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Numerous studies have demonstrated the profile of infection and symptoms related to COVID-19 that occur with pulmonary manifestations (such as Acute Respiratory Syndrome), digestive symptoms, anosmia, and ageusia. Many comorbidities have been associated with deaths and severe cases of the disease, such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and heart disease. However, many questions remain unanswered, especially the association of disease severity with hypovitaminosis D. Vitamin D deficiency is widely found in patients in Intensive Care Units, and recent studies have shown that it has been suggested that patients with severe manifestations of COVID-19 have hypovitaminosis D. Therefore, the present study aims to associate the presence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with the acute respiratory syndrome, positive for SARS-COV-2, admitted to the José Alencar Regional Hospital in Uberaba/Brazil and the evolution of the disease (days of hospitalization, hospitalization in the ICU, discharge and death) through the analysis of vitamin D (25(OH)D) hospitalized patients clinical records. The incidence of hypovitaminosis D among the patients was also assessed. The results may contribute to the understanding of the disease, as well as the need for vitamin supplementation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the color stability and the surface roughness of different composites brushed with toothpastes presenting different levels of abrasivity. Thirty discs of each material were obtained using michohybrid composites (Brilliant NG and Charisma Diamond) and a nanocomposite (Filtek Z350XT). The initial color (CIELab) and surface roughness (confocal laser scanning microscopy) of resin discs were evaluated. Afterwards, 10 specimens per group were brushed with the following dentifrices: Maximum Cavity Protection, Sensodyne Repair & Protect and Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief. Brushing was performed with an electric toothbrush equipped with soft bristle head, with standard power and weight, for 30 minutes. Every 30 seconds, 1.0 ml of the slurry was injected between the bristles of the brush and the specimen. After abrasive challenge, the samples had their color and roughness reevaluated. Data were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test (color change) or the t-test (surface roughness). The level of significance was 5%. Results: Brushing did not significantly change the color of the composites tested in the study herein . On the other hand, the surface roughness of the composites was significantly affected by the abrasive challenge, regardless of the toothpaste used. The surface roughness change was similar for all the composites. The abrasive challenge with the toothpastes Maximum Cavity protection, Sensodyne Repair & Protect and Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief was not able to significantly change the color of the composite resins. Nevertheless, the abrasive challenges significantly altered the surface roughness of all the evaluated composites. However, the changes in surface roughness were statistically similar in the microhybrid and nanofilled composites. Keywords: Composites Resins. Dentifrices. Color. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade de cor e a rugosidade superficial de diferentes resinas compostas escovadas com dentifrícios de diferentes níveis de abrasividade. Trinta discos de cada material foram obtidos utilizando compósitos micro-híbridos (Brilliant NG e Charisma Diamond) e um nanocompósito (Filtek Z350XT). A cor inicial (CIELab) e a rugosidade superficial (microscopia confocal de varredura a laser) dos discos de resina foram avaliadas. Em seguida, 10 amostras por grupo foram escovadas com os dentifrícios Máxima Proteção Anticáries, Sensodyne Repair & Protect e Colgate Sensitive Pro-Alívio. A escovação foi realizada com uma escova elétrica com cabeça de cerdas macias, com potência e peso padronizados, durante 30 minutos. A cada 30 segundos, 1,0 ml da pasta era injetada entre as cerdas da escova e a amostra. Após o desafio abrasivo, as amostras tiveram sua cor e rugosidade reavaliadas. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis (alteração de cor) ou ao teste t (rugosidade da superfície) (α=5%). A escovação não alterou significativamente a cor dos compósitos. Por outro lado, a rugosidade superficial dos compósitos foi significativamente afetada pelo desafio abrasivo, independentemente do dentifrício utilizado. A alteração da rugosidade superficial foi semelhante para todos os compósitos. O desafio abrasivo com a Máxima Proteção Anticáries, o Sensodyne Repair & Protect e o Colgate Sensitive Pro-Alívio não foi capaz de alterar significativamente a cor das resinas. Diferentemente, os desafios abrasivos alteraram significativamente a rugosidade superficial de todos os compósitos avaliados. No entanto, as mudanças na rugosidade foram estatisticamente semelhantes nos compósitos micro-híbridos e nanoparticulado. Palavras-chave: Resinas Compostas. Dentifrícios. Cor.

The maternal Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies transferred during the intrauterine life represents the main newborn immune protection against several intestinal and respiratory infection. However, there is little information about the reactivity and function of IgG from cord blood against newborn oral colonization. The aims this study was to evaluate the presence of IgG against Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans and theirs mains virulence antigens (GbpB, Ag I/II and Gtf) in peripheral blood (PB) samples from mothers with S. mutans or not in the saliva (SA) and compare with umbilical cord blood (CB). PB and SA samples were obtained from healthy women in the Hospital admission and CB was collected after delivery. The specificity of IgG against the bacterial extracts was determined by Western blot. The genetic material detection of S. mutans in the salivas was realized by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. The results showed that the minority of blood samples showed IgG against S. mitis. On the other hand, the majority of samples exhibited IgG anti S. mutans. The number of reactive bands to S. mutans was significantly higher than against S. mitis in both blood samples (p0.05) in the PB from mothers colonized or not by S. mutans. In opposite, in CB sample, it was more frequent to find samples with IgG anti-S. mutans and GbpB in the salivas from mothers with detectable S. mutans (p 0,05) no SP de mães colonizadas ou não por S. mutans. Por outro lado, nas amostras SC, foi mais frequente encontrar amostras com IgG anti-S.mutans e GbpB em salivas de mães com S. mutans detectáveis (p

Aim: To evaluate the initial adhesion and formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm in vitro in the presence of saliva, human colostrum and 3′-sialyllactose. Methods: Human colostrum and salivas we...

Aim: To assess and compare the inflammatory infiltrate, area of muscle cells, microvessel density (MVD) and expression of cytokines in the myocardium (MM) and lingual (LM) musculature between chagasic and non chagasic individuals. Methods: Fragments of MM and LM from autopsied chronic chagasic (CC) (n=18) and non chagasic individuals (n=24) were histologically processed for histochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation. Was assessed the MVD by CD31 and quantification of immune cells infiltrated in MM and LM, and also expression of IL-1, IL-10 and TGF- β1. Results: There were higher intensity of inflammation and larger area of muscle cells in the myocardium and tongue of chagasic compared to non-chagasic individuals (p

To evaluate the presence ofThe study involved the participation of 26 women with term deliveries and without gestational complications. General health data were collected through a questionnaire applied to the participants. The volunteers were examined orally, the caries experience (decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) scores) was calculated and unstimulated SA was collected. The acquisition of AF was performed during cesarean sections and stocked on ice. The analysis of the presence of SM-DNA was performed by real-time PCR assays with specific primers. Levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were performed by ELISA with specific kits for these interleukins in the AF samples.69.2% of the AF samples had detectable SM, and 65% of the women had the bacteria in the AF and SA at the same time. There was a positive association between the presence of SM in AF and a report of not going to the dentist frequently (The AF samples have SM in quantifiable levels, probably associated with the greatest caries experience, and seen by the highest DMFT index. Interleukin levels were not related to the presence of MS. The presence of SM in AF may explain the mucosal immune stimulation of newborn children by the previous detection of salivary antibodies against SM.

The association between periodontopathogenic microbiota and preterm birth (PTB) has been overly studied. However, the biological mechanisms involved are little known. The objective is to evaluate the effect of periodontopathogenic bacteria burden (PBB), periodontal disease and other infections during pregnancy on preterm birth (PTB), through Structural Equation Modeling. This was a case–control study nested in a prospective cohort called BRISA, including 330 pregnant women, 110 cases and 220 controls. This study included the following variables: cytokines interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), periodontal disease, PBB, age, socioeconomic status (SES), systemic infections and PTB. The correlations between variables were analyzed using Standardized Coefficient (SC). Greater PBB interfered positively with the occurrence of periodontal disease (SC: 0.027; p: 0.011), but these were not associated with the cytokines studied, nor with PTB. The lower serum levels of IL-10 (SC − 0.330; p 0.022) and TGF-β (SC − 0.612; p

To evaluate the initial adhesion and formation ofHuman colostrum and salivas were collected from 30 mothers and newborn postpartum. Eighteen hours culture ofColostrum applied after and during the inoculation decreased biofilm formation when compared with the control (Saliva contributed to the proliferation of biofilm and colostrum did not prevent the initial adhesion, but interfered in the accumulation and development of microorganisms in biofilms. 3'-sialyllactose significantly decreased biofilm formation. This information expands the importance of colostrum as a potent oral antimicrobial biofluid.

Although implant rehabilitations are successful, a small portion of patients may present peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis due to the bacteria biofilm formation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) and Scardovia wiggsiae (Sw) in Peri-implant gingival Fluid (PGF) of patients who received implants 12 months ago and associated with periodontitis (PD) history and clinical data. Samples were collected from 44 volunteers and analyzed by PCR with specific primers. The results showed that Pg were detected in 34%, Fn and Pi, 81.8%, and Sw 75% of the volunteers. Pg was frequently detected in patients who had a history of PD (p0.05, q0,5, q0,05, q

The aims of this study were to analyze the presence of Streptococcus mutans (SM)-DNA in cord blood (CB), maternal peripheral blood (PB), and maternal saliva (SA) and compare with data collected in health surveys. Sixty-four healthy women with pregnancies to term and without complications attending for elective cesarean section in the Clinical Hospital of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo were included. Samples of PB and unstimulated SA were obtained on the day of hospitalization and samples of CB were collected after the delivery section. Samples were investigated using polymerase chain reaction for the presence of SM-DNA using specific primers. The results show over 50% of the sample of PB and CB showed SM-DNA detectable. There was a positive correlation between the SM detection in PB/CB and SA (P

Este estudo investigou e comparou a presença de Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) em amostras biológicas de mulheres que tiveram parto a termo com diagnóstico de gengivite e sem doença periodontal. Exames clínicos orais foram realizados em 48 puérperas, incluindo 28 mulheres com periodonto saudável, 15 com gengivite e 5 com periodontite (que foram excluídas da análise). Sangue do cordão umbilical (CU), sangue periférico (SP), saliva (SA) e colostro (C) foram coletados de mulheres elegíveis após o parto. Foi realizada extração de DNA e em seguida a presença de bactérias foi detectada por PCR com primers específicos. Dados sobre gestações anteriores e atuais e fatores de risco conhecidos foram obtidos dos prontuários médicos dos pacientes. Os dados sociais, demográficos e de higiene bucal foram analisados por entrevista. Os resultados mostraram que todas as SA das participantes com gengivite apresentou Pg e Aa, enquanto a minoria das amostras com periodonto saudável apresentou tais bactérias (P

The treatments for dentin hypersensitivity (DH) may change the surface roughness of the root dentin, which can lead to biofilm accumulation, increasing the risk of root caries. The aim was to compare the surface roughness of root dentin after different treatments of DH and the biofilm formation on those surfaces. After initial surface roughness (Sa) assessment, 50 bovine root fragments received the following treatments (n = 10): G 1—no treatment; G2—5% sodium fluoride varnish; G3—professional application of a desensitizing dentifrice; G4—toothbrushing with a desensitizing dentifrice; and G5—diode laser application (908 nm; 1.5 W, 20 s). The Sa was reevaluated after treatments. Afterward, all samples were incubated in a suspension of Streptococcus mutans at 37 °C for 24 h. The colony-forming units (CFU) were counted using a stereoscope, and the results were expressed in CFU/mL. The one-way ANOVA and the Tukey’s tests compared the roughness data and the results obtained on the bacterial adhesion test (α = 5%). G2 (2.3 ± 1.67%) showed similar Sa variation than G1 (0.25 ± 0.41%) and G5 (5.69 ± 0.99%), but different from group G3 (9.05 ± 2.39%). Group 4 showed the highest Sa variation (30.02 ± 3.83%; p

Smoking is a risk factor for serious health problems and is associated with several changes in the tissues of the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the collagen percentage, mast cells density, intensity of immunolabeled cells by anti-HIF-1α in the musculature lingual of rats exposed to secondhand smoke. Twenty-seven female Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: rats not exposed to tobacco smoke inhalation (Control group) (n=7); rats exposed to smoke inhalation for 30 days (TAB 30) (n=10); and rats exposed to smoke inhalation for 45 days (TAB 45) (n=10). Subsequently, the animals were submitted to euthanasia and removal of the tongue for histological and immunohistochemistry processing and analysis. In the groups TAB 30 and TAB 45 there were a lower percentage of collagen, a higher density of mast cells and a greater intensity of anti-HIF-1α immunolabeled cells compared to Control group. There was also a positive and significant correlation between the percentage of collagen and mast cell density. There was not significative difference between TAB 30 e TAB 45 in any of the parameters evaluated. Therefore, the exposure of rats to secondhand smoke for 45 days causes decrease in perimysial collagen fibers, increase in the number of mast cells and increase in the immunolabeling for HIF-1α in lingual muscle cells. The present study was the first to evaluate the percentage of collagen, mast cell density and immunostaining for HIF-1α in rat tongues exposed to tobacco smoke. Resumo O tabagismo é um fator de risco para sérios problemas de saúde e está associado a diversas alterações nos tecidos da cavidade oral. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a porcentagem de colágeno, densidade de mastócitos e intensidade de células imunomarcadas por anti-HIF-1α na musculatura lingual de ratos expostos passivamente à fumaça principal do cigarro. Vinte e sete ratos Wistar albinos fêmeas foram divididos em três grupos: ratos não expostos à inalação da fumaça do tabaco (grupo controle) (n=7); ratos expostos à inalação da fumaça por 30 dias (TAB 30) (n=10); e ratos expostos à inalação da fumaça por 45 dias (TAB 45) (n=10). Posteriormente, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e remoção da língua para processamento e análise histológica e imuno-histoquímica. Nos grupos TAB 30 e TAB 45, houve diminuição do percentual de colágeno, maior densidade de mastócitos e maior intensidade de células imunomarcadas por anti-HIF-1α em comparação ao grupo controle. Houve também correlação positiva e significativa entre a porcentagem de colágeno e a densidade de mastócitos. Não houve diferença significativa entre TAB 30 e TAB 45 em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Portanto, a exposição passiva de ratos à fumaça principal do cigarro por 45 dias provoca diminuição das fibras de colágeno perimisial, aumento do número de mastócitos e aumento da imunomarcação para o HIF-1α em células musculares linguais. O presente estudo foi o primeiro a avaliar a porcentagem de colágeno, densidade de mastócitos e imunomarcação para o HIF-1α em línguas de ratos expostos à fumaça do tabaco.

Objective To detect Streptococcus mutans in colostrum and saliva of neonates and compare with its detection in saliva of mothers. Methods Forty-three healthy women, full-term gestations with no complications, submitted to elective Cesarean section, and their newborns were included in the study. Samples were investigated by polymerase chain reaction to detect S. mutans in genetic material from the samples. Results Approximately 16% of colostrum samples showed S. mutans , but not correlated with the presence of the bacteria in both samples of saliva. S. mutans was detected in 49 and 30% of saliva samples of mothers and neonates, respectively. There was a positive correlation in S. mutans detection between types of saliva. The number of maternal samples of saliva with detectable S. mutans was smaller in women receiving dental treatment during pregnancy. Tooth brushing, three times a day, influenced the detection of S. mutans in both the saliva and the colostrum. Conclusion Although maternal saliva may present S. mutans , few samples of colostrum present the bacteria. The presence of bacteria in neonate saliva may be related to contact before birth. Dental treatment and hygiene habits seem to influence the detection of S. mutans in samples of maternal saliva and colostrum.

Objective To describe e compare the specificity of IgA antibodies against bacteria extract of Klebsiella pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Salmonella enteritidis . Methods Colostrum samples were aseptically collected in the first 12 hours after C-section delivery. The specificity of IgA against bacteria extracts was analyzed by the Western blot. Results The findings showed proteins of high molecular weight frequently detectable in the samples. S. aureus was the most frequently found bacterium in the samples (p

The present study compared IgA specificity against oral streptococci in colostrum and saliva samples. Sixty-two mother-and-child pairs were included; samples of colostrum (C) and saliva (MS) were collected from the mothers and saliva samples were collected from babies (BS). The specificity of IgA against Streptococcus mutans and S. mitis were analyzed by western blot. Only 30% of babies’ samples presented IgA reactivity to S. mutans, while 74 and 80% of MS and C, respectively, presented this response. IgA reactivity to S. mutans virulence antigens (Ag I/II, Gtf and GbpB) in positive samples showed differences between samples for Gtf and especially for GbpB (p < 0.05), but responses to Ag I/II were similar (p > 0.05). The positive response of Gtf-reactive IgA was different between C (90%) and MS (58%) samples (p < 0.05), but did not differ from BS (p > 0.05). GbpB was the least detected, with 48 and 26% of C and MS, and only 5% of BS samples presenting reactivity (p > 0.05). Eight percent of MS and C samples presented identical bands to SM in the same time-point. In conclusion, the differences of IgA response found between C and MS can be due to the different ways of stimulation, proliferation and transportation of IgA in those secretions. The colostrum has high levels of IgA against S. mutans virulence antigens, which could affect the installation and accumulation process of S. mutans, mainly by supplying anti-GbpB IgA to the neonate.

Little is known about the ontogeny of the cytokines in saliva of newborn. Previous studies showed that levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in saliva could be influenced by prematurity. So, the aim of this study was to analyze the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in sample saliva of fullterm (FT) and preterm (PT) neonates at birth (T0) and after 3 months of age (T3). Saliva from 50 infants (25 FT and 25 PT) were collected at T0 and T3 and analyzed by Luminex Corporation (Austin, Texas, United States) multiplex assay. Clinical characteristics and social-economic data were assessed through questionnaires. All cytokines could be detected at birth in levels higher than found in T3. The mean levels and frequency of detection of cytokines were significantly higher in PT than FT at T0 (P0.05). There were a positive association between IL-10 and infection (P0.05) and IL-6 and stress (P0.005). Salivary cytokines were detected within the first hours after birth and their levels decreased after 3 months. The cytokine levels were different between PT and FT children and appear to be influenced by stress situation and/or antigenic microbial challenge. The results confirm the necessity for further studies about the mucosal immune system by using of saliva as a source of diagnostic by identification of biomarkers of the status of the immune.

Early diagnosis of white spot lesions allows non-invasive treatment to be indicated for the remineralization of active lesions. The goal was to report the clinical Protocol for the treatment of white spot lesion of a patient by the technique of resin infiltration, observing whether there is change of color on the white spot of the dental enamel after its treatment. The selected patient was 16 years old with good overall health, who featured white spot lesion of the dental enamel on tooth 13, classified as ICDAS score 2. The tooth was photographed, and its color was evaluated with the spectrophotometer in accordance with the CIELhC system. For comparison purposes, the color of tooth enamel in an area adjacent to the lesion was evaluated. The treatment of the lesion was performed with the resin infiltrate Icon (DMG, Hamburg, Germany), following the manufacturer's instructions. The color of the tooth was re-evaluated after the application of the resin infiltrate. At the end of the procedure, it was observed that the treatment of white spot lesion by resin infiltration technique reached its goal because, in addition to being minimally invasive, it was highly approved by patient and it provided the masking of the white spot lesion on the dental enamel. Keywords: Dental Caries. Dental Enamel. Composite Resins. ResumoO diagnóstico precoce de lesões de mancha branca permite que um tratamento não invasivo seja indicado para a remineralização das lesões ativas. O objetivo foi relatar o protocolo clínico para tratamento de lesão de mancha branca ativa de um paciente pela técnica do infiltrante resinoso, observando se existe alteração de cor da mancha branca do esmalte dental após o seu tratamento. Foi selecionada uma paciente, de 16 anos de idade, com boa saúde geral e que apresentava lesão de mancha branca no esmalte dental do dente 13, classificada pelo escore 2 do ICDAS. O dente foi fotografado e sua cor foi avaliada com o espectrofotômetro de acordo com o sistema CIELhC. Para fins de comparação, foi avaliada a cor do esmalte dental em uma área adjacente à lesão. O tratamento da lesão foi realizado com a resina infiltrante Icon (DMG, Hamburgo, Alemanha), seguindo as recomendações do fabricante. A cor do dente foi reavaliada após a aplicação do infiltrante. Ao final do procedimento, observou-se que o tratamento da lesão de mancha branca pela técnica da resina infiltrante atingiu seu objetivo pois, além de ter sido minimamente invasiva, foi bem avaliada pela paciente e proporcionou o mascaramento da lesão de mancha branca do esmalte dental. Palavras-chave: Cárie Dentária. Esmalte Dentário. Resinas Compostas.

Context: The knowledge of the reasons for the placement of direct restorations makes possible to trace an epidemiological profile of a specific population and to direct the teaching of dentistry to techniques that are commonly used today and will be continued performed in the future. Purpose: The aim of this study was to verify the reasons for placement and replacement of direct restorations in patients treated in the Dental Clinic of the Uberaba University - Brazil. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated 306 restorative procedures carried out on 60 patients. During the treatment planning, a form that contained information about the patient′s gender, tooth number, the classification of restorations, the reasons for placement and replacement of amalgam and tooth-colored restorations, the material that had to be removed and the new material used to fill the cavities was filled for each patient. Statistical analysis was carried out using Chi-square test (α = 0.05). Results: The data showed that most of the patients were female (66.7%). Of all the restorations placed, 60.45% were 1 st -time placements, while 39.55% were replacements. For 1 st -time restorations, the main reason for placement was primary caries (76.76%), followed by non-carious cervical lesions (15.14%). The amalgam restorations were replaced more frequently (67.77%). The primary reason for replacements was the presence of secondary caries (for both previous amalgam (42.68%) and composite (66.67%) restorations (P < 0.05). The resin composite was the most indicated material for the new restorations (98.04%) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The main reason for placement of direct restorations was primary caries, while secondary caries was the main reason for replacements. In almost all cases, the material used to fill the cavities was the resin composite.

The aim was to evaluate the surface roughness and bacterial adhesion on enamel irradiated with high intensity lasers, associated or not to a fluoride varnish. Eighty fragments of bovine enamel were equally divided in 8 groups (n=10). Group 1 was not treated and Group 2 received only a 5% fluoride varnish application. The other groups were irradiated with an Er:Cr:YSGG (8.92 J/cm2), an Nd:YAG (84.9 J/cm2) and a diode laser (199.04 J/cm2), associated or not to a 5% fluoride varnish. The surface roughness was measured before and after treatments. Afterward, all samples were incubated in a suspension of S. mutans at 37 °C for 24 h. The colony-forming units (CFU) were counted by a stereoscope and the results were expressed in CFU/mm2. One-way ANOVA and the Tukey´s test compared the roughness data and the Student´s test compared the results obtained in the bacterial adhesion test (a=5%). The results showed that the irradiated samples without varnish presented the same roughness and the same bacterial adhesion that the non-irradiated samples. However, samples irradiated in the presence of fluoride varnish showed higher surface roughness and higher bacterial adhesion than the non-irradiated samples and those irradiated without varnish. Presence of pigments in the varnish increased the lasers’ action on the enamel surface, which produced ablation in this hard tissue and significantly increased its surface roughness. For this reason, the enamel’s susceptibility to bacterial adhesion was higher when the irradiation of the samples was made in presence of fluoride varnish. Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a rugosidade superficial e adesão bacteriana no esmalte dental irradiado com lasers de alta intensidade, associados ou não a um verniz fluoretado. Oitenta fragmentos de esmalte foram igualmente divididos em 8 grupos (n= 10). O grupo 1 não recebeu tratamento e o grupo 2 recebeu aplicação de verniz fluoretado a 5%. Os outros grupos foram irradiados com os lasers Er,Cr:YSGG (8,92 J/cm2), Nd:YAG (84,9 J/cm2) e um laser de diodo (199,04 J/cm2), associados ou não ao verniz fluoretado. A rugosidade superficial foi medida antes e após os tratamentos. Depois, todas as amostras foram imersas em suspensão de S. mutans a 37 °C durante 24 h. As unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) foram contadas utilizando uma lupa estereoscópica, e os resultados foram expressos em UFC/mm2. Os resultados de rugosidade foram analisados por ANOVA e pelo teste de Tukey, e a adesão bacteriana foi analisada pelo teste de Student (a=5%). As amostras irradiadas sem verniz apresentaram a mesma rugosidade superficial e a mesma adesão bacteriana que as amostras não irradiadas. No entanto, as amostras irradiadas na presença do verniz fluoretado apresentaram maior rugosidade superficial e aderência bacteriana do que as amostras não irradiadas e daquelas irradiadas sem o verniz. A presença de pigmentos no verniz aumentou a ação dos lasers na superfície do esmalte, promovendo a ablação do tecido duro e aumentando significativamente a sua rugosidade superficial. Por isso, a adesão bacteriana no esmalte foi maior quando a irradiação foi realizada na presença do verniz fluoretado.

Objectives The intensities and specificities of salivary IgA antibody responses to antigens of Streptococcus mutans, the main pathogen of dental caries, may influence colonization by these organisms during the first 1.5 year of life. Thus, the ontogeny of salivary IgA responses to oral colonizers continues to warrant investigation, especially with regard to the influence of birth conditions, e.g. prematurity, on the ability of children to efficiently respond to oral microorganisms. In this study, we characterised the salivary antibody responses to two bacterial species which are prototypes of pioneer and pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity (Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans, respectively) in fullterm (FT) and preterm (PT) newborn children. Methods Salivas from 123 infants (70 FT and 53 PT) were collected during the first 10 h after birth and levels of IgA and IgM antibodies and the presence of S. mutans and S. mitis were analysed respectively by ELISA and by chequerboard DNA–DNA hybridization. Two subgroups of 24 FT and 24 PT children were compared with respect to patterns of antibody specificities against S. mutans and S. mitis antigens, using Western blot assays. Cross-adsorption of 10 infant's saliva was tested to S. mitis, S. mutans and Enterococcus faecalis antigens. Results Salivary levels of IgA at birth were 2.5-fold higher in FT than in PT children (Mann–Whitney; P

Resumo A resina composta e o material restaurador mais utilizado atualmente. Apesar de seu sucesso clinico, o material esta sujeito a alteracoes em suas propriedades fisicas, quando exposto ao meio bucal. O objetivo foi avaliar a influencia da degradacao quimica na estabilidade de cor e na rugosidade superficial de resinas micro-hibrida e nanoparticulada. Foram confeccionados 40 discos (6,0mm x 2,0mm) da resina composta micro-hibrida (Z250XT) e 40 da resina nanoparticulada (Z350XT). Apos a analise da cor inicial e da rugosidade inicial, 10 discos de cada resina foram imersos em saliva artificial (Controle, pH=6,4), suco de laranja (pH= 3,4), refrigerante de limao (pH=2,9) e vinho tinto (pH=3,1), por 4 horas por dia (37oC) durante 30 dias. Apos, foram realizadas as leituras finais de cor e rugosidade. Os dados obtidos para a estabilidade de cor foram analisados pelo Teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo Teste de Dunn (α=5%). Para a analise da rugosidade foi utilizado o Teste t para amostras pareadas (α=5%). O manchamento provocado pela saliva artificial, suco de laranja e refrigerante foi similar, mas foi estatisticamente diferente do manchamento produzido pelo vinho, em ambas as resinas testadas. O vinho produziu o mesmo grau de manchamento nas resinas micro-hibrida e nanoparticulada. Foi observado que o suco de laranja, o refrigerante e o vinho promoveram aumento da rugosidade superficial dos discos de resina. Diante disso, concluiu-se que o vinho alterou a cor de resinas compostas micro-hibrida e nanoparticulada, e que a rugosidade superficial dos discos de resina foi alterada por todas as bebidas utilizadas. Palavras chave : Resinas Compostas. Corantes. Cor. Abstract Composite resin is the most used restorative material. Despite its clinical success, it is susceptible to changes in its physical properties when exposed to the oral environment. The aim was to evaluate the influence of acidic beverages on the color stability and on the surface roughness of the nanofilled and micro hybrid composite. Forty discs (6.0mm x 2.0mm) of the micro hybrid composite (Z250XT) and 40 of the nanofilled composite (Z350XT) were manufactured. After the measurement of the initial color and the initial roughness, 10 discs of each composite were individually immersed in artificial saliva (control, pH = 6.4), orange juice (pH=3.4), lime soda (pH = 2.9) and red wine (pH = 3.1) during 4 hours per day at 37°C for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, the final analysis of color and surface roughness were performed. The data obtained for the color stability were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s test (α= 5%). For the analysis of the surface roughness, the t test for related samples was used (α= 5%). The color changes promoted by artificial saliva, orange juice and soda were similar, but they were statistically different from staining produced by wine, in both tested composites. Wine produced the same degree of staining in both composites. Orange juice, soda and red wine increased the surface roughness of the composite discs. It was concluded that red wine significantly changes the color of micro hybrid and nanofilled composites. Furthermore, all beverages increased the surface roughness of the composites tested in the study herein. Keywords : Composite Resins. Coloring Agents. Color.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diode laser and a desensitizing dentifrice on dentin permeability. Fifty-two root dentin fragments were obtained (5 × 5mm) and treated with 24% EDTA gel. The samples were divided into 4 groups (n = 13): G1, control (no treatment); G2, diode laser (λ = 908 nm, 1.5 W, continuous mode, 20s); G3, application of abrasive dentifrice for 1 minute (Elmex Sensitive Professional (International Gaba); and G4, application of abrasive dentifrice for 1 minute followed by irradiation with diode laser. Ten samples per group were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 4h. The specimens were washed, longitudinally sectioned, observed under optical microscopy, photographed and assessed based on the degree of dye leakage. The remaining samples were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The leakage data were subjected to ANOVA test, followed by Tukey’s t-test (α = 5%). Groups 2, 3 and 4 showed less dye penetration than the control group (p < 0.05), but were similar among each other. SEM images showed that dentinal tubules were open in G1, and fused and occluded in G2. Group 3 showed dentinal tubules that were occluded by the metal ions from the toothpaste. G4 presented similar characteristics to G3, and the presence of fused dentin. The diode laser and the dentifrice were effective in reducing dentinal permeability, and the combination of the two treatments did not show better results than either one used alone.

To evaluate the expression of Galectins (Gal) 1, 3 and 9, Metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) and mast cell density in oral lesions of patients with potentially malignant disorders (PMD) and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) by comparison with the controls.We selected 40 cases of PMD, 40 OSCC and 13 with normal histopathological profile. Immunohistochemistry was performed for Gal-1, Gal-3, Gal-9 and MMP-3.Gal-9 was significantly higher in patients with OSCC than in others groups (p0.001). Gal-1 expression was significantly lower in patients with leukoplakia than those with OSCC and controls (p = 0.0001). Gal-3 was significantly lower in patients with OSCC than those with leukoplakia (p = 0.03). MMP-3 was lower in patients with leukoplakia in comparison with the lichen planus group (p = 0.013).The increased expression of Gal-9 may be helpful to differentiate of OSCC from other oral cavity lesions.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a freqüência da infecção por Candida sp. em biópsias de lesões da mucosa bucal, assim como associar a presença de Candida sp. com lesões malignas e lesões com vários graus de displasia. Foram utilizadas 832 biópsias da mucosa bucal, previamente incluídas em parafinas, cujos blocos foram obtidos dos arquivos da Disciplina de Patologia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara da UNESP, no período entre 1990-2001. Três cortes seqüenciais foram corados pelo ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). Do total de biópsias 27,2% foram PAS positivas, dessas 83,25% eram provenientes de pacientes do sexo masculino. Houve associação positiva entre infecção com displasia epitelial leve, moderada, severa, carcinoma espinocelular e hiperqueratose (p < 0,05). Não houve associação entre hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória, líquen plano, granuloma piogênico (p < 0,05) com infecções fúngicas. A língua foi o sítio mais acometido por infecções em relação a outros sítios (p < 0,05). A partir dos dados quantitativos, concluiu-se que houve correlação positiva de infecção por fungos, lesões displásicas e carcinoma, sendo mais freqüente no sexo masculino. Estes dados não permitem inferir se o fungo causa displasia epitelial e carcinoma, mas confirmam a maior presença de Candida nessas lesões.Candidosis is the most common fungal infection in the oral cavity, and is usually associated with local and systemic predisposing factors. The ocurrence and relevance of Candidal infection in oral lesions such as liquen planus, leukoplakias and carcinomas are still to be understood. The aim of the present study was to define the frequency of infection by Candida sp. on biopsies of oral mucosal lesions and associate its presence with malignant and dysplastic lesions. Histopathology reports issued between 1990 and 2001 inclusive were reviewed. Three sections of each mucosal biopsy were stained using the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique. From the 832 biopsies 27.2% were PAS positive, of which 83.25% were obtained from male patients. There was positive association between fungic infection and mild, moderate and severe epithelial dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma and hiperqueratosis (p < 0.05). There was no association between fungic infection and inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, lichen planus and pyogenic granuloma (p < 0.05). The frequency of infection in the tongue was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the other sites. Our results do not show a causal relation between Candida sp. and dysplastic lesions and carcinomas, but do confirm the higher presence of that microrganism in those lesions.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:41:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1517-74912003000100017.pdf: 199073 bytes, checksum: adda696d6380d52f91b0828462d6dd04 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:41:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1517-74912003000100017.pdf: 199073 bytes, checksum: adda696d6380d52f91b0828462d6dd04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1517-74912003000100017.pdf: 199073 bytes, checksum: adda696d6380d52f91b0828462d6dd04 (MD5) S1517-74912003000100017.pdf.txt: 24705 bytes, checksum: 3050cbdd1addcec7a2691076fadbd191 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:46:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1517-74912003000100017.pdf: 199073 bytes, checksum: adda696d6380d52f91b0828462d6dd04 (MD5) S1517-74912003000100017.pdf.txt: 24705 bytes, checksum: 3050cbdd1addcec7a2691076fadbd191 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:46:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1517-74912003000100017.pdf: 199073 bytes, checksum: adda696d6380d52f91b0828462d6dd04 (MD5) S1517-74912003000100017.pdf.txt: 24705 bytes, checksum: 3050cbdd1addcec7a2691076fadbd191 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-03-01 O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a freqüência da infecção por Candida sp. em biópsias de lesões da mucosa bucal, assim como associar a presença de Candida sp. com lesões malignas e lesões com vários graus de displasia. Foram utilizadas 832 biópsias da mucosa bucal, previamente incluídas em parafinas, cujos blocos foram obtidos dos arquivos da Disciplina de Patologia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara da UNESP, no período entre 1990-2001. Três cortes seqüenciais foram corados pelo ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). do total de biópsias 27,2% foram PAS positivas, dessas 83,25% eram provenientes de pacientes do sexo masculino. Houve associação positiva entre infecção com displasia epitelial leve, moderada, severa, carcinoma espinocelular e hiperqueratose (p < 0,05). Não houve associação entre hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória, líquen plano, granuloma piogênico (p < 0,05) com infecções fúngicas. A língua foi o sítio mais acometido por infecções em relação a outros sítios (p < 0,05). A partir dos dados quantitativos, concluiu-se que houve correlação positiva de infecção por fungos, lesões displásicas e carcinoma, sendo mais freqüente no sexo masculino. Estes dados não permitem inferir se o fungo causa displasia epitelial e carcinoma, mas confirmam a maior presença de Candida nessas lesões. Candidosis is the most common fungal infection in the oral cavity, and is usually associated with local and systemic predisposing factors. The ocurrence and relevance of Candidal infection in oral lesions such as liquen planus, leukoplakias and carcinomas are still to be understood. The aim of the present study was to define the frequency of infection by Candida sp. on biopsies of oral mucosal lesions and associate its presence with malignant and dysplastic lesions. Histopathology reports issued between 1990 and 2001 inclusive were reviewed. Three sections of each mucosal biopsy were stained using the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique. From the 832 biopsies 27.2% were PAS positive, of which 83.25% were obtained from male patients. There was positive association between fungic infection and mild, moderate and severe epithelial dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma and hiperqueratosis (p < 0.05). There was no association between fungic infection and inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, lichen planus and pyogenic granuloma (p < 0.05). The frequency of infection in the tongue was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the other sites. Our results do not show a causal relation between Candida sp. and dysplastic lesions and carcinomas, but do confirm the higher presence of that microrganism in those lesions. Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara Disciplina de Patologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara Disciplina de Patologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara

Secretory immunoglobulins present in mucosa surfaces represent the first line of defense of the adaptive immune system against infectious challenges. Preterm (PT) neonates' humoral immunity is diminished compared to full-term (FT) newborns. The identification of important antigens (Ags) of virulence of oral species may help in the investigation of the mechanisms of antigenic stimulation and the development of the mucosal immune response. In the present study, we measured saliva levels of immunoglobulins A (IgA) and M (IgM) and characterized the specificity of IgA against Ags of several streptococcal species found early in life.This was a prospective observational study. Salivary IgA (sIgA) antibody responses to bacterial species that are prototypes of pioneer (Streptococcus mitis, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii) and pathogenic (Streptococcus mutans) microorganisms of the oral cavity were studied in FT and PT children in two visits: at birth (T0) and at 3 months of age (T3). Salivas from 123 infants (72 FT and 51 PT) were collected during the first 10h after birth (T0) and again at 3 months of age (T3). Salivary levels of IgA and IgM antibodies were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A subgroup of 26 FT and 24 PT children were compared with respect to patterns of antibody specificities against different streptococci Ags using Western blot assays.No significant differences (P0.05) in salivary levels of IgA and IgM between FT and PT babies were found at birth. At T3, mean sIgA values were similar between groups and sIgM levels were significantly higher in PT than FT (P0.05). Western blot assays identified positive IgA response to streptococci in the majority of children, especially in the FT group. There were some differences between groups in relation to the frequency of children with positive response to Ags and intensity of IgA response. In general, oral streptococci Ags were more frequently detected and bands were more intense in FT than in PT, especially in T3. Prospective analysis of patterns of sIgA against Ags of different streptococcal species revealed an increase in complexity of the sIgA antibody response from the first day of birth (T0) to T3 in PT and FT.The patterns of sIgA response to streptococci Ags appear to be influenced by the gestational age, which might reflect the level of immunological maturity of the mucosal immune system.

Streptococcus mutans (SM) have three main virulence antigens: glucan binding protein B (gbpB), glucosyltransferase (Gtf) and antigens I/II (Ag I/II) envolved in the capacity of those bacteria to adhere and accumulate in the dental biofilm. Also, the glycosyltransferases 153 kDa of Streptococcus gordonii (SGO) and 170kDa of Streptococcus sanguinis (SSA) were important antigens associated with the accumulation of those bacterias. Streptococcus mitis (SMI) present IgA1 protease of 202 kDa. We investigated the specificity and levels IgA against those antigens of virulence in samples of human colostrum. This study involved 77 samples of colostrum that were analyzed for levels of immunoglobulian A, M and G by Elisa. The specificity of IgA against extracts of SM and initials colonizators (SSA, SMI, SGO) were analyzed by the Western blot. The mean concentration of IgA was 2850.2 (±2567.2) mg/100 mL followed by IgM and IgG (respectively 321.8±90.3 and 88.3±51.5), statistically different (p0.05). Results showed that the majority of samples had detectable levels of IgA antibodies to extracts of bacteria antigens and theirs virulence antigens. To SM, the GbpB was significantly lower detected than others antigens of SM (p0.05). High complexities of response to Ags were identified in the samples. There were no significant differences in the mean number of IgA-reactive Ags between the antigens (p0.4). So, the breast milk from first hours after birth presented significant levels of IgA specific against important virulence of antigens those oral streptococci, which can disrupt the installation and accumulation process of these microorganisms in the oral cavity.

SUMMARY The aim of the current study was to assess the acid demineralization susceptibility of bleached dental enamel submitted to different fluoride regimens. One hundred bovine enamel blocks (6×6×3 mm) were randomly divided into 10 groups (n=10). Groups 1 and 2 received no bleaching. Groups 3 to 6 were submitted to an at-home bleaching technique using 6% hydrogen peroxide (HP; G3 and G4) or 10% carbamide peroxide (CP; G5 and G6). Groups 7 to 10 were submitted to an in-office bleaching technique using 35% HP (G7 and G8) or 35% CP (G9 and G10). During bleaching, a daily fluoridation regimen of 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) solution was performed on groups 3, 5, 7, and 9, while weekly fluoridation with a 2% NaF gel was performed on groups 4, 6, 8, and 10. The samples in groups 2 to 10 were pH cycled for 14 consecutive days. The samples from all groups were then assessed by cross-sectional Knoop microhardness at different depths from the outer enamel surface. The average Knoop hardness numbers (KHNs) were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (α=0.05). The comparison between groups 1 and 2 showed that the demineralization method was effective. The comparison among groups 2 to 6 showed the same susceptibility to acid demineralization, regardless of the fluoridation method used. However, the samples from groups 8 and 10 showed more susceptibility to acid demineralization when compared with group 2 (p

A hipersensibilidade dentinária (HD) é caracterizada por uma dor aguda, de curta duração, causada pela movimentação de fluidos no interior de túbulos dentinários expostos ao meio bucal. Recentemente, a utilização dos lasers de alta e baixa intensidade foi proposta como uma alternativa para o tratamento da HD. Este trabalho realizou uma revisão da literatura baseada em artigos publicados entre 2009 e 2013 sobre os efeitos dos lasers baixa e alta intensidade para o tratamento da HD. A base de dados utilizada foi o PubMed utilizando-se as palavras-chave Dentin hypersensitivity, laser, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, GaAlAs, Er,Cr:YSGG, CO2, HeNe, hydrodinamic theory. Foi observado que o tratamento da HD com lasers é um método biocompatível, não-invasivo e eficiente. Os lasers de baixa intensidade (HeNe e GaAlAs) estimulam as células nervosas do tecido pulpar, interferindo na polaridade das membranas celulares pelo aumento da amplitude do potencial de ação, levando ao bloqueio da transmissão do estímulo ao sistema nervoso central, e estimulam os odontoblastos a produzirem dentina reparadora, o que diminui a permeabilidade da dentina e interrompe a movimentação de fluidos nos túbulos dentinários. Os lasers em alta intensidade (Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG e CO2) têm o objetivo de obliterar a embocadura dos túbulos dentinários através da irradiação direta da dentina exposta ao meio bucal, promovendo a dissolução e a ressolidificação dos cristais de hidroxiapatita da dentina, levando à eliminação da sensibilidade dolorosa por um tempo prolongado. Pode-se concluir que os lasers de alta e baixa intensidade são efetivos para o tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária cervical.

The establishment of microorganisms in emerging oral biofilms of humans is likely to be modulated by a constellation of infant, maternal, and microbial factors. We have shown that pioneer microbiota on epithelial surfaces (e.g., Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius) and initially erupting dental surfaces (e.g., Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus oralis) induce mucosal SIgA antibody in saliva. The resulting immune responses may modulate subsequent colonization of bacteria that later join the oral biofilm (e.g., cariogenic Streptococcus mutans), a speculation supported by the observation that (a) several S. mutans virulence components share MHC Class II binding peptides with pioneer protein homologues, (b) cross-reactive antibody among homologues can be demonstrated and (c) initial S. mutans colonization can apparently be delayed when some of these responses are present a priori.

Transmission of Streptococcus mutans, a major dental caries pathogen, occurs mainly during the first 2.5 years of age. Children appear to acquire S. mutans mostly from their mothers, but few studies have investigated non-familial sources of S. mutans transmission. This study prospectively analysed initial S. mutans oral colonization in 119 children from nursery schools during a 1.5-year period and tracked the transmission from child to child, day-care caregiver to child and mother to child. Children were examined at baseline, when they were 5–13 months of age, and at 6-month intervals for determination of oral levels of S. mutans and development of caries lesions. Levels of S. mutans were also determined in caregivers and mothers. A total of 1392 S. mutans isolates (obtained from children, caregivers and mothers) were genotyped by arbitrarily primed PCR and chromosomal RFLP. Overall, 40.3 % of children were detectably colonized during the study, and levels of S. mutans were significantly associated with the development of caries lesions. Identical S. mutans genotypes were found in four nursery cohorts. No familial relationship existed in three of these cohorts, indicating horizontal transmission. Despite high oral levels of S. mutans identified in most of the caregivers, none of their genotypes matched those identified in the respective children. Only 50 % of children with high levels of S. mutans carried genotypes identified in their mothers. The results support previous evidence indicating that non-familial sources of S. mutans transmission exist, and indicate that this bacterium may be transmitted horizontally between children during the initial phases of S. mutans colonization in nursery environments.

The interplay between mucosal immune responses to natural exposure to mutans streptococci and the incorporation and accumulation of these cariogenic microorganisms in oral biofilms is unclear. An initial approach to explore this question would be to assess the native secretory immunity emerging as a consequence of Streptococcus mutans infection. To this end, we analyzed salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody to mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferase (Gtf) and glucan binding protein B (GbpB) and to domains associated with enzyme function and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II binding in two experiments. Salivas were collected from approximately 45-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats, which were then infected with S. mutans SJ32. Infection was verified and allowed to continue for 2 to 2.5 months. Salivas were again collected following the infection period. Pre- and postinfection salivas were then analyzed for IgA antibody activity using peptide- or protein-coated microsphere Luminex technology. S. mutans infection induced significant levels of salivary IgA antibody to Gtf ( P < 0.002) and GbpB ( P < 0.001) in both experiments, although the levels were usually far lower than the levels achieved when mucosal immunization is used. Significantly ( P < 0.035 to P < 0.001) elevated levels of postinfection salivary IgA antibody to 6/10 Gtf peptides associated with either enzyme function or MHC binding were detected. The postinfection levels of antibody to two GbpB peptides in the N-terminal region of the six GbpB peptides assayed were also elevated ( P < 0.031 and P < 0.001). Interestingly, the patterns of the rodent response to GbpB peptides were similar to the patterns seen in salivas from young children during their initial exposure to S. mutans. Thus, the presence of a detectable postinfection salivary IgA response to mutans streptococcal virulence-associated components, coupled with the correspondence between rat and human mucosal immune responsiveness to naturally presented Gtf and GbpB epitopes, suggests that the rat may be a useful model for defining mucosal responses that could be expected in humans. Under controlled infection conditions, such a model could prove to be helpful for unraveling relationships between the host response and oral biofilm development.

In a follow-up study of children infected with Streptococcus mutans at an early age (children previously shown to respond poorly to S. mutans GbpB), there was a delay in their immune response, rather than a complete inability to respond to this antigen. Epitopes in the N-terminal third of GbpB were identified as targets for naturally induced immunoglobulin A antibody in children at an early age.

The initial infection of children by Streptococcus mutans , the main pathogen of dental caries, depends on the ability of S. mutans to adhere and accumulate on tooth surfaces. These processes involve the adhesin antigen I/II (AgI/II), glucosyltransferases (GTF) and glucan-binding protein B (GbpB), each a target for anticaries vaccines. The salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody responses to S. mutans antigens (Ags) were characterized in 21 pairs of 5- to 13-month-old children. Pairs were constructed with one early S. mutans -infected and one noninfected child matched by age, racial background, number of teeth, and salivary levels of IgA. Specific salivary IgA antibody response and S. mutans infection levels were then measured during a 1-year follow-up. Robust responses to S. mutans were detected from 6 months of age. Salivary IgA antibody to AgI/II and GTF was commonly detected in salivas of all 42 children. However, GbpB-specific IgA antibody was seldom detected in the subset of infected children (38.1% at baseline). In contrast, most of the subset of noninfected children (76.2%) showed GbpB-reactive IgA antibody during the same period. Frequencies of GbpB responses increased with age, but differences in intensities of GbpB-IgA antibody reactions were sustained between the subsets. At baseline, GbpB-reactive IgA antibody accounted for at least half of the total salivary IgA S. mutans -reactive antibody in 33.3 and 9.5% of noninfected and infected children, respectively. This study provides evidence that a robust natural response to S. mutans Ags can be achieved by 1 year of age and that IgA antibody specificities may be critical in modulating initial S. mutans infection.

This investigation evaluated the variation of the intrapulpal temperature when dentine was irradiated by the Er:YAG laser.The effect of preparation with the Er:YAG laser on the intrapulpal temperature is probably the biggest problem in using the laser for preparation of dental hard tissue.Seventy-two bovine incisors were studied that had the enamel and dentine of the buccal surface polished to a thickness of 2.0 mm. The teeth were divided into three groups, according to the repetition rate used (Group I = 2 Hz, Group II = 4 Hz, and Group III = 6 Hz), and irradiated, with or without water cooling, using 250, 300, and 350 mJ of energy per pulse. Thermocouples were introduced inside the pulp chamber through the palatine opening of the samples and fixed to the vestibular wall of the pulp chamber using a thermal paste.It was verified that there was a decrease of the intrapulpal temperature for all of the parameters in the Group I irradiated with water cooling and for the parameters of 350 mJ/4 Hz with water cooling. The other irradiations showed an increase of the intrapulpal temperature, varying from 0.03 degrees to 2.5 degrees C.We conclude that the use of the Er:YAG laser promoted acceptable temperature increases inside the pulp chamber. However, we do not recommend this procedure without water cooling because macroscopic observations of the dentine irradiated without water cooling showed dark lesions, suggesting carbonization of this tissue.

Candidosis is the most common fungal infection in the oral cavity, and is usually associated with local and systemic predisposing factors. The occurrence and relevance of Candidal infection in oral lesions such as liquen planus, leukoplakias and carcinomas are still to be understood. The aim of the present study was to define the frequency of infection by Candida sp. on biopsies of oral mucosal lesions and associate its presence with malignant and dysplastic lesions. Histopathology reports issued between 1990 and 2001 inclusive were reviewed. Three sections of each mucosal biopsy were stained using the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique. From the 832 biopsies 27.2% were PAS positive, of which 83.25% were obtained from male patients. There was positive association between fungic infection and mild, moderate and severe epithelial dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma and hiperqueratosis (p0.05). There was no association between fungic infection and inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, lichen planus and pyogenic granuloma (p0.05). The frequency of infection in the tongue was significantly higher (p0.05) than in the other sites. Our results do not show a causal relation between Candida sp. and dysplastic lesions and carcinomas, but do confirm the higher presence of that microrganism in those lesions.