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Theory predicts that the temperature of the X-ray-emitting gas ($\sim$10$^{6}$ K) detected from planetary nebulae (PNe) is a consequence of mixing or thermal conduction when in contact with the ionized outer rim ($\sim$10$^{4}$ K). Gas at intermediate temperatures ($\sim$10$^{5}$ K) can be used to study the physics of the production of X-ray-emitting gas, via C IV, N V and O VI ions. Here we model the stellar atmosphere of the CSPN of NGC 1501 to demonstrate that even this hot H-deficient [WO4]-type star cannot produce these emission lines by photoionization. We use the detection of the C IV lines to assess the physical properties of the mixing region in this PNe in comparison with its X-ray-emitting gas, rendering NGC 1501 only the second PNe with such characterization. We extend our predictions to the hottest [WO1] and cooler [WC5] spectral types and demonstrate that most energetic photons are absorbed in the dense winds of [WR] CSPN and highly ionized species can be used to study the physics behind the production of hot bubbles in PNe. We found that the UV observations of NGC 2452, NGC 6751 and NGC 6905 are consistent with the presence mixing layers and hot bubbles, providing excellent candidates for future X-ray observations., Comment: To appear in MNRAS; 14 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables

We present the latest developments of our High-Order Spectral Element Solver (HORSES3D), an open source high-order discontinuous Galerkin framework, capable of solving a variety of flow applications, including compressible flows (with or without shocks), incompressible flows, various RANS and LES turbulence models, particle dynamics, multiphase flows, and aeroacoustics. We provide an overview of the high-order spatial discretisation (including energy/entropy stable schemes) and anisotropic p-adaptation capabilities. The solver is parallelised using MPI and OpenMP showing good scalability for up to 1000 processors. Temporal discretisations include explicit, implicit, multigrid, and dual time-stepping schemes with efficient preconditioners. Additionally, we facilitate meshing and simulating complex geometries through a mesh-free immersed boundary technique. We detail the available documentation and the test cases included in the GitHub repository.

Born-again planetary nebulae (PNe) are extremely rare cases in the evolution of solar-like stars. It is commonly accepted that their central stars (CSPN) experienced a very late thermal pulse (VLTP), ejecting H-deficient material inside the evolved H-rich PN. Given the short duration of this event and the fast subsequent evolution of the CSPN, details of the mass ejection are unknown. We present the first morpho-kinematic model of the H-deficient material surrounding a born-again PN, namely A30. New San Pedro M\'{a}rtir observations with the Manchester Echelle Spectrograph were recently obtained to map the inner region of A30 which are interpreted by means of the software SHAPE in conjunction with HST WFC3 images. The SHAPE morpho-kinematic model that best reproduces the observations is composed by a disrupted disk tilted $37^\circ$ with respect to the line of sight and a pair of orthogonal opposite bipolar ejections. We confirm previous suggestions that the structures closer to the CSPN present the highest expansion velocities, that is, the disrupted disk expands faster than the farther bipolar features. We propose that the current physical structure and abundance discrepancy of the H-deficient clumps around the CSPN of A30 can be explained by a common envelope phase following the VLTP event. Our proposed scenario is also compared with other known born-again PNe (A58, A78, HuBi1 and the Sakurai's Object)., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, 1 table; Accepted to MNRAS

We present a 3D mapping of the Wolf-Rayet (WR) nebula M1-67 around WR124. We obtained high-resolution San Pedro M\'{a}rtir (SPM) Manchester Echelle Spectrograph (MES) observations along 17 long-slit positions covering all morphological features in M1-67. We are able to unveil the true morphology of M1-67 and its kinematics by interpreting the SPM MES observations by means of the 3D modelling tool for Astrophysics SHAPE. Our SHAPE model that best reproduces the SPM MES data includes three concentric bipolar structures composed by a hollow ellipsoidal structure and a torus. In addition, the model requires the presence of expanding jets and broken blisters in order to reproduce specific spectral features. Our results are consistent with the idea that M1-67 and its progenitor star WR124 have formed through a common envelope scenario that occurred 11.8$^{+4.6}_{-0.8}$ kyr ago. Our bipolar model strongly questions previous suggestions of the presence of a bow shock structure surrounding M1-67. We interpret that the bright structures detected in the spectra extracted from the central regions are produced by wind compression at the receding region of the innermost structure in M1-67. Furthermore, WR124 is moving through a low-density region above the Galactic plane that has negligibly affected the formation history of M1-67., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables; Accepted to MNRAS

We present a multi-wavelength characterisation of the planetary nebula (PN) NGC 6905 and its [Wolf-Rayet]-type ([WR]) central star (CSPN) HD 193949. Our Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) Alhambra Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (ALFOSC) spectra and images unveil in unprecedented detail the high-ionization structure of NGC 6905. The high-quality spectra of HD 193949 allowed us to detect more than 20 WR features including the characteristic O-bump, blue bump and red bump, which suggests a spectral type no later than a [WO2]-subtype. Moreover we detect the Ne VII and Ne VIII broad emission lines, rendering HD 193949 yet another CSPN with $T_\mathrm{eff}\lesssim150$ kK exhibiting such stellar emission lines. We studied the physical properties ($T_\mathrm{e}$ and $n_\mathrm{e}$) and chemical abundances of different regions within NGC 6905 including its low-ionization clumps; abundances are found to be homogeneous. We used the PoWR stellar atmosphere code to model the spectrum of HD 193949, which is afterwards used in a photoionization model performed with Cloudy that reproduces the nebular and dust properties for a total mass in the 0.31-0.47 M$_{\odot}$ range and a mass of C-rich dust of $\sim$2 $\times10^{-3}$ M$_{\odot}$. Adopting a current stellar mass of 0.6 M$_{\odot}$, our model suggests an initial mass $\sim$1 M$_\odot$ for HD 193949, consistent with the observations., Comment: To appear in MNRAS; 17 pages, 9 figures, 10 tables

We present the analysis of XMM-Newton European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) observations of the nova shell IPHASX J210204.7$+$471015. We detect X-ray emission from the progenitor binary star with properties that resemble those of underluminous intermediate polars such as DQ Her: an X-ray-emitting plasma with temperature of $T_\mathrm{X}=(6.4\pm3.1)\times10^{6}$ K, a non-thermal X-ray component, and an estimated X-ray luminosity of $L_\mathrm{X}=10^{30}$ erg s$^{-1}$. Time series analyses unveil the presence of two periods, the dominant with a period of $2.9\pm0.2$ hr, which might be attributed to the spin of the white dwarf, and a secondary of $4.5\pm0.6$ hr that is in line with the orbital period of the binary system derived from optical observations. We do not detect extended X-ray emission as in other nova shells probably due to its relatively old age (130-170 yr) or to its asymmetric disrupted morphology which is suggestive of explosion scenarios different to the symmetric ones assumed in available numerical simulations of nova explosions., Comment: 6 pages and 5 Figures; Accepted to MNRAS

We present a comprehensive infrared (IR) study of the iconic Wolf-Rayet (WR) wind-blown bubble NGC6888 around WR136. We use Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Spitzer IRAC and MIPS and Herschel PACS IR images to produce a sharp view of the distribution of dust around WR136. We complement these IR photometric observations with Spitzer IRS spectra in the 5-38 $\mu$m wavelength range. The unprecedented high-resolution IR images allowed us to produce a clean spectral energy distribution, free of contamination from material along the line of sight, to model the properties of the dust in NGC6888. We use the spectral synthesis code Cloudy to produce a model for NGC6888 that consistently reproduces its optical and IR properties. Our best model requires a double distribution with the inner shell composed only of gas, whilst the outer shell requires a mix of gas and dust. The dust consists of two populations of grain sizes, one with small sized grains $a_\mathrm{small}$=[0.002-0.008] $\mu$m and another one with large sized grains $a_\mathrm{big}$=[0.05-0.5] $\mu$m. The population of big grains is similar to that reported for other red supergiants stars and dominates the total dust mass, which leads us to suggest that the current mass of NGC6888 is purely due to material ejected from WR136, with a negligible contribution of swept up interstellar medium. The total mass of this model is 25.5$^{+4.7}_{-2.8}$ M$_{\odot}$, a dust mass of $M_\mathrm{dust}=$0.14$^{+0.03}_{-0.01}$ M$_{\odot}$, for a dust-to-gas ratio of $5.6\times10^{-3}$. Accordingly, we suggest that the initial stellar mass of WR136 was $\lesssim$50 M$_{\odot}$, consistent with current single stellar evolution models., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, 6 tables; Accepted to MNRAS

Nova shells can provide us with important information on their distance, their interactions with the circumstellar and interstellar media, and the evolution in morphology of the ejecta. We have obtained narrow-band images of a sample of five nova shells, namely DQHer, FHSer, TAur, V476Cyg, and V533Her, with ages in the range from 50 to 130 years. These images have been compared with suitable available archival images to derive their angular expansion rates. We find that all the nova shells in our sample are still in the free expansion phase, which can be expected, as the mass of the ejecta is 7-45 times larger than the mass of the swept-up circumstellar medium. The nova shells will keep expanding freely for time periods up to a few hundred years, reducing their time dispersal into the interstellar medium., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We study a five-dimensional non-relativistic gravity theory whose action is composed of a gravitational sector and a sector of matter where the gravitational sector is given by the so called Newton--Chern--Simons gravity and where the matter sector is described by a perfect fluid. At time to do cosmology, the obtained field equations shows a close analogy with the projectable version of the Ho\v{r}ava--Lifshitz theory in (3+1)-dimensions. Solutions and their asymptotic limits are found. In particular a phantom solution with a future singularity reminiscent of a Litlle Big Rip future singularity is obtained.

In this work, two real-time methods to transport magnetic nanowires confined in giant hybrid vesi-cles upon the application of different strategies are studied. The microscale carriers are either mag-netically guided through the viscous medium by a non-homogenous field or advected by precisely monitored hydrodynamic flows. The slender geometry of the magnetic component enables the ap-plication of large torques, the in-situ characterization of the rotational dynamics, as well as the guided propulsion via the continuous thrust of the nanowire tip on the confining bilayer. The flexi-bility of the vesicles, required to deform along the steering direction during passage through mi-croscale openings, is enhanced via the adsorption of non-ionic surfactants on the lipid membrane. The resulting integrated system is an excellent candidate to transport colloidal cargos or flu-id amounts of some picoliters in microfluidic platforms, even in physiological environments, since it combines the maneuverability of propelled microscopic systems and the protection conferred by the vesicle., Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, to appear in Particles and Particle Systems Characterization (Wiley)

In the context of the non-relativistic theories, a generalization of the Chern--Weil-theorem allows us to show that extended Chern--Simons actions for gravity in d=4 invariant under some specific non-relativistic groups lead to modified Poisson equations. In some particular cases, these modified equations have the form of the so-called MOND approach to gravity. The modifications could be understood as due to the effects of dark matter. This result could leads us to think that dark matter can be interpreted as a non-relativistic limit of dark energy.

Deep neural networks are a powerful technique that have found ample applications in several branches of Physics. In this work, we apply machine learning algorithms to a specific problem of Cosmic Ray Physics: the estimation of the muon content of extensive air showers when measured at the ground. As a working case, we explore the performance of a deep neural network applied to the signals recorded by the water-Cherenkov detectors of the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We apply deep learning architectures to large sets of simulated data. The inner structure of the neural network is optimized through the use of genetic algorithms. To obtain a prediction of the recorded muon signal in each individual detector, we train neural networks with a mixed sample of light, intermediate and heavy nuclei. When true and predicted signals are compared at detector level, the primary values of the Pearson correlation coefficients are above 95\%. The relative errors of the predicted muon signals are below 10\% and do not depend on the event energy, zenith angle, total signal size, distance range or the hadronic model used to generate the events., Comment: 22 pages, 16 figures. Version accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics

We propose a modification to the Lie algebra $S$-expansion method. The modification is carried out by imposing a condition on the $S$-expansion procedure, when the semigroup is given by a cyclic group of even order. The $S$-expanded algebras are called $S_{H}$-expanded algebras where $S=Z_{2n}$. The invariant tensors for $S_{H}$-expanded algebras are calculated and the dual formulation of $S_{H}$-expansion procedure is proposed. We consider the $S_{H}$-expansion of the five-dimensional $AdS$ algebra and its corresponding invariants tensors are found. Then a Chern-Simons Lagrangian invariant under the five-dimensional $AdS$ algebra $S_{H}$-expanded is constructed and its relationship to the general relativity is studied., Comment: 31 pages, no figures

The non-relativistic versions of the generalized Poincar\'{e} algebras and generalized $AdS$-Lorentz algebras are obtained. This non-relativistic algebras are called, generalized Galilean algebras type I and type II and denoted by $\mathcal{G}\mathfrak{B}_{n}$ and $\mathcal{G}\mathfrak{L}_{_{n}}$ respectively. Using a generalized In\"{o}n\"{u}--Wigner contraction procedure we find that the generalized Galilean algebras type I can be obtained from the generalized Galilean algebras type II. The $S$-expansion procedure allows us to find the $\mathcal{G}\mathfrak{B}_{_{5}}$ algebra from the Newton--Hooke algebra with central extension. The procedure developed in Ref. \cite{newton} allow us to show that the non-relativistic limit of the five dimensional Einstein--Chern--Simons gravity is given by a modified version of the Poisson equation. The modification could be compatible with the effects of Dark Matter, which leads us to think that Dark Matter can be interpreted as a non-relativistic limit of Dark Energy., Comment: 16 pages, no figures in 755 (2016) 433-438

We develop a linearized five dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory as a gauge theory. By perturbing the metric around flat and the De Sitter backgrounds, we first discuss linearized gravity as a gauge theory in any dimension. In the particular case of five dimensions, we show that using the Kaluza-Klein mechanism, the field equations of our approach implies both linearized gauge gravity and Maxwell theory in flat and the De Sitter scenarios. As a possible further development of our formalism, we also discuss an application in the context of a gravitational polarization scattering by means of the analogue of the Mueller matrix in optical polarization algebra. We argue that this application can be of particular interest in gravitational waves experiments., Comment: 16 pages, Latex

The shape of metallic constrictions of nanoscopic dimensions (necks) formed using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is shown to depend on the fabrication procedure. Submitting the neck to repeated plastic deformation cycles makes possible to obtain long necks or nanowires. Point-contact spectroscopy results show that these long necks are quite crystalline, indicating that the repeated cycles of plastic deformation act as a "mechanical annealing" of the neck., Comment: 8 pages, 10 Postscript figures, accepted in Physical Review B