., additional, Hill, Martha N., additional, Ibsen, Hans, additional, Intengan, Hope, additional, Izzo, Joseph L., additional, Jennings, Garry L.R., additional, Johnson, Ernest F., additional, Johnston, Colin I., additional, Jones, Daniel W., additional, Julius, Stevo, additional, Kannel, William B., additional, Katki, Khurshed A., additional, Kjeldsen, Sverre E., additional, Kleyman, Thomas R., additional, Knepper, Mark A., additional, Kokkoris, Panagiotis, additional, Kostis, John B., additional, Krakoff, Lawrence R., additional, Kristianson, Krister J., additional, Kuo, Jay J., additional, Lakkis, Jay, additional, Laragh, John H., additional, Levine, David M., additional, Light, Kathleen C., additional, Lindholm, Lars H., additional, Liu, Jiankang, additional, Lüscher, Thomas F., additional, Mancia, Giuseppe, additional, Mansoor, George A., additional, McCarron, David A., additional, McGuire, Heather L., additional, McInnes, Gordon T., additional, McMahon, Ellen G., additional, Meyer, Renee P., additional, Miller, Nancy Houston, additional, Nadim, Mitra K., additional, Nesbitt, Shawna D., additional, Neutel, Joel M., additional, Nieminen, Markku S., additional, Nussberger, Jürg, additional, Omvik, Per, additional, Oparil, Suzanne, additional, Opie, Lionel H., additional, Osterberg, Lars, additional, Parati, Gianfranco, additional, Payne, Krista A., additional, Pedersen, Ole Lederballe, additional, Phillips, Robert A., additional, Pi-Sunyer, Xavier, additional, Plat, Francis, additional, Pool, James L., additional, Portaluppi, Francesco, additional, Prisant, L. Michael, additional, Puddey, Ian B., additional, Raj, Satish R., additional, Reaven, Gerald M., additional, Reeves, Scott T., additional, Reinberg, Alain, additional, Reiser, Ira W., additional, Reudelhuber, Timothy L., additional, Reusser, Molly E., additional, Reves, J.G., additional, Rhaleb, Nour-Eddine, additional, Robertson, David, additional, Roccella, Edward J., additional, Rudd, Peter, additional, Ruddy, Michael C., additional, Ruilope, Luis Miguel, additional, Schiffrin, Ernesto L., additional, Schirger, John A., additional, Schork, M. Anthony, additional, Shepherd, Alexander M.M., additional, Sica, Domenic A., additional, Siragy, Helmy M., additional, Smith, Beverly A., additional, Smolensky, Michael H., additional, Snapinn, Steven, additional, Somers, Virend K., additional, Spieker, Lukas E., additional, Spitalewitz, Samuel, additional, Stolt, Pelle, additional, Supowit, Scott C., additional, Svetkey, Laura P., additional, Taler, Sandra J., additional, Tallam, Lakshmi S., additional, Tallant, E. Ann, additional, Tikellis, Chris, additional, Turnbull, Fiona, additional, Vidt, Donald G., additional, Watson, Ralph E., additional, Weber, Michael A., additional, Wedel, Hans, additional, Weder, Alan B., additional, Weinberger, Myron H., additional, Weir, Matthew R., additional, White, William B., additional, Wofford, Marion R., additional, Wong, Nathan D., additional, Wright, Jackson T., additional, Yang, Xiao-Ping, additional, Young, William F., additional, Zanchetti, Alberto, additional, and Zhao, Huawei, additional

Published
2005
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29. The effect of gastric bypass surgery on hypertension in morbidly obese patients

Author

Carson, Jeffrey L., Ruddy, Michael E., Duff, Amy E., Holmes, Nathaniel J., Cody, Ronald P., and Brolin, Robert E.

Subjects
Obesity, Stomach, Hypertension -- Physiological aspects, Health
Abstract

Background: Hypertension is the most common medical disorder associated with obesity. The relationship between dietary weight loss and the reduction of blood pressure is well established. However, the effect of gastric bypass surgery on blood pressure has not been well studied. Methods: We evaluated the relationship between weight loss and blood pressure in patients with diastolic hypertension who had gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Patients were defined as hypertensive if taking antihypertensive medication or if both the preoperative office and mean hospital diastolic blood pressures were greater than 90 mm Hg. Two of the authors (J.L.C., M.E.R.), blinded to all postoperative weights, classified the follow-up hypertensive status into one of four categories: resolved, improved, no change, or worse. The relationship between postoperative changes in blood pressure status and mean weight loss, percent excess weight loss, and body mass index were examined using a one-way analysis of variance. The relationship between postoperative weight loss and blood pressure was assessed in the baseline normotensive population using linear regression analysis. Result: There were 45 patients with diastolic hypertension; 91% were taking an antihypertensive medication. The mean follow-up was 39 months. The mean preoperative weight was 137 kg and the mean weight loss at 1, 12, and 24 months following surgery was 13, 21, and 45 kg, respectively. Twelve months after surgery, hypertension had resolved in 22 patients (54%) and had improved in six patients (15%). These findings persisted through 48 months postoperatively. There was a significant relationship between the percentage of excess weight lost and improvement of hypertension at the 6-month and 12-month follow-up visits. There was also a significant relationship between the body mass index and improvement of hypertension at the 1-month, 12-month, 24-month, and 48-month follow-up visits. In the baseline normotensive patients there was not a significant relationship between our weight loss measures and changes in blood pressure. Conclusions: We conclude that postoperative weight loss in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery was associated with resolution or improvement of diastolic hypertension in approximately 70% of cases. Resolution or improvement of hypertension occurred more often in patients with a lower postoperative body mass index.

Published
1994

30. Population-level genomics identifies the emergence and global spread of a human transmissible multidrug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterium

Author

Bryant, Josephine M, Grogono, Dorothy M, Rodriguez-Rincon, Daniela, Everall, Isobel, Brown, Karen P, Moreno, Pablo, Verma, Deepshikha, Hill, Emily, Drijkoningen, Judith, Gilligan, Peter, Esther, Charles R, Noone, Peadar G, Giddings, Olivia, Bell, Scott C., Thomson, Rachel, Wainwright, Claire E., Coulter, Chris, Pandey, Sushil, Wood, Michelle E, Stockwell, Rebecca E, Ramsay, Kay A, Sherrard, Laura J, Kidd, Timothy J, Jabbour, Nassib, Johnson, Graham R, Knibbs, Luke D, Morawska, Lidia, Sly, Peter D, Jones, Andrew, Bilton, Diana, Laurenson, Ian, Ruddy, Michael, Bourke, Stephen, Bowler, Ian CJW, Chapman, Stephen J, Clayton, Andrew, Cullen, Mairi, Daniels, Thomas, Dempsey, Owen, Denton, Miles, Desai, Maya, Drew, Richard J, Edenborough, Frank, Evans, Jason, Folb, Jonathan, Humphrey, Helen, Isalska, Barbara, Jensen-Fangel, Søren, Jönsson, Bodil, Jones, Andrew M., Katzenstein, Terese L, Lillebaek, Troels, MacGregor, Gordon, Mayell, Sarah, Millar, Michael, Modha, Deborah, Nash, Edward F, O’Brien, Christopher, O’Brien, Deirdre, Ohri, Chandra, Pao, Caroline S, Peckham, Daniel, Perrin, Felicity, Perry, Audrey, Pressler, Tania, Prtak, Laura, Qvist, Tavs, Robb, Ali, Rodgers, Helen, Schaffer, Kirsten, Shafi, Nadia, van Ingen, Jakko, Walshaw, Martin, Watson, Danie, West, Noreen, Whitehouse, Joanna, Haworth, Charles S, Harris, Simon R, Ordway, Diane, Parkhill, Julian, and Floto, R. Andres

Subjects
Cystic Fibrosis, Incidence, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous, Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Genomics, Mice, SCID, Sequence Analysis, DNA, bacterial infections and mycoses, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, Mice, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Pneumonia, Bacterial, bacteria, Animals, Humans, Lung, Genome, Bacterial, Phylogeny
Abstract

Lung infections with Mycobacterium abscessus, a species of multidrug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacteria, are emerging as an important global threat to individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), in whom M. abscessus accelerates inflammatory lung damage, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Previously, M. abscessus was thought to be independently acquired by susceptible individuals from the environment. However, using whole-genome analysis of a global collection of clinical isolates, we show that the majority of M. abscessus infections are acquired through transmission, potentially via fomites and aerosols, of recently emerged dominant circulating clones that have spread globally. We demonstrate that these clones are associated with worse clinical outcomes, show increased virulence in cell-based and mouse infection models, and thus represent an urgent international infection challenge.

Published
2016

39. Investigating Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in the United Kingdom in 2005 to 2008

Author

Mandal, Sema, primary, Bradshaw, Louise, additional, Anderson, Laura F., additional, Brown, Tim, additional, Evans, Jason T., additional, Drobniewski, Francis, additional, Smith, Grace, additional, Magee, John G., additional, Barrett, Anne, additional, Blatchford, Oliver, additional, Laurenson, Ian F., additional, Seagar, Amie-Louise, additional, Ruddy, Michael, additional, White, P. Lewis, additional, Myers, Richard, additional, Hawkey, Peter, additional, and Abubakar, Ibrahim, additional

Published
2011
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40. Will US returns remain so secure?

Author

Ruddy, Michael

Subjects
Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business, Business, international
Abstract

From Mr Michael Ruddy. Sir, Richard Cooper argues that the US economy offers returns that are more reliable and secure than those of emerging markets. Until now they have certainly [...]

Published
2004

41. Viewpoints

Author

Ruddy, Michael, Denny, Jay, Cegielski, Justin, Rodgers, Dextor, Murphy, Darrell, Godsey, Linda, Paulissen, May, Hosemann, Sunni, Pace, Matt, Merino, Lisa, and Wiley, Jean

Subjects
General interest, News, opinion and commentary
Published
2001

42. Viewpoints

Author

Ruddy, Michael, Huson, Hobart, Richardson, A.L.D., and Mullinax, Ralph

Subjects
General interest, News, opinion and commentary
Published
2000

44. Omapatrilat Versus Lisinopril

Author

Campese, Vito M., primary, Lasseter, Kenneth C., additional, Ferrario, Carlos M., additional, Smith, William B., additional, Ruddy, Michael C., additional, Grim, Clarence E., additional, Smith, Ronald D., additional, Vargas, Ramon, additional, Habashy, Michael F., additional, Vesterqvist, Ole, additional, Delaney, Carol L., additional, and Liao, Wei-Chi, additional

Published
2001
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48. Correspondence.

Author

Drobniewski, Francis, Balabanova, Yanina, Ruddy, Michael, Fedorin, Ivan, Melentyev, Alexander, Mutovkin, Evgeny, Kuznetzov, Sergey, Hoffman, Jerome R., Cooper, Richelle J., Gonzales, Ralph, and Johnson, James R.

Subjects
MEDICAL care, COMMUNICABLE diseases
Abstract

Presents several letters related to medical care published in January 15, 2003 issues of the journal 'Clinical Infectious Diseases.' Medical and social analysis of prisoners with tubercolosis in a Russian prison colony; Issues related to choosing optimal strategy to asses and treat adults with pharyngitis; Study related to linezolid versus vancomycin for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections.

Published
2003

50. Investigating Transmission of Mycobacterium bovisin the United Kingdom in 2005 to 2008

Author

Mandal, Sema, Bradshaw, Louise, Anderson, Laura F., Brown, Tim, Evans, Jason T., Drobniewski, Francis, Smith, Grace, Magee, John G., Barrett, Anne, Blatchford, Oliver, Laurenson, Ian F., Seagar, Amie-Louise, Ruddy, Michael, White, P. Lewis, Myers, Richard, Hawkey, Peter, and Abubakar, Ibrahim

Abstract

ABSTRACTDue to an increase in bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the United Kingdom, we investigated the characteristics of Mycobacterium bovisinfection in humans and assessed whether extensive transmission of M. bovisbetween humans has occurred. A cross-sectional study linking demographic, clinical, and DNA fingerprinting (using 15-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable-number tandem-repeat [MIRU-VNTR] typing) data on cases reported between 2005 and 2008 was undertaken. A total of 129 cases of M. bovisinfection in humans were reported over the period, with a decrease in annual incidence from 0.065 to 0.047 cases per 100,000 persons. Most patients were born pre-1960, before widespread pasteurization was introduced (73%), were of white ethnicity (83%), and were born in the United Kingdom (76%). A total of 102 patients (79%) had MIRU-VNTR typing data. A total of 31 of 69 complete MIRU-VNTR profiles formed eight distinct clusters. The overall clustering proportion determined using the n- 1 method was 33%. The largest cluster, comprising 12 cases, was indistinguishable from a previously reported West Midlands outbreak strain cluster and included those cases. This cluster was heterogeneous, having characteristics supporting recent zoonotic and human-to-human transmission as well as reactivation of latent disease. Seven other, smaller clusters identified had demographics supporting recrudescence rather than recent infection. A total of 33 patients had incomplete MIRU-VNTR profiles, of which 11 may have yielded 2 to 6 further small clusters if typed to completion. The incidence of M. bovisin humans in the United Kingdom remains low, and the epidemiology is predominantly that of reactivated disease.

Published
2011
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