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Mycobacterium tuberculosisemploys several signaling pathways to regulate its cellular physiology and survival within the host. Mycobacterial genomes encode multiple adenylyl cyclases and cAMP effector proteins, underscoring the diverse ways in which these bacteria utilize cAMP. We have earlier identified universal stress proteins (USP), Rv1636 and MSMEG_3811 inM. tuberculosisandM. smegmatisrespectively, as abundantly expressed, novel cAMP-binding proteins. In this study, we show that these USPs may function to regulate cAMP signaling by direct sequestration of the second messenger. In slow-growing mycobacteria, concentrations of Rv1636 were equivalent to the amounts of cAMP present in the cell, and overexpression of Rv1636 inM. smegmatisincreased levels of ‘bound’ cAMP. Rv1636 is secreted via the SecA2 secretion system inM. tuberculosisbut is not directly responsible for the efflux of cAMP from the cell. Whilemsmeg_3811could be readily deleted from the genome ofM. smegmatis, we find that therv1636gene is essential for growth ofM. tuberculosis, and this functionality depends on the cAMP-binding ability of Rv1636. This is the first evidence of a ‘sink’ for any second messenger in bacterial signaling that would allow mycobacterial cells to regulate the available intracellular ‘free’ pool of cAMP.

Image classification is a classic problem in areas pertaining to Computer Vision, Image Processing, and Machine Learning. This paper aims to compare the various Deep Learning Architectures to improve the accuracy of Image Classification to select the best Deep Learning Architecture by implementing and testing various Deep Learning Architectures in combination with Dense Neural Networks. This comparative study helps to improve the accuracy of image separation in both training and testing databases. For targeted training and testing, 3000 training images and 1000 test images were used. The result of the Deep Learning-based classification of images using the platform as Google Colab showed how accurate classification was done by comparing various deep learning architectures.

This essay revolves around different types of violence witnessed in political society and their relationship to the democratic form that many postcolonial states have inherited. It especially draws on studies of popular protests, negrophobic and xenophobic violence against lower-income migrants, and deadly competition for elected party and government positions in postapartheid South Africa. The discussion focuses on describing the relationship between these three phenomena alongside aspects of multiparty politics, single-party rule, and violent contests for profitable offices in other African states. The continuous competition to defeat opponents, obtain victories, secure majorities, occupy the place of power, and embody its force—which liberal democracies institute—is central to this argument about the violence that South Africa has witnessed in recent times. The essay unpacks these ways of doing politics in order to make a broader theoretical statement about how received models of democracy are implicated in political society's violence in postcolonial contexts.

This essay introduces the special section “Political Society and Popular Politics in Africa” and sets out some of the key debates and concepts that animate the contributions. It focuses in particular on the specific terrains of postcolonial governmentality and the diverse practices of political society on the continent today. The vivid ways in which various African states have combined and/or moved between liberal and authoritarian modalities of power, attended to biopolitical concerns while also exercising strong coercive force, and dealt with the question of citizenship presents the contributors to the section with important analytical opportunities. They examine the multiple lineages and formations of popular politics on the continent, outline how the concept of “political society” enables novel ways of charting and unraveling the political in African settings, and unpack the ways in which African contexts help clarify and elaborate the concept.

Background: Kanpur is one of the major industrial hub of Uttar Pradesh. Migration of people in the search of jobs led to formation of slums in many part of city which is 20% of total population of the city. A large number of below poverty line (BPL) population (about 60%) also live-in slums. Little data is known about immunization status of children residing in these slums. With this background this study is planned to predict various demographic factors affecting immunization status and to study various factors responsible for partial/non immunization of children. Methods: Cross sectional observational study. 30 cluster sampling technique was used to select 30 clusters from 380 identified slums of Kanpur Nagar. Results: More children were completely immunized with increase in educational level of mothers. (χ 2 = 16.62, df=2, p=0.000) ; mothers having institutional delivery (χ 2 =31.8, df=1, ,p=0.000; belonged to general category (χ 2 =25.3, df=2, p=0.000) and Hindu by religion. (χ 2 =7.34, df=1, p=.006). No significant difference was seen in immunization coverage with respect to gender (χ 2 =2.7, df=1, p=.09). Obstacles (45.2%) were the most common reason for partial immunization whereas lack of information (52.63 %) was most common reason cited in case of non-immunized children. Conclusions: Educational status of the parents particularly mothers and the economic status of the family have great bearing on the immunization coverage of under 5 children. So female empowerment measures may prove helpful in improvement of the immunization status.

This article revolves around the role of the urban poor or the “informal proletariat” in popular political protests in West Africa. It critically surveys instructive accounts of their participation in the 1990s movement for democracy in Lagos, youth politics in Dakar, and a recent insightful analysis of popular uprisings in various parts of the continent in the 2000s. Various aspirations for change anchor these accounts. Against this backdrop, I turn to everyday life and politics in zones of urban informality and juxtapose it to a discussion of the acclaimed Nigerian artist Jelili Atiku’s street performance towards the end of the Occupy Nigeria movement as a generative figure of protest. The scripts in which we read dispositions of the informal proletariat, their protest actions, relationship to state and power, and hopes for the coming community are central here. At stake I believe is our own ability to grasp agentive democratic possibilities for the future, which the protests and Atiku’s performance illuminate.

This article analyses communities that the blue-collar, backward caste, local-level workers of the party Left and the Hindu Right have forged amongst themselves in the Kannur district of Kerala. Its particular focus is on members of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI (M)). For more than four decades, members of the CPI (M) and the Hindu Right have been involved in an intermittent but occasionally intense conflict. Their conflict highlights how modern practices of political mobilisation and competition condition the formation of close-knit antagonistic masculine unities regardless of the ideological affiliations in question; its violent context foregrounds affects and emotions that characterise life in such fraternal communities. While such unities have become central to the enactment of collective agency in many contexts, strong limits mark these communities. Not just those outside a community, but also those within it apprehend these limits. Violent experiences emerge as idealised modes of imagining communion with members of one’s community, as well as forces that individuate them. Biographies and narratives of Left- and Right-wing workers who once sought close integration with their respective communities but now live apart from them, illuminate the already present limits of commonality and unity possible in modern political communities.

Due to its exemplary resistance to ionising radiation, oxidative stress, desiccation and several DNA damaging agents, Deinococcus radiodurans R1 (DR1) is considered as one of the most appropriate candidates for the bioremediation of the nuclear waste sites. However, the high sensitivity of this bacterium to heavy metals, which are usually preponderant at nuclear waste dump sites, precludes its application for bioremediation. This study deals with the expression two metal binding peptides in DR1 as an attractive strategy for developing metal tolerance in this bacterium. A synthetic gene (EC20) encoding a phytochelatin analogue with twenty repeating units of glutamate and cysteine was constructed by overlap extension and expressed in DR1. The cyanobacterial metallothionein (MT) gene, smtA was cloned for intracellular expression in DR1. Both the genes were expressed under the native groESL promoter. DR1 strain carrying the recombinant EC20 demonstrated 2.5-fold higher tolerance to Cd(2+) and accumulated 1.21-fold greater Cd(2+) as opposed to the control while the heterologous expression of MT SmtA in DR1 imparted the transformant superior tolerance to Cd(2+) amassing 2.5-fold greater Cd(2+) than DR1 expressing EC20.

In this paper we have studied and discussed the problem of unsteady flow of a visco-elastic (walter’s liquid model B) fluid through porous medium in presence of a heat source and a uniform magnetic field with effect of chemical reaction parameter. The effect of chemical reaction parameter g, porous parameter K and magnetic parameter on fluid velocity, temperature and concentration with respect to vertical axis Y and time t are discussed graphically.

For more than four decades, local-level workers of the Marxist Left and Hindu Right in the southern Indian state of Kerala have been involved in a grievous political conflict. Drawing on my ethnography among members of the two groups, I describe how responsibility for this violence has been elided and effaced especially among members of the Hindu nationalist group, Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh (RSS). Crucial to this elision has been the workers’ close-knit community of friends and supporters that they forge by extending everyday assistance, care, and mobilizing support in small neighborhoods, towns, and villages of the region. Modes of sociality and concepts of relatedness so generated not only mitigate individualizing experiences of suffering but also subsume individual responsibility for acts of violence within the whole. This article is about such dissolution of culpabilities, and the affects, emotive concepts and conditions of collective life that make it possible.

The problem of element failure in antenna arrays is studied using the wellborn method of vector space projections (VSP). The use of VSP allows one to impose a set of desired constraints thru “alternating projections” to furnish a design of self healing arrays i.e. retrieving the sane performance, over the degraded one. By introducing a projection onto the set of dynamic range constraint(DRC), worthy results can be realized even in the case of 50% array element failure.

The members of the genus Deinococcus are extensively studied because of their exemplary radiation resistance. Both ionizing and non-ionizing rays are routinely employed to select upon the radiation resistant deinococcal population and isolate them from the majority of radiation sensitive population. There are no studies on the development of molecular tools for the rapid detection and identification of deinococci from a mixed population without causing the bias of radiation enrichment. Here we present a Deinococcus specific two-step hemi-nested PCR for the rapid detection of deinococci from environmental samples. The method is sensitive and specific to detect deinococci without radiation exposure of the sample. The new protocol was successfully employed to detect deinococci from several soil samples from different geographical regions of India. The PCR method could be adapted to a three-step protocol to study the diversity of the environmental deinococcal population by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Sequence analysis of the DGGE bands revealed that the samples harbor diverse populations of deinococci, many of which were not recovered by culturing and may represent novel clades. We demonstrate that the genus specific primers are also suitable for the rapid identification of the bacterial isolates that are obtained from a typical radiation enrichment isolation technique. Therefore the primers and the protocols described in this study can be used to study deinococcal diversity from environmental samples and can be employed for the rapid detection of deinococci in samples or identifying pure culture isolates as Deinococcus species.

In This section we study of Mixed convective heat transfer of non-Newtonian fluids through porous medium with magnetic field on a flat plate has been investigated using a modified power - law viscosity model. This model does not contain physically unrealistic limits of zero or infinite viscosity as are encountered in the boundary - layer formulation with traditional models of viscosity for power - law fluids through porous medium with magnetic field. These unrealistic limits can introduce an irremovable singularity at the leading edge; the present modified model matches well with the measurement of viscosity, and does not introduce irremovable singularities. Therefore, the boundary layer equations can be solved by marching from the leading edge downstream as for Newtonian fluids. The numerical results are presented for a shear-thinning fluid in terms of the velocity and temperature distribution, and for important physical properties, namely the wall shear stress and heat transfer rates. valid at the leading edge of the boundary-layer. This similarity solution is the required upstream condition at the leading edge of the flat plate to integrate boundary-layer equations along the stream wise direction. Traditional power-law correlation, that in the limit of large or small shear rates, Traditional power-law correlations introduce non-removable singularities into boundary-layer formulations for infinite or zero viscosity. Without recognizing the cause of such unrealistic conditions, complex multi-layer structures have been introduced by many authors.