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Microtubule glutamylation is an important modulator of microtubule function and has been implicated in the regulation of centriole stability, neuronal outgrowth and cilia motility. Glutamylation of the microtubules is catalyzed by a family of tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) enzymes. Analysis of individual TTLL enzymes has led to an understanding of their specific functions, but how activities of the TTLL enzymes are coordinated to spatially and temporally regulate glutamylation remains relatively unexplored. We have undertaken an analysis of the glutamylating TTLL enzymes in C. elegans. We find that although all five TTLL enzymes are expressed in the embryo and adult worm, loss of individual enzymes does not perturb microtubule function in embryonic cell divisions. Moreover, normal dye-filling, osmotic avoidance and male mating behavior indicate the presence of functional amphid cilia and male-specific neurons. A ttll-4(tm3310); ttll-11(tm4059); ttll-5(tm3360) triple mutant, however, shows reduced male mating efficiency due to a defect in the response step, suggesting that these three enzymes function redundantly, and that glutamylation is required for proper function of the male-specific neurons.

Introduction: Histologically, tumours of the epidermal appendages have been classified into four groups that exhibit histologic features analogous to hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, and eccrine glands. Aim: To investigate the histomorphological spectrum and distribution of Skin Adnexal Tumours (SATs). Materials and Methods: This observational descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of five years, from August 2017 to July 2022, in the Department of Pathology at Pt. JNMMC Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. All histologically diagnosed cases of SATs in the pathology department during this period were included, along with relevant data such as age, sex, anatomical location of tumours, and clinical diagnosis. Results were presented in the form of frequency distribution in terms of numbers and percentages. Results: Out of a total of 51 SATs, the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.3, indicating a female preponderance. The highest number of cases was observed in the age group of 41-60 years, comprising 17 cases (33.3%). Benign tumours accounted for 35 cases (68.63%), while malignant tumours comprised 16 cases (31.37%). Tumours associated with hair follicles were the most common, with 25 cases (49.02%). The head and neck region was the most common site for SATs, comprising 30 cases (58.82%). Pilomatrixoma was the most common benign SAT, constituting 13 cases (25.49%). Among malignant SATs, sebaceous carcinoma was the most prevalent, comprising seven cases (13.73%). Conclusion: SATs present a diagnostic challenge for both clinicians and pathologists due to their diverse clinical presentations and overlapping histopathological features. While most SATs are benign, their malignant counterparts, although rare, have an aggressive course with metastatic potential and poor outcomes. Therefore, early detection of malignant SATs is crucial. Present study emphasised that histopathological examination is the gold standard for establishing early diagnosis and enabling appropriate therapeutic intervention.

Background: Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) represents a diverse group of conditions characterized by abnormal trophoblastic proliferation within the placenta. GTD includes benign and malignant lesions, ranging from complete and partial hydatidiform moles to more severe forms like invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTTs), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors. Given that neoplastic GTD lesions respond remarkably well to chemotherapy, early and accurate histopathological diagnosis is crucial as it directly influences treatment and prognosis. Aim and Objectives: This study examined the histomorphological features of various types of GTD alongside key clinical factors such as age, parity, and gestational period. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology over the course of10 years, from January 2014 to January 2024. All cases of GTD confirmed through histopathological examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were included in the analysis. Results: Out of 60 diagnosed cases of GTD, 34 (56.66%) were complete hydatidiform moles, 22 (36.67%) were partial hydatidiform moles, 1 (1.67%) was an invasive mole, 1 (1.67%) was choriocarcinoma, and 2 (3.33%) were PSTTs. The age of the affected patients ranged from 18 to 45 years, with the highest incidence observed in the 20–25 year age group (30 cases, 50%). Most cases (33, 55%) occurred during the first trimester, with a predominance among primigravida patients (28 cases, 46.66%). The most common clinical presentation was per vaginal bleeding, reported in 56 cases (93.33%). Conclusion: Although GTD can lead to serious complications, including metastasis, it is treatable. In this study, the complete hydatidiform mole was the most frequently encountered lesion and is associated with a higher risk of severe complications such as persistent GTD, invasive moles, and choriocarcinoma. Thus, early and accurate histopathological diagnosis is vital for the timely initiation of therapy, ultimately reducing the mortality rate. This study highlights the various categories and histomorphological features of GTD, emphasizing the importance of understanding its clinical presentation to mitigate disease burden and complications.

Nuclear reactors, as a class, exhibit nonlinear and higher-order system characteristics, posing a consistent challenge for researchers in the design of effective controllers. The specific focus of this study is on the Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR), a representative example of such intricate systems. Given the inherent complexity of higher-order system dynamics, this work tackles the challenge by employing a reduced-order modeling approach, capturing the essence of the original system's behavior. In the context of this research, a novel approach is taken in the design of a controller for the PHWR system. The method involves the use of an optimization-based Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) controller tailored for the lower-order model of the PHWR. The reduced-order model is derived through the application of the Balanced Truncation method, which enables the creation of a simplified yet representative model that faithfully emulates the behavior of the original higher-order system. The optimization of the FOPID controller parameters is achieved through the adoption of the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm. To substantiate the efficacy of the proposed controller, a comprehensive performance analysis is conducted. Various performance indices are employed to evaluate the controller's robustness and overall effectiveness in regulating the PHWR system.

Background: The inability in achieving complete pulpal anesthesia with standard buccal infiltration especially in cases with SIP used for maxillary teeth. The study aimed to compare the anesthetic efficacy of buccal and buccal plus palatal infiltration technique using 2% lidocaine and 4% articaine in permanent maxillary first molars with the diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP). Material and method: One hundred and twenty-three patients with clinical diagnosis of SIP, aged 18–50 years were randomly allocated to three treatment groups (N = 41). Group 1(BIL): Buccal infiltration technique using 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline. Group 2(BPIL): combination of buccal plus palatal infiltration using 2% Lidocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline. Group 3(BIA): Buccal infiltration using 4% articaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline. Pain intensity of patients were recorded before and after the administration of local anesthesia during endodontic procedure that is during caries removal, access preparation and pulp removal using Heft-Parker Visual Analog Scale (HP-VAS). Success was defined by “no pain (0 mm)” or “mild pain (0–54 mm)” during endodontic procedure. The anesthetic efficacy rates were analyzed using chi-square tests, age differences using one-way ANOVA. Results: The final analysis included total of 117 patients. Higher success was observed in group II (85%) in comparison to group I (69%) and group III (74%), but the difference was statistically nonsignificant (p > 0.05). Our results demonstrated a nonsignificant difference between genders in all three groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The use of buccal plus palatal infiltration and 4% articaine can provide effective anesthesia as standard buccal infiltration and 2% lidocaine for patients with SIP in maxillary first molars.

The skin is the body’s largest organ and serves as a site of administration for various medications. Transdermal drug delivery systems have several advantages over traditional delivery systems. It has both local and systemic therapeutic properties. Controlled plasma drug levels, reduced dosing frequency, and avoidance of hepatic first-pass metabolism are just a few of these systems’ advantages. To achieve maximum efficacy, it is critical to understand the kinetics, physiochemical properties of the drug moiety, and drug transport route. This manuscript focused on the principles of various physical means to facilitate transdermal drug delivery. Some examples are iontophoresis, electrophoresis, photomechanical waves, ultrasound, needleless injections, and microneedles. Mechanical, chemical, magnetic, and electrical energy are all used in physical methods. A major advantage of physical methods is their capability to abbreviate pain, which can be used for effective disease management. Further investigation should be carried out at the clinical level to understand these methods for effective drug delivery.

Introduction: Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are both highly prevalent chronic conditions that lead to significant disability and economic burden on society. This study primarily focuses on the prevalence of knee OA in T2DM, individual risk factors, and their impact on knee OA in T2DM patients. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of knee OA and to determine the factors associated with knee OA among patients with T2DM attending the diabetes clinic. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of General Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India among 200 T2DM patients (103 males and 97 females) according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines. Demographic data and disease variables were recorded for all patients. Knee OA was assessed using clinicoradiological American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for knee OA, with the right knee considered as the index knee. Radiographs were evaluated using the Kellgren Lawrence (KL) grading system for knee OA. Functional status for knee OA was assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info version 7.0 software. Results: A total of 200 patients were included in the study, with 103 (51.5%) males and 97 (48.5%) females. The mean age was 53.93±9.94 years, and the mean BMI was 23.29±3.6 kg/m2 . The mean duration of T2DM was 49±52.22 months. The prevalence of knee OA in T2DM patients was 46.3%. Among the disease variables in patients with knee OA and without knee OA, the mean age was 54±10 years and 50±7.9 years, respectively. The mean BMI was 23.29±3.61 kg/m2 and 22.69±3.04 kg/m2 , respectively. The mean duration of T2DM was 49±52 months and 30.1±33.33 months, respectively. The mean serum uric acid level was 5.9±1.5 mg/dL and 5.5±1.25 mg/dL, respectively. The mean serum cholesterol was 205.7±75.9 mg/dL and 170.9±51.1 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusion: Knee OA is highly prevalent in patients with T2DM, highlighting the importance of investigating the presence of knee OA in each patient with T2DM. The association of knee OA with patient age and duration of T2DM indicates the need for early intervention, and the significant association with co-morbidities suggests the inclusive management of co-morbidities.

(1) Background: Previously, VESsel GENeration (VESGEN) software was used to map and quantify vascular changes observed on fluorescein angiography (FA) in subjects (n = 15 eyes) with retinal pathology ranging from mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). In the current study, we used VESGEN for the assessment of individuals with early-stage NPDR imaged by FA (Cohort 1) and by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA; Cohort 2). (2) Methods: Cohort 1 included type 2 diabetics (T2D), represented 21 eyes (ranging from no DR to moderate DR), and also included nondiabetic controls (NDC; n = 15 eyes). Cohort 2 consisted of 23 eyes from T2D subjects (including no DR subjects and moderate DR subjects) and NDC (n = 18 eyes). (3) Results: In the FA-VESGEN study, total tortuosity (Tv) of microvessels (G ≥ 6) increased in T2D with mild DR compared to the controls. In contrast, the VESGEN analysis of OCTA images showed that vessel length (characterized as density) was lower in T2D subjects before the diagnosis of DR and following the diagnosis of DR when compared to the controls. Additionally, T2D showed a significant decrease in vessel area (density). (4) Conclusions: FA elucidated the vessel morphology of small-generation microvessels to a greater degree than OCTA; however, OCTA identified changes in vessel density better than FA. VESGEN analysis can be used with both standard FA and OCTA to facilitate our understanding of early events in DR, including before the clinical diagnosis of DR.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections of the urinary tract, accounting for a high percentage of all infections. The insertion of a catheter into the bladder increases the susceptibility of the patient to tract infection and serves as the initial site of infection by introducing pathogenic organisms into the tract. Indwelling catheters in the bladder facilitate the colonization of uropathogens through various mechanisms. The objective of this study was to compare the different pathogenic bacteria causing UTIs and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns in catheterized and non-catheterized patients. The study included catheterized and non-catheterized patients, regardless of gender, exhibiting clinical signs or symptoms of urinary tract infection. Urine samples were examined and cultured for bacterial growth using standard microbiological procedures. After confirming the pathogens, antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted on Mueller-Hinton agar using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of the 200 samples, 88 were catheterized and 112 were non-catheterized. Catheterized patients exhibited a higher infection rate (39, 44.32%) compared to non-catheterized patients (31, 27.68%), and women had a higher infection rate than men. Various organisms were isolated, with Escherichia coli being the most common organism in both catheterized and non-catheterized patients. Among the tested drugs against gram-negative organisms, nitrofurantoin displayed higher sensitivity. The present study demonstrated a higher incidence of bacterial infection in catheterized patients compared to non-catheterized patients, highlighting the importance of avoiding unnecessary catheter insertion. To prevent antimicrobial resistance, it is crucial to implement various infection control policies, care bundle approaches, and regular surveillance.

Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide with 2.26 million cases in 2020. Cancer heterogeneity is the major challenge before existing therapeutic modalities due to metabolic variability of the cells as Warburg and anti-Warburg both type of metabolic phenotypes has been reported as a major contributing factors for cancer progression, invasion, metastasis and relapse. Also, this metabolic variability is associated with chemo and radio-resistance and poor therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, in present study we put an attempt to understand how simvastatin exert its effects on two metabolically different cell types and second how this drug can affect mitochondrial biomass, mt-DNA and glycolysis in both the cell types. Methods: We have observed effects of simvastatin on MCF-7 (dependent more on OXPHOS) and MDA-MB-231 (TNBC; more glycolytic with defected mitochondria) cells alone and after simvastatin pre-treatment followed by cytotoxic drugs including cisplatin, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, vincristine. We have conducted MTT assay for viability, cell death detection assay, apoptotic morphology study, scratch assay, transwell migration assay, lactate estimation in media (glycolysis parameter), mt-DNA to n-DNA ratio, mitotracker red (for mitochondrial membrane potential) and mitotracker green staining (for mitochondrial biomass) and qPCR to study expression of mitochondrial transcription factors and apoptotic genes including PGC-1α, NRF-1, NRF-2, TFAM, Bcl-2 and Bax. Results: We observed that 20 μM simvastatin (SIM) was most efficient dose for MCF-7, whereas 12.5 μM for MDA-MB-231 cells. Simvastatin itself caused a significant decrease in viability, increased cell death, and diminished wound closure in scratch assay as well as inhibited transwell migration. Also, the cells pre-treated with simvastatin for 72 h followed by treatment with cytotoxic drugs for 48 h increased chemo-sensitivity of cisplatin (CIS), doxorubicin (DOX), gemcitabine (GEM) and vincristine (VIN). SIM alone and in pre-treatment followed by cytotoxic drug treatment studies, there was a significant decrease in mitochondrial biomass and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), but also decreased glycolysis as evidenced by decrease in lactate levels in culture media. For inhibition of migratory potential, it was in the following order: CIS ˃ VIN ˃DOX˃ GEM, which was in the same order to diminish mitochondrial functionality (mt-DNA/n-DNA ratio, mitotracker green staining and a significant decrease in the expression of transcriptional factors of mitochondrial biogenesis). Contrastingly a decrease in the same order was observed in lactate concentration independent to the mitochondrial loss, but probably via inherent ability of the drugs to reduce lactate and glycolysis. However, for cell death, apoptotic phenotype, diminished expression of Bcl-2 along with increase in Bax and loss of viability, the efficiency of simvastatin alone and in pre-treatment studies was in the following order: VIN ˃ DOX˃GEM˃CIS, which was supported by loss of fluorescence of mitotracker red, suggested decrease in MMP; marker of cell death. Conclusion: We conclude that by using different doses simvastatin can target different metabolic phenotypes of breast cancer cells and can also increase the chemo-sensitivity of cytotoxic drugs, so that they can work efficiently at lower doses which will ultimately diminish the cost and toxicity issues.

Background:Chlorophytumborivilianum L. is a recognized herbal medicine for the management of impotency in South Asian countries. In Ayurveda, it is used for the management of multiple health conditions, including diabetes, infection, and cardiovascular diseases. Parts of the plant have been used as excellent antioxidants and scavengers of free radicals. Since oxidative stress plays an important role in spermatogenesis and fertility in male populations, this study evaluated the role of ethanolic extract of C. borivilianum roots in epididymal sperm maturation against adversities posed by ionizing gamma irradiation.Materials and methods: Antioxidant potential of C. borivilianum root extract (CRE) was evaluated through DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) and NO (nitric oxide) scavenging assays. Four groups of healthy Swiss albino mice were constituted, which were labeled as follows: Group I: sham control, Group II: 7-day pre-treatment with 50 mg/kg CRE, Group III: 6 Gy irradiation without pre-treatment, and Group IV: 7-day pre-treatment with 50 mg/kg CRE and 6 Gy irradiation on day 7. Swiss albino mice were observed for 30 days and later sacrificed to evaluate sperm quality parameters.Results: CRE showed a remarkable antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 46.37 μg/ml and 98.39 μg/ml for DPPH and NO, respectively. A significant decline (p < 0.001) in cauda epididymal sperm count, motility, and viability was observed in Group III animals. Group IV also showed a substantial decline (p < 0.01) in all three parameters compared to Group I; nonetheless, these were significantly higher than Group III. Morphological alterations indicated a coiled and bent tail, with the presence of cytoplasmic droplets in Group III, which declined substantially in Group IV. The ultrastructure of sperm indicated higher curvature of hook in Group III than Group IV, indicating specific interferences in the sperm maturation process.Conclusion: It was concluded that pre-treatment with 50 mg/kg body weight of CRE could protect sperm during epididymal maturation against oxidative stress.

Street foods play an important role in the lives of urban population members in developing countries. The food industry provides many job opportunities. The food safety knowledge, attitude, and practices of vendors are important aspects, as these individuals provide food and nourishment at very low prices to people all over the world. Most street foods are unhealthy because of the high risk of contamination, which poses a serious threat to food safety. The present study aimed to assess the food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of vendors and the most significant influencing factors of these aspects with the help of cluster analysis to categorize vendors. The present study focused on 100 vendors who were randomly selected from different locations in Lucknow city. The information was collected through a structured questionnaire using the KAP (Knowledge Attitude Practice) scale for food safety. Vendors were clustered on the basis of the KAP using two-step cluster analysis and a chi -square test to assess the impact of various personal factors on the KAP. The results of the study indicated that street vendors are significantly differentiated on the basis of qualifications, knowledge, attitude and practices. Awareness and training programs should be implemented to improve the food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices among vendors. Once food safety standards are acceptable, it will then be critical to ensure that poor people in developed cities such as Lucknow can earn a living through a ''convenient'' enterprise such as street food vending.

Abstract Nanotechnology is a completely unique branch of technology that offers with substances in a very small size between (1–100 nm) with various crystal shapes. Metals have ability to produce large number of oxides. These metal oxides play a major role in many areas of chemistry, physics, material science and food science. In this research, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Copper (II) oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via sol–gel process using zinc nitrate and copper (II) nitrate as precursor respectively. The characterization of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles was done by using various techniques. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) indicates the crystallinity and crystal size of CuO and ZnO nanoparticle. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to get the infrared spectrum of the sample indicating composition of the sample which contains various functional groups. XRD result shows the particle size of CuO at highest peak 29.40140 was 61.25 nm and the particle size of ZnO at highest peak 36.2476° was 21.82 nm. FT-IR spectra peak at 594.56 cm-1 indicated characteristic absorption bands of ZnO nanoparticles and the broad band peak at 3506.9 cm−1 can be attributed to the characteristic absorption of O–H group. The analysis of FT-IR spectrum of CuO shows peaks at 602.09, 678.39, and 730.19 cm−1 which refer to the formation of CuO. SEMimages indicate the morphology of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles. Result of EDX characterization indicates that the both synthesized nanoparticles have good purity with very less amount of impurities. EDX data indicates that Cu content was 54.56%, oxygen content was 33.75% in CuO nanoparticles and Zn determined by EDX was 40.77 and O was 45.82 in ZnO. Graphical Abstract

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has increased the risk of mortality among patients with noncommunicable diseases. Maintaining a good metabolic control, lifestyle modification along with improved self-care practices are not only associated with less severe COVID-19 infections but also with a high recovery rate. Objectives: This research article explores the changes in lifestyle habits, self-care practices, and metabolic control among patients enrolled in the HealthRise program. The study compares behavioral changes, before COVID-19 pandemic and during COVID-19 pandemic, between intervention and control arms in Shimla and Udaipur. Methods: A quasi-experimental study design was employed for program implementation in select villages of Shimla district, and Udaipur district. A total of 459 patients from Shimla and 309 patients from Udaipur with diabetes mellitus or hypertension or with both were enrolled and followed for 1 year. Results: Metabolic control in Shimla intervention arm was 2.6 times higher than in control arm (P = 0.001) before COVID-19 pandemic. During COVID-19 pandemic, Odds of metabolic control in Shimla intervention was 1.5 times higher when compared with control arm (P = 0.03). In Udaipur, metabolic control before COVID-19 pandemic was comparable between control and intervention arms. During the pandemic, metabolic control in intervention arm of Udaipur was 5 times higher when compared to the control arm ((P = 0.001). Conclusion: Participants exposed to support, appreciate, learn, and transfer-community life competence process (SALT-CLCP) intervention maintained metabolic control during the COVID-19 pandemic with improved behavioral and self-care practices. Community-based interventions such as SALT-CLCP method bring ownership and empower community in achieving the better health outcomes.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown declared by the Indian Government in March 2020 lead to an unexpected turn of events for many, causing a huge psychosocial impact on them. Methodology: The study focused on evaluating a family from Kerala with major language difficulties and the distress being faced by them during their stay in the government provided shelter home in Delhi. The family was assessed by the multidisciplinary team from the Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences visiting various shelter homes across the state. The study was aimed to assess the importance of psychological first aid (PFA) on the individual and the family in distress. Results: The family was assessed by the student counselor, who was well versed in their native language Malayalam. They were able to connect well, and hence, an appropriate psychosocial intervention was provided to them under the guidance of her supervisor. The family was highly distressed and had almost developed xenophobia. They were very happy to get a Malayalam-speaking counselor and were provided with all possible support. The authorities were also explained about their specific needs, which was not possible earlier due to the language barrier. They were ultimately successfully integrated with the other residents and returned to their home state, i.e., Kerala. Conclusion: Although PFA is definitely not a substitute for mental health care, ample research and experience has shown that it is a useful tool to assist people in acute distress when applied with a truly professional yet sensitive, empathetic approach.

Abstract Oxycarenus laetus is a seed-sap sucking pest affecting a variety of crops, including cotton plants. Rising incidence and pesticide resistance by O. laetus have been reported from India and neighbouring countries. In this study, O. laetus samples were collected from Bhatinda and Coimbatore (India). Pure mtDNA was isolated and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Both the samples were found to be identical species (99.9%), and the complete genome was circular (15,672 bp), consisting of 13 PCGs, 2 rRNA, 23 tRNA genes, and a 962 bp control region. The mitogenome is 74.1% AT-rich, 0.11 AT, and − 0.19 GC skewed. All the genes had ATN as the start codon except cox1 (TTG), and an additional trnT was predicted. Nearly all tRNAs folded into the clover-leaf structure, except trnS1 and trnV. The intergenic space between trnH and nad4, considered as a synapomorphy of Lygaeoidea, was displaced. Two 5 bp motifs AATGA and ACCTA, two tandem repeats, and a few microsatellite sequences, were also found. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using 36 mitogenomes from 7 super-families of Hemiptera by employing rigorous bootstrapping and ML. Ours is the first study to sequence the complete mitogenome of O. laetus or any Oxycarenus species. The findings from this study would further help in the evolutionary studies of Lygaeidae.

Purpose: Demonetization transcended into digitalization and changed the face of E-tailing market. This study intends to empirically test and evaluate Intentions to use E-tailing post- demonetization using Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and predict consumer's behavior and mindset. It would be helpful for the marketeers, shopping sites, young entrepreneurs and governing bodies in better understanding the consumer buying pattern and mindset for online shopping, thereby securing the future of E-tailing business. Design/Methodology/Approach- To confirm the factors, model fitness validation and testing of hypothesis; Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique were applied. The data was collected using survey method through a well structured questionnaire which was administered to 250 respondents from western U.P, India. Findings. It revealed that the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) fits with the data to analyze and interpret consumers' E-tailing post Demonetization behavior. Five hypotheses were formulated to study the relation between Subjective Norm (SN), Attitude (ATT) and Perceived Behavior Control (PBC)with Behavior Intentions (BI) and Actual Use (AU) of E-tailing of which four are accepted and one is rejected.. Research Limitation& future Research- The survey was limited to in and around Mathura, U.P, so to get a better picture &generalized results, the same study could be repeated for bigger sample size and geographical area. Originality/ value- Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is an important model in predicting consumer behavior.E-tailing Post Demonetization behavior in India is studied little empirically. So this study underlines the potential of E-tailing market post demonetization in detail. Paper type: Research paper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deteriorating environmental quality is harming the planet, people and profit, which are the key elements of triple bottom line. Today, business organizations have understood the necessity of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) for environmental protection and have started practicing it. Integration of Supply Chain Management (SCM) with environment through green procurement, green manufacturing, green design and information system, green packaging, green logistics and distribution and reverse logistics results in the generation of innovation towards sustainability. It also minimizes and eliminates wastage like solid waste, carbon emissions, hazardous chemicals, thus ensuring maximized consumer satisfaction and healthy profits. In this study, an extensive review of literature on GSCM and its relationship with sustainable development has been done and a conceptual model has been proposed among the various components of GSCM and sustainable development. The study would be beneficial not only for companies to achieve sustainable performance but also for the end users to understand the seriousness of their role in implementing recycle, reduce and reuse by increased use of environment-friendly products and supporting those firms that are implementing it religiously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children account for about 34% of the urban population in India. However, they continue to be forced daily consumers of adult-designed built environments. A total of 45 children die daily from road accidents. This paper discusses the findings of a case study of an interactive curriculum spanning nine modules, which aided grade IV students of a school in New Delhi to re-imagine and co-create a safer school street. The curriculum is part of the Crosswalk Program by HumanQind. The program is focused on and aligned with the frameworks of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals on road safety, human rights, and human-centric urban development.

The national governments have committed to various sustainable development goals (SDGs); however, actions have to be taken by the local administrations at the city level. In this paper, the city administrations' understanding and preparedness for implementing specific activities related to SDG targets 3.6, 3.9, and 11.2 are discussed. The results of how local communities can participate in prioritizing the implementation of SDG targets at the city level are also presented. Three small cities in India, namely Bulandshahr, Patiala, and Nainital, were monitored for three years. The research team worked closely with the local administrations and local citizens. This paper presents an analysis of the various activities undertaken by the research team and concludes that SDGs can be used as tools for providing ready targets to the authorities, bringing them to a common working ground. The SDG implementation in India follows the top–down approach; however, to achieve the SDG targets, the bottom–up approach should be followed. SDGs are not a priority for several city governments. Cities need encouragement and national support to adopt and implement these SDGs. We have to think of how SDGs can be used to influence day-to-day decisions. SDGs can also be a part of the outcome-based budget of municipalities to prioritize the implementation of SDG-oriented urban infrastructure and plans.

Aim: Aim of the present study was to evaluate the distance of the apical foramen in relation to the anatomical apex of mandibular premolars by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in a selected population of Central India. Objectives: To evaluate and compare the distance between the apical foramen and the anatomic apex of the mandibular first and second premolars of both the sides of mandible and in both the genders in a selected population of Central India. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, screening of total 250 CBCT scans of patients with a minimum age of 20 years, were evaluated and only 170 CBCT images (88 males and 82 females) were considered for the study based on the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, scans were observed in axial, sagittal and coronal planes. Results: Average (±SD) distance from apical foramen to the anatomic apex of first and second premolars in male was 0.61 - 0.62 mm and for females was 0.58 - 0.60 mm. No statistical significant difference was found between right and left quadrant and in males and females. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that minimum 1mm of distance from the anatomic apex in mandibular premolars could be appropriate for root canal therapy.

Purpose: The psychological effects of the unprecedented global emergency due to COVID-19 are a significant concern worldwide. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression among Indian youth during the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted online across India during the COVID-19 lockdown. A total of 1641 Indian youth between the ages of 15–24 years across 23 states and 3 union territories were analyzed for their mental health status. Depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) levels of the Indian youth were measured using DAS scale 21. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB Reference number: DRP/EFP 530/2020: 08/06/2020). Results: Moderate to higher levels of depression and anxiety were observed among 45% and 49% of Indian youth, respectively, during the COVID-19 lockdown. DAS was significantly higher among youth preparing for competitive examinations, those who had an acquaintance infected with COVID-19 and those who perceived COVID-19 as a risky infection (P < 0.01). School-going students showed significantly lower levels of depression and stress compared to college-going students (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The high levels of DAS during the COVID-19 pandemic indicate a significant mental health burden among Indian youth. These findings indicate the need for a multisectoral approach to cope with stresses and to improve psychological well-being among youth during the pandemic.

Ever since Indian Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi has demonetized Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes on 8th November'2016, there was a lot of buzz in Indian market regarding alternate mode of payment. People and merchants who were initially reluctant or not using electronic payment modes such as Electronic-wallet or Mobile-wallet, credit card, debit card or net banking e.t.c had started using these heavily to combat the difficult problem of cash crunch during that phase. The government now is taking various initiatives towards making India digital which would help the society in multifarious manner. In this scenario for the sustainable future there is a need to focus in achieving a balanced mobile ecosystem environment. This study explores the factors leading to user's adoption of Mobile-wallet specifically and assesses the level of acceptance among people. To make it more meaningful, a quantitative data analysis is done through a well structured questionnaire with a sample of 170 respondents of different age groups and education level. It is a descriptive study where relevant Kruskal Wallis test is applied to critically analyse the data. The results show that there is significant difference between the different age groups, education level and pre and post demonetization users with the e-wallet usage viewpoints.. This research gives insight for brick and click, pure dot.coms' and brick & mortar companies and their stakeholders whose businesses are expanding and growing multifold with the increased users of mobile-wallet services. Also it would help in understanding & predicting the importance of sustaining the mobile ecosystem environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (Bacillus sp.) and silver nanoparticles on Zea mays was evaluated. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized from Tagetes erecta (Marigold) leaf and flower extracts, whereas PGPR isolated from spinach rhizosphere. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were purified using ultra centrifugation and were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy at gradient wavelength and also by High Resolution Transmission Electron microscopy (HRTEM). The average particles size of AgNPs was recorded approximately 60 nm. Almost all potential isolates were able to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), ammonia and Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), solubilized tricalcium phosphate and inhibited the growth of Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro but the isolate LPR2 was found the best among all. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence, the isolate LPR2 was characterized as Bacillus cereus LPR2. The maize seeds bacterized with LPR2 and AgNPs individually showed a significant increase in germination (87.5%) followed by LPR2 + AgNPs (75%). But the maximum growth of root and shoot of maize plant was observed in seeds coated with LPR2 followed by AgNPs and a combination of both. Bacillus cereus LPR2 and silver nanoparticles enhanced the plant growth and LPR2 strongly inhibited the growth of deleterious fungal pathogen. Therefore, LPR2 and AgNPs could be utilized as bioinoculant and growth stimulator, respectively for maize.

Aim: The aim is to compare the apical extrusion of debris during endodontic instrumentation with continuous rotation and reciprocating motion. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted single-rooted mandibular premolar human teeth were randomly assigned to four groups of 15 teeth each. The canals were then instrumented with the following instrument systems: ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), 2Shape (TS; MicroMega, Besancon, France), Reciproc Blue (RB; VDW, Munich, Germany) and WaveOne Gold (WOG; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Apically extruded debris during instrumentation was collected into pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. The Eppendorf tubes were then stored in an incubator at 70°C for 5 days. The weight of the dry extruded debris was established by subtracting the pre-instrumentation weight from postinstrumentation weight of the Eppendorf tubes. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's Post hoc tests. Results: Among the instruments tested in the present study, the least amount of extrusion of debris was seen with TS rotary file system (Group IA) followed by RB (Group IIA) and WOG (Group IIB) (P < 0.05), the results, however, were not found to be statistically significant between them. The maximum amount of debris extrusion was observed with PTN (Group IB) with a statistically significant difference when compared to TS, RB, and WOG file system (P > 0.05). Conclusion: All instruments were associated with apical extrusion of debris with TS rotary file system associated minimum extrusion and PTN, resulting in maximum extrusion of debris.

Background: Oxidative stress induced by radiation causes variable expression of antioxidant enzymes in a tissue-specific manner. Testicular tissues carry out the complex process of spermatogenesis, and studies indicate that testicular damages due to irradiation require long-term recovery before complete resumption. Ionizing radiation also causes oxidative stress in tissues, leading to testicular damage. Aims and Objectives: This study measured differential expression of antioxidant enzymes following administration of C. borivilianum root extract (CRB) in response to irradiation-induced oxidative stress. The activity of various important endogenous enzymatic defense systems was evaluated and correlated for strength of association.Materials and method: Two forms of C. borivilianum (CB) extracts [CB alone and CB-silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)] were administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight to Swiss albino male mice for 7 consecutive days. After that, they were irradiated with 6 Gy irradiation and further used to study various parameters of antioxidant enzymes.Results: Results indicate a significant increase in the level of glutathione (GSH) and the activity of GSH-related antioxidant enzymes in irradiated mice treated with CRE and CRE-AgNPs (silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using C. borivilianum root extract) in comparison to non-pretreated ones (groups I and II). Reciprocal elevation was observed in related enzymes, that is, glutathione S-transferase activity (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx). Elevation in the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was also evident in both the irradiated groups pretreated with CRE-AgNPs. However, expression of CAT in the CRE-treated irradiated group was similar to that of the non-treated irradiated group. Higher association among CAT-SOD, CAT-GPx, and GR-GST was observed.Conclusion: Overall, it was observed that testicular cells post-irradiation in all groups go through intense oxidative stress; however, groups pretreated with CRE or CRE-AgNPs indicated better toleration and resumption of antioxidant capacity. CRE or CRE-AgNPs pretreated non-irradiated groups mostly remained within the control range indicating stimulated expression of antioxidants.

Present study was aimed to prepare and characterize fluconazole loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (FLZ-NLCs) for the treatment of fungal infections. Fungal infections are tremendously widespread and are the often faced dermatological condition worldwide. FLZ-NLCs was prepared by ultrasonication emulsion technique using stearic acid (SA) as solid lipid, castor oil as liquid lipid and tween 20 as a surfactant. The mean diameter of optimized FLZ-NLCs were found to be 359.15 ± 9.83 nm. The drug content and entrapment efficiency of NLCs was found to be 102.97 ± 7.45% and 87 ± 0.59%, respectively. In vitro drug release studies of FLZ-NLCs showed 37.34 ± 2.08% drug release over a period of 72 h. The above studies confirmed the prepared FLZ-NLCs may be useful for the treatment of fungal infections.

Abstract CancerPDF (Cancer Peptidome Database of bioFluids) is a comprehensive database of endogenous peptides detected in the human biofluids. The peptidome patterns reflect the synthesis, processing and degradation of proteins in the tissue environment and therefore can act as a gold mine to probe the peptide-based cancer biomarkers. Although an extensive data on cancer peptidome has been generated in the recent years, lack of a comprehensive resource restrains the facility to query the growing community knowledge. We have developed the cancer peptidome resource named CancerPDF, to collect and compile all the endogenous peptides isolated from human biofluids in various cancer profiling studies. CancerPDF has 14,367 entries with 9,692 unique peptide sequences corresponding to 2,230 unique precursor proteins from 56 high-throughput studies for ~27 cancer conditions. We have provided an interactive interface to query the endogenous peptides along with the primary information such as m/z, precursor protein, the type of cancer and its regulation status in cancer. To add-on, many web-based tools have been incorporated, which comprise of search, browse and similarity identification modules. We consider that the CancerPDF will be an invaluable resource to unwind the potential of peptidome-based cancer biomarkers. The CancerPDF is available at the web address http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/cancerpdf/ .

Two biologically important molecules specioside (SS) and verminoside (VS) have been isolated from the ethanolic extract of stem bark of Kigelia pinnata. We have explored the electronic and spectroscopic properties of these two molecules on the basis of the Density Function Theory (DFT) quantum chemical calculations along with the correlations of biological efficacies and the results are presented in this paper. The structures of the molecules were established with the help of spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C NMR, UV-VIS, FTIR) and chemical reactivity was compared by computed DFT theory using Becke3-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP)/6-31G (d,p) data basis set. UV-Visible spectrum was obtained using Time Dependent DFT method. Electric dipole moment, polarizability, first static hyper polarizability and hyper conjugative interactions were also studied with the aid of natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of these two compounds. The thermodynamic parameters of these compounds were determined at various temperatures. The HOMO, LUMO, chemical hardness (η), chemical potential (μ), electronegativity (χ), electrophilicity power (ω), the gap energy and NBO analysis of both the compounds have been discussed in this paper. Local reactivity was evaluated through the Fukui function i.

BACKGROUND: The spread of novel coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) across the world and its associated morbidity and mortality confronted the nations by various means. COVID19 pandemic had significant psychological effects not only on the general population but also on health-care workers (HCWs). Hence, we aimed to found the level of anxiety and depression among health-care professionals amidst coronavirus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 829 participants including doctors and nurses and other medical staff who were posted in the COVID ward and COVID intensive care unit using a well-structured questionnaire through the Google Forms. The two scales used to measure anxiety and depression among the HCWs were the Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Cronbach's alpha of HAM A is 0.921 and Cronbach's alpha of PHQ 9 is 0.851. Data analysis was done using SPSS 26, Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to establish the association between categorical independent and dependent variables. RESULTS: The results of this study demonstrate that anxiety and depression were significantly higher in doctors and staff nurses as compared to other medical staff. According to HAM-A, 65.1% of respondents were in the mild category, 22.0% mild to moderate, and 12.9% moderate to severe. The HAM-A (P = 0.022) and PHQ-9 (P = 0.001) for anxiety and depression respectively were significantly higher in females. The means of the scales got increased after postings in the corona wards. CONCLUSION: Concerning the high occurrence of anxiety and fear among health-care professionals, appropriate psychological/psychiatric intervention necessitates and emphasizes the need to implement urgent measures to prevent further progress to severe mental health disorder.

Context: There is limited literature on the dietary fat intake of rural Indian populations, particularly in relation to the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS). Aim: This study aims to assess the dietary fat intake and analyze its association with the risk of selected components of the MS among rural population in the state of Tamil Nadu. Settings and Design: Adults (n = 27012) ≥20 years of age were recruited from the rural component of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study, a cross-sectional study conducted in 42 villages in Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu. Subjects and Methods: Using a validated food frequency questionnaire, data were obtained on the fat intake among 6907 adults. Anthropometric and clinical measures were collected using standard methods. The components of the MS assessed were abdominal obesity, hypertension, and impaired fasting glucose. All analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 20). Results: Prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertension, and impaired fasting glucose were significantly higher in the highest quintile of fat intake (33%, P < 0.001; 39%, P = 0.04, and 23.3%, P = 0.003, respectively). Highest intake of fat was also significantly associated with risk of abdominal obesity ( P < 0.001), hypertension ( P = 0.04), and impaired fasting glucose ( P = 0.01). Sunflower oil as the main cooking oil was significantly associated with a higher risk of these components of the MS ( P for trend