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Meta-analysis is one of the most useful research approaches, the relevance of which relies on its credibility. Reproducibility of scientific results could be considered as the minimal threshold of this credibility. We assessed the reproducibility of a sample of meta-analyses published between 2000 and 2020. From a random sample of 100 articles reporting results of meta-analyses of interventions in clinical psychology, 217 meta-analyses were selected. We first tried to retrieve the original data by recovering a data file, recoding the data from document files, or requesting it from original authors. Second, through a multistage workflow, we tried to reproduce the main results of each meta-analysis. The original data were retrieved for 67% (146/217) of meta-analyses. Although this rate showed an improvement over the years, in only 5% of these cases was it possible to retrieve a data file ready for reuse. Of these 146, 52 showed a discrepancy larger than 5% in the main results in the first stage. For 10 meta-analyses, this discrepancy was solved after fixing a coding error of our data-retrieval process, and for 15 of them, it was considered approximately reproduced in a qualitative assessment. In the remaining meta-analyses (18%, 27/146), different issues were identified in an in-depth review, such as reporting inconsistencies, lack of data, or transcription errors. Nevertheless, the numerical discrepancies were mostly minor and had little or no impact on the conclusions. Overall, one of the biggest threats to the reproducibility of meta-analysis is related to data availability and current data-sharing practices in meta-analysis.

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of advanced HIV disease (AHD) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in PLHIV, the changes in HRQoL outcomes over the last 25 years, and the differences between countries according to level of economic development. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. The search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science using the terms: “health-related quality of life”, “HQRoL”, “HIV”, “AIDS”, “advanced HIV disease” and “low CD4 cells”. Studies inclusion criteria were: adult population; initiated after 1996 and published before July 2021; clinical trials, cross-sectional, cohort, and case–control studies; studies analyzing the relationship between AHD and HRQoL; English or Spanish language. Standardized mean differences (d+) were calculated to estimate the effect size for the meta-analyses. Summary statistics were calculated using a random-effects model, and analyses of effect moderators, using mixed-effects models. The meta-analysis included 38 studies. The results indicated that HRQoL is worse in patients with AHD compared to those without. The main HRQoL domains affected were overall health perception and concern and physical and functional health and symptoms. We found a moderate impact for age and gender on some HRQoL domains. There were no differences in relation to socioeconomic inequities, country of residence, or time period analyzed. In conclusion, advanced HIV disease has a negative impact on health and well-being in PLHIV. Our results show that despite all the advances in antiretroviral treatments over the last 25 years, AHD persists as a source of extreme vulnerability, regardless of where PLHIV live., El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la enfermedad avanzada de sida (EAS) en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en personas que viven con el VIH (PVVIH), los cambios experimentados en la CVRS en los últimos 25 años y las diferencias entre países. Realizamos una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis. La búsqueda se llevó a cabo en PubMed y Web of Science utilizando los términos: “calidad de vida relacionada con la salud”, “CVRS”, “VIH”, “SIDA”, “enfermedad avanzada por VIH” y “células CD4 bajas”. Los criterios de inclusión de los estudios fueron: población adulta; iniciado después de 1996 y publicado antes de julio de 2021; ensayos clínicos, estudios transversales, de cohorte y de casos y controles; estudios que analizan la relación entre EAS y CVRS; idioma inglés o español. Se calcularon diferencias de medias estandarizadas (d+) para estimar el tamaño del efecto para los metaanálisis. Los efectos promedios se calcularon utilizando un modelo de efectos aleatorios, y el análisis de moderadores utilizando modelos de efectos mixtos. El metaanálisis incluyó 38 estudios. Los resultados indicaron que la CVRS es peor en pacientes con EAS en comparación con aquellos sin EAS. Los principales dominios de CVRS afectados son la percepción de salud general y su preocupación, y la función física y de salud y los síntomas asociados. Encontramos un impacto moderado por edad y género en algunos dominios de CVRS. No encontramos diferencias en cuanto a las desigualdades socioeconómicas, país de residencia o período de tiempo analizado. En conclusión, la enfermedad avanzada por VIH tiene un impacto negativo en la salud y el bienestar en las personas con VIH. Nuestros resultados muestran que, a pesar de todos los avances en los tratamientos antirretrovirales en los últimos 25 años, el EAS persiste como una fuente de extrema vulnerabilidad, independientemente de dónde vivan las personas con VIH.

Introduction: The assessment of group cohesion is a fundamental aspect in the context of higher education. However, there is a need for appropriate and specific instruments to assess this construct in the university context. Objective: To adapt and validate the University Group Environment Questionnaire (UGEQ) group cohesion measure to the Spanish population. Method: The sample used for this study consisted of 309 Spanish university students, with a mean age of 22.61 (SD=5.5). For data analysis, a confirmatory factorial analysis was performed, following the structure of the original instrument (UGEQ). Results: The results suggest optimal adjustment indices (CFI= 0.92; TLI=0.90; SRMR=0.068 and RMSEA= 0.081 [90% CI: 0.071- 0.092]) and appropriate internal consistency (0.88 [95% CI: 0.86-0.90]) and temporal stability. Discussion: These findings support the use of the UGEQ as a valid and reliable instrument to assess group cohesion in the Spanish university context., Introducción: La evaluación de la cohesión grupal es un aspecto fundamental en el contexto de la educación superior. Sin embargo, existe la necesidad de instrumentos apropiados y específicos para evaluar este constructo en el contexto universitario. Objetivo: Adaptar y validar el University Group Environment Questionnaire (UGEQ) para evaluar la cohesión grupal en población española. Método: La muestra utilizada para este estudio estuvo formada por 309 estudiantes universitarios, con una edad media de 22,61 años (DE=5,5). Para el análisis de los datos, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, siguiendo la estructura del instrumento original (UGEQ). Resultados: Los resultados sugieren índices de ajuste óptimos (CFI= 0,92; TLI=0,90; SRMR=0,068 y RMSEA= 0,081 [IC 90%: 0,071-0,092]) y consistencia interna adecuada (0,88 [IC 95%: 0,86-0,90]) y estabilidad temporal. Discusión: Estos hallazgos apoyan el uso del UGEQ como un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la cohesión grupal en el contexto universitario español., Introdução: A avaliação da coesão grupal é um aspecto fundamental no contexto do ensino superior. Entretanto, há necessidade de instrumentos apropriados e específicos para avaliar esta construção no contexto universitário. Objetivo: Adaptar e validar o Questionário de Ambiente do Grupo Universitário (UGEQ) para avaliar a coesão do grupo em uma população espanhola. Método: A amostra utilizada para este estudo consistiu de 309 estudantes universitários, com idade média de 22,61 anos (SD=5,5). Para a análise dos dados, foi realizada uma análise fatorial de confirmação, seguindo a estrutura do instrumento original (UGEQ). Resultados: Os resultados sugerem índices de ajuste ótimo (CFI= 0,92; TLI=0,90; SRMR=0,068 e RMSEA= 0,081 [90% CI: 0,071-0,092]) e consistência interna adequada (0,88 [95% CI: 0,86-0,90]) e estabilidade temporal. Discussão: Estas conclusões apóiam o uso da UGEQ como um instrumento válido e confiável para avaliar a coesão do grupo no contexto universitário espanhol.

Suicide and homicide are considered important problems in public health. This study aims to identify the cognitive performance of suicidal and homicidal behaviors in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, as well as examining whether there are shared neuropsychological mechanisms. A systematic review of the recent literature was carried out from September 2012 to June 2022 using the Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Among the 870 studies initially identified, 23 were finally selected (15 related to suicidal behaviors and 8 to homicidal behaviors). The results evidenced a relationship between impairment of cognitive performance and homicidal behavior; meanwhile, for suicidal behaviors, no consistent results were found. High neuropsychological performance seems to act as a protective factor against violent behavior in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but not against suicidal behavior; indeed, it can even act as a risk factor for suicidal behavior. To date, there is insufficient evidence that shared neurocognitive mechanisms exist. However, processing speed and visual memory seem to be affected in the presence of both behaviors.

A significant number of studies have shown that highly sensitive individuals are predisposed to benefit more from psychological interventions. Additionally, a vast variety of individuals with high levels of sensory processing sensitivity tend to be easily stressed, apart from being disturbed in overstimulated environments. Therefore, some interventions have taken that into consideration, and was developed with the aim to teach those individuals how to deal with their emotional disturbances. Interventions have made use of mindfulness and yoga techniques, or even school-based antibullying programs so far. Be that as it may, not only have researchers investigated the impact of interventions on highly sensitive children, but they have also put their mind to examining how adults high in sensory processing sensitivity may benefit from psychological interventions. It is of the utmost importance to fathom how those individuals may take advantage of psychological interventions, to utilize the most valuable aspects for them. The present chapter aimed to analyze the results of different psychological interventions received by highly sensitive individuals. Another goal of this chapter was to examine which type of interventions in health and education contexts were more beneficial to them so as to provide different useful methods with which to support them.

Humans and other living beings are sensitive to the environment. Some of them differ in the way they are influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, environmental sensitivity, which is defined as the ability to perceive and process external stimuli, has been broadly studied. Such a concept includes different theories which all concur that only a minority of the population possesses a significantly higher environmental sensitivity, and that highly sensitive individuals differ in their response to both positive and negative features of the environment. That sensitivity alludes to internal and external stimuli, such as internal events and sensory, physical and social environments. The factors linked to a strengthened environmental sensitivity can be genetic, behavioral/temperamental and physiological. Every theoretical contribution is unique, but they share some key elements as well. The Sensory Processing Sensitivity theory conceives that sensitivity to be a personality trait manifested in depth of processing, ease of overstimulation, emotional reactivity and awareness of subtleties. The Differential Susceptibility model, which includes the Diathesis-Stress and Vantage Sensitivity theories, suggests that some individuals are more predisposed to be both negatively and positively influenced by the environment, depending on whether its conditions are adverse or thriving. The biological Sensitivity to Context approach proposes that sensitivity is shaped by early environmental conditions, and it is increased by stress response systems. Throughout this chapter, the conceptualization of environmental sensitivity and every theoretical contribution which is included in the Environmental Sensitivity meta-framework will be discussed, as well as the aspects on which they agree and differ.

Introduction: In recent years, the importance of training healthcare professionals in nontechnical skills using effective methodologies has been increasingly recognised as a means of preventing clinical errors in the practice of health care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of educational interventions on nontechnical skills in the emergency medical services and/or critical care unit settings. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in the PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases according to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. After the initial search, 7952 records were selected after duplicates removed. Finally, a selection of 38 studies was included for quantitative analysis. Separate meta-analyses of standardised mean changes were carried out for each outcome measure assuming a random-effects model. Cochran's Q-statistic and I2 index were applied to verify study heterogeneity. Weighted analyses of variance and meta-regressions were conducted to test the influence of potential moderators and funnel plots using Duval and Tweedie's trim-and-fill method, and Egger's regression test were used to examine publication bias. Results: All the variables analysed had a significant effect size, with the exception of situational awareness (d+ = −0.448; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.034, 0.139). The highest mean effect size was found for knowledge (d+ = −0.925; 95% CI = −1.177, −0.673), followed by the mean effect sizes for global nontechnical skills (d+ = −0.642; 95% CI = −0.849, −0.434), team nontechnical skills (d+ = −0.606; 95% CI = −0.949, −0.262), and leadership nontechnical skills (d+ = −0.571; 95% CI = −0.877, −0.264). Similar mean effect sizes were found for attitude (d+ = −0.406; 95% CI = −0.769, −0.044), self-efficacy (d+ = −0.469; 95% CI = −0.874, −0.064), and communication nontechnical skills (d+ = −0.458; 95% CI = −0.818, −0.099). Large heterogeneity among the standardised mean changes was found in the meta

Introduction: the assessment of group cohesion is a fundamental aspect in the context of higher education. However, there is a need for appropriate and specific instruments to assess this construct in the university context. Objective: to adapt and validate the University Group Environment Questionnaire (UGEQ) group cohesion measure to the Spanish population. Method: the sample used for this study consisted of 309 Spanish university students, with a mean age of 22.61 (SD=5.5). For data analysis, a confirmatory factorial analysis was performed, following the structure of the original instrument (UGEQ). Results: the results suggest optimal adjustment indices (CFI= 0.92; TLI=0.90; SRMR=0.068 and RMSEA= 0.081 [90% CI: 0.071-0.092]) and appropriate internal consistency (0.88 [95% CI: 0.86-0.90]) and temporal stability. Discussion: these findings support the use of the UGEQ as a valid and reliable instrument to assess group cohesion in the Spanish university context., Introducción: la evaluación de la cohesión grupal es un aspecto fundamental en el contexto de la educación superior. Sin embargo, existe la necesidad de instrumentos apropiados y específicos para evaluar este constructo en el contexto universitario. Objetivo: adaptar y validar el University Group Environment Questionnaire (UGEQ) para evaluar la cohesión grupal en población española. Método: la muestra utilizada para este estudio estuvo formada por 309 estudiantes universitarios, con una edad media de 22,61 años (DE=5,5). Para el análisis de los datos, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, siguiendo la estructura del instrumento original (UGEQ). Resultados: los resultados sugieren índices de ajuste óptimos (CFI= 0,92; TLI=0,90; SRMR=0,068 y RMSEA= 0,081 [IC 90%: 0,071-0,092]) y consistencia interna adecuada (0,88 [IC 95%: 0,86-0,90]) y estabilidad temporal. Discusión: estos hallazgos apoyan el uso del UGEQ como un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la cohesión grupal en el contexto universitario español.

Background: In the last years, overviews of systematic reviews, or umbrella reviews, have seen a dramatic increase in their use. An overview aims to provide a summary of the included reviews and will often examine research questions beyond those addressed in the systematic reviews being synthesised. The purpose of this article is to provide some recommendations on how overviews should be conducted and reported. Method: A literature review was performed to identify relevant papers on both methodological and applied overviews. Results: The current literature recommends carrying out overviews by following similar steps to those of systematic reviews: (a) Defining the overview research question; (b) inclusion and exclusion criteria; (c) literature search; (d) data extraction; (e) assessment of risk of bias and reporting quality; (f) overview results; and (g) reporting the overview. Of special interest is how to address dependencies between the systematic reviews. Conclusions: Overviews allow evidence to be efficiently combined from multiple systematic reviews. This offers the possibility of translating and summarizing large amounts of information. As in primary studies and systematic reviews, conducting and reporting of overviews must meet appropriate quality standards., Antecedentes: en los últimos años, las meta-revisiones, o revisiones paraguas, han incrementado exponencialmente su uso. Una meta-revisión proporciona un resumen de las revisiones incluidas y, a menudo, aborda preguntas más allá de las planteadas en las revisiones sistemáticas sintetizadas. El propósito de este artículo fue proporcionar recomendaciones sobre cómo deben hacerse y reportarse las meta-revisiones. Método: se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura para identificar artículos relevantes sobre meta-revisiones, tanto metodológicos como aplicados. Resultados: a día de hoy la literatura sobre meta-revisiones recomienda seguir los mismos pasos que en las revisiones sistemáticas: (a) definición de la pregunta de investigación; (b) criterios de inclusión y exclusión; (c) búsqueda de la literatura; (d) extracción de datos; (e) valoración del riesgo de sesgo y de la calidad del reporte; (f) presentación de resultados; y (g) reporte de la meta-revisión. De especial interés es cómo abordar los problemas de dependencia entre las revisiones sistemáticas sintetizadas. Conclusiones: las meta-revisiones permiten combinar evidencia de múltiples revisiones sistemáticas de una forma eficiente. Esto permite transformar y resumir grandes cantidades de información. Al igual que en los estudios primarios y las revisiones sistemáticas, las meta-revisiones deben realizarse y reportarse cumpliendo con estándares mínimos de calidad.

La calidad de sueño y el nivel educativo alcanzado presentan una estrecha relación. Se recogieron datos de calidad de sueño y rendimiento académico. Los resultados de este estudio muestran una alta prevalencia de pobre calidad de sueño en población universitaria. El 54,2% de la muestra tuvo una puntuación que se corresponde con pobre calidad de sueño (PSQI>5), el 46.3% mostró al menos algún síntoma de insomnio (ISI>7) y el 30,7% informó de síntomas de somnolencia diurna. Las mujeres reportaron, en general, una peor calidad de sueño en comparación con los varones de la muestra. Aquellos participantes con peor calidad de sueño tuvieron un resultado ligeramente inferior en la EBAU y media del grado (≈0.2). Sin embargo, solo la relación entre somnolencia diurna y la nota de la EBAU mostró una asociación estadísticamente significativa (p=0.005). Nuestros resultados muestran una elevada prevalencia de problemas de sueño en población universitaria. Además, se encontró una asociación entre la calidad de sueño y el rendimiento académico, aunque sólo alcanzó el nivel de significación para somnolencia diurna. Los resultados de este estudio confirman la necesidad de incorporar programas de prevención y promoción de la salud aplicados al sueño en el contexto universitario y futuras investigaciones que corroboren nuestros hallazgos.

Sensory processing sensitivity has been determined as a personality trait featured by the perception, processing, and interpretation of internal and external stimuli. Thus, this trait has been considered by some recent research studies from different frameworks. Although it exists a lack of accuracy in terminology, some articles have demonstrated that sensitivity of sensory processing may not be considered as a disorder. Therefore, this trait shows different ways to be manifested in some life spheres: physical, cognitive, emotional and interpersonal. In fact, in each sphere we can find several characteristics of sensory processing sensitivity and its manifestation depending on the level. Despite in some cases this trait has been associated with poor well-being, health and quality of life, research reports that sensitivity has a variety of degrees resulting in positive outcomes in general population. This chapter will present a definition of sensory processing sensitivity, a summary of high sensitivity characteristics, some theoretical approaches and recommendations for parents and teachers who are in contact to children with high sensitivity.

La situación sanitaria provocada por la COVID-19 ha supuesto un cambio en la pedagogía de enseñanza tradicional en el ámbito universitario. Una nueva modalidad docente conocida como docencia dual ha invadido nuestras aulas y las nuevas herramientas tecnológicas se han convertido en los principales aliados para docentes y discentes. En este contexto, el objetivo principal de la presente red de investigación educativa consistió en evaluar el nivel de competencias de 266 estudiantes matriculados durante el curso académico 2020/2021 en las asignaturas Introducción a la Criminología y Psicología Criminal del Grado en Criminología y el Doble Grado en Derecho de Criminología (DECRIM) de la Universidad de Alicante. Además, se estudió el grado de satisfacción y el rendimiento académico en dichas asignaturas, así como la posible relación existente entre ambas variables y el nivel de habilidades digitales de los estudiantes. Los resultados obtenidos han demostrado que el alumnado posee las competencias digitales necesarias para adaptarse de forma óptima al sistema de docencia dual, mostrando un elevado grado satisfacción con las actividades prácticas llevadas a cabo en las asignaturas. Además, el grado de satisfacción y el rendimiento académico se asociaron en gran medida con su nivel de competencias digitales.

Puesto que nos encontramos inmersos en una pandemia global donde la población más vulnerable son las personas mayores, hemos incluido en la experiencia educativa programas de intervención dirigidos a la promoción de la salud y la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. Este estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar competencias profesionales en la programación de estrategias encaminadas a potenciar los factores protectores de la salud en los mayores frente a la COVID-19 y evaluar la satisfacción del alumnado con dichas competencias. Se diseñó una actividad dentro de la asignatura “Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en las personas mayores” del MUEAS donde se abordaban de manera teórico-práctica estos contenidos. Para evaluar el nivel de satisfacción del alumnado se elaboró un cuestionario que incluyó ítems cuantitativos y cualitativos. Los resultados muestran que la totalidad del alumnado valora adecuadamente los contenidos de la práctica y consideran que les va a resultar útil en su desempeño profesional. Estos resultados nos permiten disponer de un material docente práctico y actualizado para trabajar la adquisición de competencias profesionales en el alumnado. Asimismo, acerca al alumnado a la práctica profesional más innovadora y adaptada las necesidades actuales en este campo de estudio.