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El trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo valorizar la empresa Cementos Pacasmayo al cierre del 2019 para poder aproximar el valor intrínseco. Para ello se ha optado por el método de flujo de caja descontado porque es el más empleado entre los analistas, dado que considera las expectativas de crecimiento futuro. Cementos Pacasmayo S. A. A., perteneciente al Grupo Hochschild, es una de las principales compañías del sector cementero que lidera el mercado de la región norte del Perú. Elegimos a esta empresa debido a la interesante interacción con sus stakeholders, debido a su buena política de responsabilidad social y para poder analizar los efectos que produce la reciente inversión al llevar a cabo la construcción de su Planta de Piura.

El Presente informe propone la aplicación de estrategias para la reducción del costo de producción en procesos de confección de prendas de vestir basado en la mejora de la productividad en las áreas involucradas; para ello es importante determinar la estructura del costo de una prenda, en la cual se permita identificar los elementos del costo que presenten mayor participación. Los elementos del costo se encuentran relacionados a las áreas productivas, las cuales deben tener el control de su productividad para permitir reducir el costo de producción durante el cotizado de la prenda, con la finalidad que la empresa sea competitiva. En el capítulo I se realiza la introducción para el desarrollo del informe. En el capítulo II se desarrolla el marco teórico que permite establecer la descripción de los conceptos asociados a la estructura del costo, así también se muestra la importancia de diferentes indicadores como la productividad, la eficiencia y la calidad que luego son aplicados en el proceso de reducción del costo. En el capítulo III se hace una descripción del sector Textil y Confecciones en el Perú debido a la importancia y participación dentro de la economía nacional; se realiza el análisis FODA del sector y se presenta el estudio de mercado de las principales subpartidas arancelarias de exportación de prendas de vestir del Perú. En el capítulo IV se detallan las estrategias para reducir el costo de producción, para ello se explican las características del sistema productivo. Asimismo, se establece la estructura del costo, se muestra la estructura del costo actual y la estructura del costo mejorado y se cuantifica el beneficio económico de la propuesta con el empleo de tres indicadores. En el capítulo V se elaboran las conclusiones y recomendaciones que se obtienen del análisis realizado. En el capítulo VI se muestra la referencia bibliográfica empleada. En el capítulo VII se adicionan los anexos relacionados al proceso de confección. Palabras claves: Productividad, eficiencia, calidad, reducción, indicadores Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures has initiated world-wide intercomparisons of pressure standards. The intercomparison in the regime of very low pressures, i.e. 10-4 to 1 Pa, using Ar as the test gas, has now been completed with the participation of laboratories in nine countries (in alphabetical order): Czechoslovakia, Federal Republic of Germany, France, India, Italy, Japan, People's Republic of China, UK and United States of America. In addition, five of these laboratories made measurements using H2 as the test gas. Four spinning-rotor gauges were employed as transfer standards. The achieved transfer uncertainty between the pilot laboratory (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) and a participating laboratory lies between 0.16% and 0.30% (1σ) for Ar and has allowed an intercomparison at this level of accuracy. At all investigated pressures the standards in the various laboratories lie within an interval of ±3% around the standard of the pilot laboratory. For a brief synopsis of the intercomparison results, the calibration data of each laboratory for one gas species are reduced to a single number, i.e., the average over the pressure range 10-3 to 1 Pa, although this procedure is somewhat arbitrary and obscures scatter and pressure-dependence of some calibration results. These averages deviate from their mean by not more than about 1%. Systematic deviations between some laboratories are clearly identifiable: however, for most of the laboratories it appears that these are compatible with the estimated uncertainties of the pressure generation and the transfer uncertainty.

A great number of studies devoted to coronary artery anastomoses on the experimental animal or on post-mortem material, while the in vivo studies are relatively rare. The results of these studies are often contradictory, and many questions are still unresolved concerning the part played by the anastomoses in natural history of coronary artery atheroma. On 140 patients, all suffering from angina due to coronary atheroma, a study of the anastomoses visible on coronary arteriograms was undertaken, together with a statistical analysis of the various correlations between the presence or not of coronary artery anastomoses and the various criteria, anatomical, clinical and electrocardiographic.

Emergency selective aortography is necessary for the definitive diagnosis of acute lesions of the thoracic aorta and defines their therapeutic possibilities. Cineradiography is very helpful and is complementary fo the roentgenograms. In this paper the study of dissecting aneurysms, tears of the aortic wall, ruptured aortic aneurysms and traumatic aortic lacerations is described. A new anatomic classification of dissecting aneurysms combined with that of De Bakey et al. is presented.

A precise and complete study of the state of the bronchial tree may be performed only with true bronchial catheterization, which not only makes possible a guided and selective bronchography, but also permits the use of other exploratory techniques. A variety of other techniques have proven less satisfactory: 1. Subglottic installation (either oral or nasal) has been used for a long time because it is simple and rapid. Its major disadvantage is that the physician cannot control the progression of contrast medium beyond the vocal cords. The bronchography is not directed at the area of interest and is often incomplete. 2. produces bilateral opacification if the vaporization is performed proximal to the tracheal bifurcation. The contrast medium penetrates underventilated territories only with extreme difficulty when this method is used; in addition, some of the contrast agents used, such as tantalum, involve certain risks. The examination is limited to bronchography and no other associated techniques are possible. 3. Puncture of the crico-thyroid membrane is subject to local complications at the point of puncture; access to the trachea and to the bronchi is narrow, limiting the investigations.

Anatamopathologic comparisons have enabled the substratum of every bronchographic abnormality to be identified. A sign considered by itself, however, is not always pathognomonic. It is more often the association and the grouping of certain changes that lead to a diagnosis. In particular, bronchographic signs must be compared with clinical, biologic, and endoscopic data in order to achieve their maximum value.

A part from the interest aroused by the exceptional nature of this case of sarcoma of the right superior pulmonary vein, it enabled definition of the angiographic appearances of the affection of the vein. Physiopathological examinations, including vascular redistribution, development of a systemic collateral circulation, and the reflux of hematosed blood into the pulmonary trunk, were able to establish the diagnosis in vivo.

A historical survey of bronchography is currently impossible, because of the large number of works published by authors in various disciplines. A brief, and necessarily incomplete review of the major steps in the development of bronchography is the only feasible approach open to us.

The indications for bronchography or related techniques, such as tissue sampling, or bronchial dynamics study may be either pathophysiologic or clinical.

When the nature of an opacity at the pulmonary periphery is not clear after a standard X-ray examination, bronchography may be utilized to recognize the bronchopulmonary origin of the lesion; a process having a pleural origin, i.e., tumor or effusion (Figs. VI. 1 a-c, VII. 126); or an extrinsic disease (mediastinal or diaphragmatic) (Fig. II. 7 a-d).

Bronchography has made considerable contributions to the nosologic framework of bronchiectasis, the primary clinical and anatomic characteristics of which had been established by LAENNEC. The contributions of this examination may be characterized by three phases: (l) Bronchography became a key diagnostic examination for bronchorrhea with or without bronchial dilatation and for the demonstration of bronchiectasis without expectoration [24, 26, 231]. (2) With the advent of thoracic surgery, it became an indispensable preoperative procedure in order to establish the topography of the diseased bronchi; the principles of a complete bilateral-exploration were established. (3) The current importance of this examination is determined by several factors: the development of a rapidly disappearing contrast medium which facilitates repeated examinations, performed in order to show progression of a disease and permits screening for bronchiectasis with asthma or with chronic respiratory insufficiency; the formulation of more sophisticated interpretations of bronchial images as a result of anatomic comparisons - borderlines and transition forms between bronchiectasis and chronic bronchitis were defined; and the results of bronchial dynamics studies with cineradiography.

The static images on standard X-ray films remain the basis of all precise topographic studies and of all fine morphologic analyses of the normal bronchogram. The advent of the image intensifier contributed a dynamic dimension to bronchographic analysis: Televised fluoroscopy is used to monitor bronchial filling; it yields immediate and fairly reliable data concerning airway impregnation; and cineradiography records bronchial dynamics during respiratory movements and coughing spasms.