763 results on '"Rubella Syndrome, Congenital"'
Search Results
2. Priorities for hearing loss prevention and estimates of global cause-specific burdens of hearing loss: a systematic rapid review.
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Prasad K, Borre ED, Dillard LK, Ayer A, Der C, Bainbridge KE, McMahon CM, Tucci DL, Wilson BS, Schmidler GDS, and Saunders J
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- Humans, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital, Antimalarials, Hearing Loss epidemiology, Hearing Loss prevention & control, Meningitis, Otitis Media
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Background: Hearing loss affects approximately 1·6 billion individuals worldwide. Many cases are preventable. We aimed to estimate the annual number of new hearing loss cases that could be attributed to meningitis, otitis media, congenital rubella syndrome, cytomegalovirus, and ototoxic medications, specifically aminoglycosides, platinum-based chemotherapeutics, and antimalarials., Methods: We used a targeted and a rapid systematic literature review to calculate yearly global incidences of each cause of hearing loss. We estimated the prevalence of hearing loss for each presumed cause. For each cause, we calculated the global number of yearly hearing loss cases associated with the exposure by multiplying the estimated exposed population by the prevalence of hearing loss associated with the exposure, accounting for mortality when warranted., Findings: An estimated 257·3 million people per year are exposed to these preventable causes of hearing loss, leading to an estimated 33·8 million new cases of hearing loss worldwide per year. Most hearing loss cases were among those with exposure to ototoxic medications (19·6 million [range 12·6 million-27·9 million] from short-course aminoglycoside therapy and 12·3 million from antimalarials). We estimated that 818 000 cases of hearing loss were caused by otitis media, 346 000 by meningitis, 114 000 by cytomegalovirus, and 59 000 by congenital rubella syndrome., Interpretation: The global burden of preventable hearing loss is large. Hearing loss that is attributable to disease sequelae or ototoxic medications contributes substantially to the global burden of hearing loss. Prevention of these conditions should be a global health priority., Funding: The US National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders and the US National Institute on Aging., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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3. Progress Toward Measles and Rubella Elimination — India, 2005–2021
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Ratnesh, Murugan, Kristin, VanderEnde, Veena, Dhawan, Pradeep, Haldar, Sourabh, Chatterjee, Deepa, Sharma, Kevisetuo Anthony, Dzeyie, Subramanya Balakuntlam, Pattabhiramaiah, Sudhir, Khanal, Lucky, Sangal, Sunil, Bahl, Sukarma S S, Tanwar, Michelle, Morales, and Ahmed M, Kassem
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Health (social science) ,Immunization Programs ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Measles Vaccine ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Infant ,General Medicine ,Health Information Management ,Population Surveillance ,Humans ,Rubella Vaccine ,Disease Eradication ,Child ,Immunization Schedule ,Rubella ,Measles - Abstract
In 2019, India, along with other countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region,* adopted the goal of measles and rubella elimination by 2023
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- 2022
4. Molecular surveillance of rubella virus in Beijing, China during 2010–2021: Progress and challenges in rubella elimination
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Xiali, Yu, Luodan, Suo, Wei, Li, Weixin, Chen, Dan, Zhao, Jingbin, Pan, Li, Lu, Xiaoqun, Mu, Fang, Huang, Meng, Chen, and Zhen, Zhu
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Adult ,Adolescent ,Genotype ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Young Adult ,Infectious Diseases ,Beijing ,Humans ,Molecular Medicine ,Rubella Vaccine ,Rubella virus ,Phylogeny ,Rubella - Abstract
Rubella is listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a disease that needs to be eliminated worldwide. The aim of this study was to understand the progress and challenges towards rubella elimination in Beijing, China, by analyzing molecular surveillance data combined with immunization and surveillance strategies as well as epidemiological data. With high immunization coverage under the 3-dose policy (8 months, 18 months, and 6 years) and supplementary immunization activities for the floating population, rubella incidence showed a downward trend since 2010, despite two epidemics that occurred in 2014-2015 and 2019. The reported rubella cases were generally concentrated in the age group of 15-34 years. Although citywide surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) has been carried out since 2016, only one case has been confirmed by laboratory testing. Furthermore, molecular surveillance data showed that rubella viruses (RVs) circulating in Beijing during 2010-2020 were evidently heterogeneous; the domestic lineage 1E-L1 and multiple imported lineages, including 2B-L1, 1E-L2, and 2B-L2c, were identified in the last decade. Meanwhile, two lineage-related switches were determined, including the displacement of lineage 1E-L1 with lineage 2B-L1 around 2014 and the transition between lineage 2B-L1 and lineage 1E-L2 and 2B-L2c in 2018-2019. This RV transmission pattern was similar to that observed across the country, whereas lineages 1E-L1 and 2B-L2c were prevalent in Beijing for a shorter period. Overall, these results indicate the need to maintain routine immunization with rubella-containing vaccines, promote regular supplementaryimmunizationactivities, and enhance rubella and CRS surveillance even in order to accelerate rubella elimination in Beijing. Further, the existing immunization strategies must be optimized to further close the immunity gap.
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- 2022
5. Anesthetic considerations in an adult congenital rubella syndrome-patent ductus arteriosus ligation in a resource-limited setting.
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Pruthi G, Gupta M, Garg B, and Grewal A
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- Humans, Adult, Infant, Newborn, Resource-Limited Settings, Infant, Premature, Ligation, Ductus Arteriosus, Patent surgery, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital, Anesthetics, Ductus Arteriosus
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- 2023
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6. Epidemiology, etiology and clinical associations of congenital heart disease identified during congenital rubella syndrome surveillance
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Priyanka Priyanka, Varuna Vyas, Surender Deora, Vijaya Lakshmi Nag, and Kuldeep Singh
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Heart Defects, Congenital ,Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunoglobulin M ,Pregnancy ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Infant ,Humans ,India ,Female - Abstract
Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common congenital malformation. Antenatal rubella infection in the mother and genetic defects are important causes to which CHD are attributed. Exact contribution of antenatal rubella infection or genetic causes to CHD is still unknown. Objective To study the epidemiology, etiology and clinical associations of echocardiographically confirmed congenital heart disease in infants in Western Rajasthan enrolled in the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) surveillance project. To study the utility of clinical diagnostic criteria in identifying congenital rubella infection. Method This was a prospective observational study, in which 251 patients with echocardiographically confirmed CHD were enrolled. Detailed clinical evaluation was done in all patients. Rubella serology was done in all patients. Genetic and other testing was done as appropriate. Result The hospital-based prevalence of CHD in infants was 1% at our center. Fifty-seven percent of the babies had acyanotic septal heart defects of which ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the most common (35%). Anti-rubella immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were positive in 8.5% of the CHD patients. A clinically identifiable genetic cause was present in 3.6% of the cases. In patients who tested positive for anti-rubella IgM antibodies also, VSD was the most common (33%) CHD followed by Tetralogy of Fallot (13.2%). Conclusion CRS contributes to 8.5% of CHD. CRS is associated with a wide spectrum of CHD. The etiology of a large number of CHD remains elusive. Detailed studies on the cause and mechanism of development of CHD need to be undertaken.
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- 2022
7. Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) Annual Surveillance Report 2021
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Suzy M Teutsch, Carlos A Nunez, Anne Morris, Guy D Eslick, Angela Berkhout, Daniel Novakovic, Julia ML Brotherton, Skye McGregor, Laila Khawar, Gulam Khandaker, Robert Booy, Cheryl A Jones, William Rawlinson, Bruce R Thorley, and Elizabeth J Elliott
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Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Infant, Newborn ,Australia ,Infant ,HIV Infections ,General Medicine ,Communicable Diseases ,Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ,Chickenpox ,Pregnancy ,Cytomegalovirus Infections ,Influenza, Human ,Humans ,Female - Abstract
The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) has been conducting surveillance of rare communicable and non-communicable conditions in children since its inception in 1993. In this report, the results are described of surveillance of ten communicable diseases (and complications) for 2021, including the numbers of cases and incidence estimates; demographics; clinical features; and management and short-term outcomes. The included diseases are: acute flaccid paralysis (AFP); congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV); neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection; paediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; perinatal exposure to HIV; severe complications from influenza; juvenile-onset respiratory papillomatosis (JoRRP); congenital rubella syndrome; congenital varicella syndrome; and neonatal varicella infection. In 2021, cases of JoRRP were reported to the APSU for the first time since 2017, indicating potential gaps in HPV vaccination. AFP surveillance by APSU again contributed to Australia achieving a minimum target incidence of one AFP case per 100,000 children aged < 15 years. There were no cases of children with severe complications of influenza. No cases of varicella or congenital rubella were reported; however, at-risk populations, especially young migrant and refugee women from countries without universal vaccination programs, need to be screened and prioritised for vaccination prior to pregnancy. Cases of perinatal exposure to HIV continue to increase; however, the rate of mother-to-child-transmission remains at low levels due to the use of effective intervention strategies. Case numbers of congenital CMV and neonatal HSV remain steady in the absence of vaccines, prompting the need for greater awareness and education, with recent calls for target screening of at-risk infants for congenital CMV.
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- 2022
8. Congenital Rubella Syndrome Following Rubella Vaccination During Pregnancy.
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Bouthry E, Queinnec C, Vauzelle C, and Vauloup-Fellous C
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- Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Rubella Vaccine adverse effects, Vaccination adverse effects, Infant, Newborn, Measles, Mumps, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital
- Abstract
Rubella vaccine is usually given in combination with measles and mumps vaccines as a measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Because it contains live attenuated virus, its use is contraindicated during pregnancy. However, since the introduction of rubella vaccine, no cases of congenital rubella syndrome have been reported following vaccination during pregnancy. We report a case of a female infant, born to a woman inadvertently vaccinated with measles-mumps-rubella vaccination early in pregnancy, who manifested a phenotype of cardiac and neurologic defects, neurodevelopmental delay, and lymphocytopenia consistent with congenital rubella syndrome., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)
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- 2023
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9. Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) Annual Surveillance Report 2022.
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Teutsch SM, Nunez CA, Morris A, Eslick GD, and Elliott EJ
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- Infant, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Humans, Female, Child, alpha-Fetoproteins, Australia epidemiology, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, HIV Infections epidemiology, Chickenpox epidemiology, Chickenpox prevention & control, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Q Fever, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital, Hepatitis, Dengue
- Abstract
For 30 years the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) has conducted national surveillance of rare communicable diseases and rare complications of communicable diseases. In this report, we describe the results of thirteen such studies surveyed by the APSU in 2022, including reported case numbers and incidence estimates, demographics, clinical features, management and short-term outcomes. Conditions described are: acute flaccid paralysis (AFP); congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV); neonatal and infant herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection; perinatal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and paediatric HIV infection; severe complications of influenza; juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JoRRP); congenital rubella infection/syndrome; congenital varicella syndrome (CVS) and neonatal varicella infection (NVI); and the new conditions dengue; Q fever; and severe acute hepatitis. In 2022, cases of severe complications of influenza were reported to the APSU for the first time since 2019. This likely reflects the easing of government-mandated restrictions imposed in 2020-2021 to curb the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the re-emergence of a range of infectious diseases. As previously, AFP surveillance by the APSU contributed to Australia achieving a minimum target incidence of one AFP case per 105 children aged less than 15 years. Cases of JoRRP and NVI were reported in 2022. This indicates potential gaps in human papillomavirus (HPV) and varicella vaccination coverage respectively, especially in high-risk groups such as young migrant and refugee women of childbearing age from countries without universal vaccination programs. Paediatric HIV case numbers resulting from mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV remain low in Australia due to use of effective intervention strategies. However, there has been an increase in the number of imported cases of HIV in children (mainly perinatally-acquired) from countries with a high HIV prevalence. Without effective vaccines, there has been no decline in the incidence of congenital CMV and neonatal HSV, indicating the importance of early identification and management to reduce morbidity and mortality. The first cases of dengue, Q fever and severe acute hepatitis were received by APSU in 2022, including two cases of acute hepatitis in which aetiology has not been confirmed to date. The APSU has an important ongoing role in monitoring rare childhood infections., (© Commonwealth of Australia CC BY-NC-ND)
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- 2023
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10. Retinopathy in Presumed Congenital Rubella Syndrome
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Minsoo Kim and Amir H. Kashani
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Ophthalmology ,Retinal Diseases ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Humans ,Retinal Vessels ,Female ,Middle Aged - Published
- 2022
11. Epidemiological investigation and prevention and control strategies of rubella in Anhui province, China, from 2012 to 2021
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Ning Zhang, Xiaodong Cheng, Shujie Zhou, Binbing Wang, Xianwei Luo, Yu Chai, Jihai Tang, Bin Su, and Zhirong Liu
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Male ,Adult ,China ,Adolescent ,Incidence ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Vaccination ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Infant ,Young Adult ,Pregnancy ,Humans ,Female ,Child ,Rubella - Abstract
BackgroundRubella is a highly contagious viral infection with mild manifestations that occurs most often in children and young adults. Infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in an infant born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of rubella epidemics in Anhui province from 2012 to 2021 and explore the prevention and control strategies of rubella.MethodsA descriptive epidemiological approach was used to examine the epidemiological characteristics of rubella in Anhui Province between 2012 and 2021.ResultsFrom 2012 to 2021, a total of 4,987 cases of rubella were reported in Anhui province, with an average annual incidence of 8.11 per million, demonstrating an overall downward trend (χ2 trend =3141.06, P < 0.01). The average yearly incidence of rubella in southern Anhui, central Anhui, and northern Anhui were 9.99 per million, 11.47 per million, and 4.50 per million, respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ2 =792.50, P < 0.01). The male to female incidence ratio was 1.67:1, and the male incidence rate was higher than the female incidence rate. Most cases occurred among students, accounting for 56.59% of all cases, and the 10–34 age group accounted for ~73.71% of all cases. Regarding immunization history, 3.57% of cases had two doses or more, 6.62% had one dose, 16.40% had none, and the remainder were uncertain.ConclusionThe incidence of rubella in Anhui province from 2012 to 2021 continued to decline, with regional variations observed. The 10–34-year-old population without a history of rubella vaccination is at high risk for the disease. It is suggested to carry out rubella vaccination and congenital rubella syndrome monitoring according to the actual situation.
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- 2022
12. Congenital Rubella Syndrome as a possible cause for persistent thrombocytopenia in early infancy: The Forgotten Culprit
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Kumar, Jogender, Sundaram, Venkataseshan, Gupta, Kirti, Bhatia, Anmol, Kaur, Gurwinder, and Dutta, Sourabh
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Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Pathology ,Autopsy ,Thrombocytopenia ,Neuropathology - Abstract
We present a case of a late preterm intrauterine growth-restricted neonate with isolated and persistent severe thrombocytopenia. At birth, the neonate did not have a complete clinical spectrum of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) but later developed peculiar findings that helped clinch the diagnosis. The neonate also had interstitial pneumonia and died secondary to superimposed acute viral infection leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The serology was positive for IgM antibodies against the rubella virus. The constellation of clinical manifestations of congenital rubella in the presence of positive IgM antibody against rubella and consistent histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of CRS.
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- 2022
13. Lessons from Ten Years’ the Prevalence of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in the Young Population Living in a Developing Country, Tehran; Iran
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Samileh Noorbakhsh, Mohammad Vafaee-Shahi, Leila Tahernia, Sarvenaz Ashouri, and Aina Riahi
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Microbiology (medical) ,Pharmacology ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Infant ,General Medicine ,Iran ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Pregnancy ,Immunoglobulin G ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Molecular Medicine ,Female ,Prospective Studies ,Developing Countries - Abstract
Background: A safe and effective rubella vaccine is available and prescribed in IRAN. Objective: This is a survey of CRS cases collected based on WHO criteria one decade after the MR vaccination campaign (2003) Methods: This Multi-stage prospective/cross-sectional study was carried out in three stages in 3 educational hospitals in Tehran (Rasoul Aram, Akbar Abadi, and Firoozabadi), In the first stage of the study between 2011 and 2012 total of 186 infants were evaluated, and in the second stage of the study, total 163 blood samples of infants with suspected INTRA UTERINE INFECTION were compared with a group of healthy matched infants. In the first and second stages, Rubella immunity (IgG&IgM) in cord blood was evaluated by the Eliza method. Results: Despite MR vaccination in Iran, after one decade"confirmed CRS" and " compatible CRS" was diagnosed in 5 and 31 from 89 CRS suspected cases. Conclusion: The incidence of "confirmed CRS" in every 100 CRS suspected infants (after campaign) is 5.6 %, and 31 CRS Compatible cases are so important. Without active CRS surveillance, mild infection such as IUGR, hearing loss, heart abnormalities, impaired vision, and mental retardation even in the developed country might be missed. Fetal infection is persistent, which imposes additional costs on the country. Another mass vaccination in women and girls is needed. Also, the anti-rubella IgG testing before pregnancy in women who were not vaccinated; vaccination of women before marriage /pregnancy should be obligatory in order to prevent the CRS.
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- 2022
14. The epidemiology of rubella, 2007–18: an ecological analysis of surveillance data
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Shalini Desai, M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday, Marta Gacic-Dobo, Minal K. Patel, Katrina Kretsinger, Sebastien Antoni, and Yoann Nedelec
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,030231 tropical medicine ,Population ,Global Health ,Rubella ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Rubella vaccine ,0302 clinical medicine ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Global health ,Humans ,Rubella Vaccine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,education ,Immunization Schedule ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Vaccination ,Infant ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Female ,business ,Demography ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Summary Background As of 2018, the rubella vaccine had been incorporated into the national immunisation schedule of 168 countries, representing 87% of the world's population. Countries have used different strategies to reduce the burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), such as vaccinating only females. Given the different strategies, and that 26 countries still had not introduced the vaccine, we analysed global rubella surveillance data to understand rubella epidemiology and the effect of vaccination. Methods In this ecological analysis, we evaluated surveillance data on rubella cases that had been reported to WHO from 2007 to 2018, by age, vaccination history, and onset year. Cases were classified as either being vaccine eligible or ineligible on the basis of the country's vaccination strategy and the birth year of the person. We required all cases be confirmed by laboratory testing or that they were epidemiologically linked, and we excluded cases defined only by clinical symptoms. Incidence per million people was calculated by use of World Population Prospects data. Findings Between Jan 1, 2007, and Dec 31, 2018, from data reported to WHO as of Jan 3, 2020, there were 139 486 reported rubella cases, of which 15 613 (11%) were vaccine eligible. Annual incidence ranged from 13·9 cases per million in 2007 to 1·7 cases per million in 2018. In all years, absolute and proportional global incidence were higher among vaccine ineligible cohorts than eligible cohorts. In vaccine ineligible cohorts, 87 666 (74%) of 118 308 cases were in children younger than 15 years, compared with 8423 (54%) of 15 613 cases in vaccine eligible cohorts. Vaccine ineligible women of reproductive age (WRA) had a higher incidence than vaccine eligible WRA, except in 2011–12. Interpretation Vaccination has been successful in decreasing the burden of rubella, regardless of the strategy used. WRA remain at risk, but the risk is higher in those countries that have yet to introduce the vaccine. These countries should introduce the rubella-containing vaccine as soon as possible, to eliminate rubella, and to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with CRS. Funding None.
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- 2020
15. Laboratory confirmation of congenital rubella syndrome in South Korea in 2017: A genomic epidemiological investigation
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Jin-Sook Wang, Jun-Sub Kim, Dong Han Lee, Su Jin Kim, Hye Min Lee, Hye kyung In, Dong Hee Seo, Chae won Jung, Chun Kang, and Yoon-Seok Chung
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,030231 tropical medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Rubella ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Republic of Korea ,Epidemiology ,Genotype ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,Pregnancy ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Infant ,virus diseases ,Rubella virus ,Genomics ,medicine.disease ,Disease control ,Throat swab ,Infectious Diseases ,Molecular Medicine ,Laboratories ,business - Abstract
The WHO Regional Verification Commission certified in 2017 that Korea was the first country in the WHO Western Pacific Region to achieve rubella elimination. A suspected congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was reported to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in August 2017. The mother of a new-born had visited Vietnam during her pregnancy. CRS was confirmed based on the detection of rubella-specific IgM and rubella RNA in the urine and throat swab. Rubella virus isolated from the throat swab was classified as genotype 2B, and a phylogenetic analysis indicated that this genotype had been imported from Vietnam. This is the first report of CRS confirmed using virus isolation in Korea. Laboratory surveillance plays a critical role in the elimination of rubella through the provision of laboratory testing data, and characterisation of circulating strains.
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- 2020
16. Progress Toward Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control and Elimination - Worldwide, 2012-2020
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Laura A. Zimmerman, Jennifer K. Knapp, Sébastien Antoni, Gavin B. Grant, and Susan E. Reef
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Health (social science) ,Vaccination Coverage ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Developed Countries ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,General Medicine ,Global Health ,World Health Organization ,Health Information Management ,Humans ,Rubella Vaccine ,Disease Eradication ,Developing Countries ,Immunization Schedule ,Rubella - Abstract
Rubella virus is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects and can cause epidemics. Although rubella virus infection usually produces a mild febrile rash illness in children and adults, infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth, or an infant born with a constellation of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). A single dose of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) can provide lifelong protection against rubella (1). The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 (GVAP) included a target to achieve elimination of rubella in at least five of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions* by 2020 (2), and WHO recommends capitalizing on the accelerated measles elimination activities as an opportunity to introduce RCV (1). This report updates a previous report (3) and summarizes global progress toward control and elimination of rubella and CRS from 2012, when accelerated rubella control activities were initiated, through 2020. Among 194 WHO Member States, the number with RCV in their immunization schedules has increased from 132 (68%) in 2012 to 173 (89%) in 2020; 70% of the world's infants were vaccinated against rubella in 2020. Reported rubella cases declined by 48%, from 94,277 in 2012 to 49,136 in 2019, and decreased further to 10,194 in 2020. Rubella elimination has been verified in 93 (48%) of 194 countries including the entire Region of the Americas (AMR). To increase the equity of protection and make further progress to eliminate rubella, it is important that the 21 countries that have not yet done so should introduce RCV. Likewise, countries that have introduced RCV can achieve and maintain rubella elimination with high vaccination coverage and surveillance for rubella and CRS. Four of six WHO regions have established rubella elimination goals; the two WHO regions that have not yet established an elimination goal (the African [AFR] and Eastern Mediterranean [EMR] regions) have expressed a commitment to rubella elimination and should consider establishing a goal.
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- 2022
17. Considerable doubt about rubella screening and vaccination among unvaccinated orthodox protestant women: a mixed-methods study.
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de Munter AC, Hautvast JLA, Ruijs WLM, Ruiter RAC, and Hulscher MEJL
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- Pregnancy, Humans, Female, Protestantism, Vaccination, Parents, Disease Susceptibility, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital, Rubella prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: Women who are susceptible to rubella are advised to vaccinate against rubella to prevent infection in future pregnancies, and thus avert the risk of congenital rubella syndrome in their unborn child. Rubella outbreaks periodically occur in the under-vaccinated orthodox Protestant community in the Netherlands. The objective of this mixed-methods study was to determine and understand personal experience with rubella, perceived rubella susceptibility, and intention to accept rubella screening and vaccination among unvaccinated orthodox Protestant women. The ultimate aim of this study was to inform policy and practice and contribute to the prevention of cases of congenital rubella syndrome., Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted combining an online survey and semi-structured interviews among unvaccinated Dutch orthodox Protestant women aged 18-40 years. Descriptive analysis was used for quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed using codes and categories., Results: Results of the survey (167 participants) showed that most participants had personal experience with rubella (74%, 123/167) and 101 women (61%, 101/167) indicated they had had rubella themselves. More than half of the women were undecided whether to accept rubella susceptibility screening (56%; 87/156) or rubella vaccination (55%; 80/146). Qualitative findings (10 participants) showed that most women thought they were not susceptible to rubella. Indecisiveness and negative attitudes to accept rubella vaccination were related with religious arguments to object vaccination and with women's perception of absence of imminent threat of rubella. Furthermore, results showed presence of misconceptions among women in the interpretation of their susceptibility and high confidence in their parents' memory that they had experienced rubella as a child although no laboratory screening had been conducted., Conclusions: In light of an imminent rubella outbreak in the Netherlands, a tailored education campaign should be prepared aimed at and established in cooperation with the under-vaccinated orthodox Protestant community. Health care providers should provide adequate information on rubella and support decision-making in order to stimulate women to make a deliberate and informed decision on rubella screening and, if necessary, subsequent vaccination., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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18. Comparison of population-based measles-rubella immunoglobulin G antibody prevalence between 2014 and 2019 in Lao People's Democratic Republic: Impacts of the national immunization program.
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Miyano S, Vynnycky E, Pattamavone C, Ichimura Y, Mori Y, Nouanthong P, Phounphenghack K, Tengbriacheu C, Khamphaphongphane B, Franzel L, Yang TU, Raaijimarkers H, Komada K, Ota T, Funato M, Takeda M, and Hachiya M
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- Female, Humans, Young Adult, Antibodies, Viral, Cross-Sectional Studies, Immunization Programs, Immunoglobulin G, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Vaccination, Male, Measles epidemiology, Measles prevention & control, Rubella epidemiology, Rubella prevention & control, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital
- Abstract
Objectives: We evaluated the effectiveness of the Lao People's Democratic Republic's measles-rubella immunization program using the seroprevalence from two cross-sectional surveys., Methods: The nationwide surveys occurred in 2014 and 2019 using a multistage cluster sampling, both requiring samples from 2184 individuals from 52 randomly selected villages. Immunoglobulin G titers, measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were considered positive at ≥120 mIU/ml (measles) and ≥10 IU/ml (rubella). We calculated the vaccination-related reduction in the force of rubella infection and the number of congenital rubella syndrome cases averted in 2019., Results: We collected 2135 (women: 55.2%, mean age: 23.2 years) and 2001 (52.7%, 23.1 years) samples in 2014 and 2019, respectively. During 2014-2019, immunoglobulin G prevalence increased from 83.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83.8-84.0) to 98.3% (97.7-98.8) for measles and from 75.4% (75.3-75.5) to 87.8% (86.4-89.2) for rubella. The most plausible reduction in the average force of rubella infection was 100% (95% CI: 28-100) since vaccination started, averting 78 (95% CI: 42-128) congenital rubella syndrome cases in 2019., Conclusion: This is the first population-based study for measles and rubella at two different time points in developing countries. Measles and rubella seroprevalence increased significantly during 2014-2019, greatly exceeding the immunity thresholds for their elimination., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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19. Temporary Fertility Decline after Large Rubella Outbreak, Japan
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Kenji Mizumoto and Gerardo Chowell
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Epidemiology ,miscarriage ,lcsh:Medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,0302 clinical medicine ,Japan ,Pregnancy ,Temporary Fertility Decline after Large Rubella Outbreak, Japan ,Rubella Vaccine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,fushin ,media_common ,fertility ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,congenital rubella syndrome ,virus diseases ,Rubella virus ,Infectious Diseases ,stillbirth ,Female ,CRS ,Microbiology (medical) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Total fertility rate ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,030231 tropical medicine ,Fertility ,Rubella ,German measles ,Birth rate ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,outbreak ,business.industry ,Research ,rubella ,lcsh:R ,Outbreak ,birth risk ,medicine.disease ,birth defects ,vaccine-preventable diseases ,time series ,rubella virus ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Japan experienced 2 large rubella epidemics in 2004 and 2012-2014. Because of suboptimal immunization levels, the country has been experiencing a third major outbreak during 2018-2020. We conducted time series analyses to evaluate the effect of the 2012-2014 nationwide rubella epidemic on prefecture-level natality in Japan. We identified a statistically significant decline in fertility rates associated with rubella epidemic activity and increased Google searches for the term "rubella." We noted that the timing of fertility declines in 2014 occurred 9-13 months after peak rubella incidence months in 2013 in 4 prefectures with the highest rubella incidence. Public health interventions should focus on enhancing vaccination campaigns against rubella, not only to protect pregnant women from infection but also to mitigate declines in population size and birth rates.
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- 2020
20. Congenital infections as contributors to the onset of diabetes in children: A longitudinal study in the United States, 2001‐2017
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Mary A.M. Rogers and Catherine Kim
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Male ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Diabetes risk ,Adolescent ,Diabetic ketoacidosis ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Congenital cytomegalovirus infection ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Infections ,medicine.disease_cause ,History, 21st Century ,Rubella ,Infant, Newborn, Diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,Risk Factors ,Diabetes mellitus ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Child ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Rubella virus ,medicine.disease ,United States ,Child, Preschool ,Cytomegalovirus Infections ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Female ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal infections during pregnancy, particularly with rubella virus, were reported to increase the risk of diabetes in children. Widespread vaccination has decreased the number of infants with congenital rubella syndrome in the United States, although it remains a problem in developing countries. Because vaccine hesitancy has recently increased, we investigated the association between congenital infections with subsequent diabetes risk in children in the United States. METHODS Using data from a nationwide private health insurer for years 2001-2017, 1 475 587 infants were followed for an average of 3.9 years (maximum 16.5 years). Information was obtained regarding congenital infections (rubella, cytomegalovirus, other congenital infections) and perinatal infections, as well as for the development of diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis. RESULTS There were 781 infants with congenital infections and 73 974 with perinatal infections. Diabetes developed in 3334 children. The odds of developing diabetes for infants with congenital rubella infection were 12-fold greater (P = .013) and, for infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection, were 4-fold greater (P = .011) than infants without congenital or perinatal infection. Infants with other congenital infections had 3-fold greater odds of developing diabetes (P = .044). Results were similar for diabetes ketoacidosis. Infants with other perinatal infections had 49% greater odds of developing diabetes during the follow-up period (P
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- 2020
21. Clinical features and aetiology of cerebral palsy in children from Cross River State, Nigeria
- Author
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Nnena Eneli, Roseline Duke, Soter Ameh, Richard Bowman, Min Jung Kim, Leigh Dyet, Ada Aghaji, Chimaeze Torty, Ani Onyedikachi, Kennedy Nwachukwu, and Kathryn Burton
- Subjects
Male ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Population ,Nigeria ,HIV Infections ,Anemia, Sickle Cell ,Severity of Illness Index ,Cerebral palsy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Birth Injuries ,Odds Ratio ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Spastic ,Humans ,Tuberculosis ,Meningitis ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,education ,Developing Countries ,Hyperbilirubinemia ,Asphyxia ,education.field_of_study ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,business.industry ,Cerebral Palsy ,Gross Motor Function Classification System ,medicine.disease ,Malaria ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Etiology ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
ObjectiveThere are few studies on cerebral palsy (CP) in African children and our study aimed to describe the aetiology, characteristics and severity of CP in children from Nigeria.DesignA population-based study using key informant methodology (KIM) was conducted as part of a clinical research trial. Children aged 4–15 years were clinically assessed for CP.ResultsThe estimated prevalence of CP using KIM was 2.3/1000 children (95% CI 2.0 to 2.5/1000). 388 children were diagnosed with CP, with Gross Motor Function Classification System level 1 in 70 (18.1%), II in 156 (40.2%), III in 54 (13.9%), IV in 54 (13.9%), V in 54 (13.9%). 300/388 (77.3%) had Manual Ability Classification Scale of level 1–3 and 88 (22.7%) of level 4–5. CP types were spastic in 271 (70%), with 60% of these bilateral and 40% unilateral, ataxic 38 (9.8%), dystonic 18 (4.6%), choreoathetoid 29 (7.5%) and unclassifiable 32 (8.3%). Postneonatal risk factors for CP were seen in 140 (36.1%) children including malaria with seizures 101/140 (72.1%), malaria with coma 21/140 (15.0%), meningitis 12/140 (8.6%), tuberculosis 2/140 (1.4%), sickle cell disease 3/140 (2.2%), HIV 1/221 (0.7%). Prenatal/perinatal risk factors were seen in 248 (63.9%%), birth asphyxia 118 (47.6%) and clinical congenital rubella syndrome 8 (3.3%) and hyperbilirubinaemia 59 (23.8%) were identified as preventable risk factors for CP.ConclusionThe profile of CP in this population is similar to that found in other low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC). Some risk factors identified were preventable. Prevention and management strategies for CP designed for LMIC are needed.
- Published
- 2020
22. Progress Toward Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control and Elimination — Worldwide, 2000–2018
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Shalini Desai, Susan E. Reef, Laure Dumolard, Katrina Kretsinger, and Gavin B. Grant
- Subjects
Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,030231 tropical medicine ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,medicine.disease_cause ,Global Health ,Rubella ,Measles ,Miscarriage ,03 medical and health sciences ,Rubella vaccine ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Global health ,Humans ,Rubella Vaccine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Full Report ,Disease Eradication ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Rubella virus ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Immunization ,Population Surveillance ,Female ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Rubella is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects. Although rubella virus infection usually causes a mild febrile rash illness in children and adults, infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth, or a constellation of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). A single dose of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) can provide lifelong protection (1). In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated guidance on the use of RCV and recommended capitalizing on the accelerated measles elimination activities as an opportunity to introduce RCV (1). The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 (GVAP) includes a target to achieve elimination of rubella in at least five of the six WHO regions by 2020 (2). This report on the progress toward rubella and CRS control and elimination updates the 2017 report (3), summarizing global progress toward the control and elimination of rubella and CRS from 2000 (the initiation of accelerated measles control activities) and 2012 (the initiation of accelerated rubella control activities) to 2018 (the most recent data) using WHO immunization and surveillance data. Among WHO Member States,* the number with RCV in their immunization schedules has increased from 99 (52% of 191) in 2000 to 168 (87% of 194) in 2018†; 69% of the world's infants were vaccinated against rubella in 2018. Rubella elimination has been verified in 81 (42%) countries. To make further progress to control and eliminate rubella, and to reduce the equity gap, introduction of RCV in all countries is important. Likewise, countries that have introduced RCV can achieve and maintain elimination with high vaccination coverage and surveillance for rubella and CRS. The two WHO regions that have not established an elimination goal (African [AFR] and Eastern Mediterranean [EMR]) should consider establishing a goal.§.
- Published
- 2019
23. Epidemiology of Congenital Rubella Syndrome Related to the 2012-2013 Rubella Epidemic in Japan
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Mizue Kanai, Hajime Kamiya, Hideo Okuno, Tomimasa Sunagawa, Keiko Tanaka-Taya, Tamano Matsui, Kazunori Oishi, Hiroyuki Kitajima, Makoto Takeda, and Yoshio Mori
- Subjects
Infectious Diseases ,Japan ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Humans ,Female ,Rubella Vaccine ,General Medicine ,Epidemics ,Rubella - Abstract
This study assessed the epidemiological characteristics of 45 congenital rubella syndrome cases in Japan following the 2012–2013 rubella epidemic. Rubella still poses significant health burdens and the uptake of rubella-containing vaccines among women of childbearing age should be improved.
- Published
- 2021
24. Newborn Glaucoma: A Neglected Manifestation of Congenital Rubella Syndrome
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Sushmita, Kaushik, Sandeep, Choudhary, Deepika, Dhingra, Mini P, Singh, Gaurav, Gupta, Atul, Arora, Faisal, Thattaruthody, and Surinder Singh, Pandav
- Subjects
Immunoglobulin M ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Hydrophthalmos ,Infant, Newborn ,Humans ,Infant ,Glaucoma ,Prospective Studies ,Child ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
To study the frequency of intrauterine rubella infection in a cohort of neonatal-onset glaucoma (NOG) and its effect on the treatment outcomes.Prospective cohort study.Infants with NOG presenting to the pediatric glaucoma service at a tertiary care center in northern India at Chandigarh between January 1, and September 30, 2018, with a minimum postoperative follow-up of 1 year were included in this study.Rubella immunoglobulin-M (IgM) antibodies were tested in all patients. Surgery for intraocular pressure (IOP) control comprised combined trabeculotomy with trabeculectomy or goniotomy. Presenting features and treatment outcomes at 1 year were compared among infants with and without rubella-IgM antibodies.Of 27 eligible infants, 7 (25.9%) were rubella-IgM positive, and all had bilateral glaucoma. One eye in a rubella-positive baby was an unsightly blind eye and required a prosthesis. A total of 13 eyes of 7 patients were compared with 34 eyes of 20 rubella-negative patients. There was no significant difference in mean age and IOP at presentation. Rubella-positive infants had significantly more opaque corneas (P0.001), shorter eyes (P0.001), and smaller corneal diameters (P = 0.007) at presentation. Two patients in the rubella group had bilateral cataracts, 3 patients had heart disease, and 1 patient had sensorineural deafness. Salt-and-pepper retinopathy was noted in both rubella-positive infants where fundus evaluation was possible. Despite comparable IOP control (P = 0.51), the corneal clarity remained significantly worse in the rubella-positive patients (P = 0.02).Twenty-five percent of those with newborn glaucoma had underlying intrauterine rubella infection, thus making them susceptible for development of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Neonatal-onset glaucoma is an important component of CRS, which may present without buphthalmos and persistent corneal clouding despite good IOP control.
- Published
- 2021
25. Congenital Rubella Syndrome Surveillance After Measles Rubella Vaccination Introduction in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Andika Priamas Nugrahanto, Agung Triono, Elisabeth Siti Herini, Ashadi Prasetyo, Gunadi, and Kristy Iskandar
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Male ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Measles Vaccine ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Disease ,Antibodies, Viral ,Measles ,Rubella ,Serology ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Medicine ,Humans ,Rubella Vaccine ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,business.industry ,Immunization Programs ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Incidence ,Vaccination ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunoglobulin M ,Indonesia ,Immunoglobulin G ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Rubella vaccination ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Female ,business - Abstract
Background Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a fatal disease causing severe congenital defects. Indonesia had the highest CRS cases in the world in 2016 with a commitment to achieve elimination of rubella disease by 2020, through the campaign and introduction of measles rubella (MR) national vaccination program in 2017 and 2018. This study aimed to describe the impact of the national vaccination campaign by conducting surveillance of CRS cases and comparing the incidence of new CRS cases before and after the MR vaccination campaign. Methods From July 2015 to July 2020, we conducted surveillance of CRS in Yogyakarta. Suspected patients underwent complete clinical examinations. Serology was tested for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against rubella. Descriptive analysis was used to characterize the demographic and clinical characteristics of the cases before and after the MR vaccination campaign. Results The study involved 229 infants who were suspected for CRS. Laboratory-confirmed cases were found in 47 of them (20.86%). Most of the laboratory-confirmed cases (55.3%) were reported among 1-5 months old infants. Common clinical features among laboratory-confirmed cases included structural heart defects in 43 (91.4%). There was a significant decrease (60.9%) of CRS incidence from 0.39 per 1000 live births in the precampaign era to 0.08 in the postcampaign era (P = 0.00). Conclusion There has been a significant declining number of CRS cases based on pre- and post-MR vaccination campaign in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. An effective surveillance system will help monitor the number of CRS cases.
- Published
- 2021
26. The epidemiology and disease burden of congenital TORCH infections among hospitalized children in China: A national cross-sectional study
- Author
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Linlin Zhang, Xinyu Wang, Mengjia Liu, Guoshuang Feng, Yueping Zeng, Ran Wang, and Zhengde Xie
- Subjects
Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Infant, Newborn ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Communicable Diseases ,Toxoplasmosis, Congenital ,Infant, Newborn, Diseases ,Fetal Diseases ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Infectious Diseases ,Cost of Illness ,Pregnancy ,Cytomegalovirus Infections ,Humans ,Female ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Child ,Child, Hospitalized ,Toxoplasmosis ,Rubella - Abstract
Background Congenital TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), rubella virus (RV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV)) infections are associated with a variety of adverse prenatal and neonatal events, including miscarriage, malformations and developmental abnormalities, and they remain an issue that cannot be neglected in China. However, the current research focuses more on the general screening of TORCH in women of childbearing age, and the medical information of children hospitalized due to congenital and perinatal TORCH infections has not been described in detail. This study summarized and analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, length of stay (LOS), and the disease burden of hospitalized children diagnosed with congenital TORCH infections in 27 children’s hospitals in China. Methodology Based on the face sheet of discharge medical records (FSMRs) of hospitalized children in 27 tertiary children’s hospitals collected in the Futang Research Center of Pediatric Development and aggregated into FUTang Update medical REcords (FUTURE), we summarized and analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, LOS, the disease burden (in US dollars, USD) and potential risk factors for hospitalized children diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis, congenital rubella syndrome, congenital cytomegalovirus infection, and congenital HSV in 27 children’s hospitals in China from 2015 to 2020. Results One hundred seventy-three patients aged 0– Conclusion In the present study, the hospitalization proportion due to congenital TORCH infection was extremely low (17.56 per 100,000 neonates), indicating that China’s congenital TORCH infection prevention and control policies remain effective. The lowest proportion of patients was hospitalized with congenital toxoplasmosis, while the LOS was the longest. The economic burden of CRS was heavy, and infants are recommended be vaccinated against RV in a timely manner. Congenital CMV infections accounted for the largest proportion of patients, suggesting that the disease burden of congenital CMV infection cannot be ignored, and the prevention of congenital CMV infection during pregnancy is still an important issue that needs to pay attention. The expense of hospitalization for congenital HSV infection was relatively low, while the disease burden increases significantly when patients develop complications. These data illustrate the importance of improving screening for congenital TORCH infections in the early diagnosis and treatment of neonatal patients.
- Published
- 2022
27. Burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in India based on data from cross-sectional serosurveys, 2017 and 2019-20
- Author
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Gajanan Sapakal, Shalini Tripathi, Ojas Kaduskar, Nivedita Gupta, K Pushpalatha, Bhagirathi Dwibedi, Rahul Narang, Suji George, Manoj V Murhekar, R. Sabarinathan, Rajlakshmi Viswanathan, Sudha Madhuri, Shally Awasthi, Rajeswari Bonu, S. Geetha, Himabindu Singh, J. Priyasree, Saubhagya Kumar Jena, G. Kiruthika, Devika Shanmugasundaram, Anjoo Agarwal, Amita Jain, Shikha Malik, Manish Jain, Debasis Biswas, Bhupeshwari Patel, Shuchi Jain, and Syed Sajid Ali
- Subjects
Male ,Pediatrics ,Viral Diseases ,Physiology ,Epidemiology ,Maternal Health ,RC955-962 ,Force of infection ,Antibodies, Viral ,Biochemistry ,Geographical Locations ,Families ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medical Conditions ,Pregnancy ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Immune Physiology ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,Children ,Immune System Proteins ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Incidence ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Infectious Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Infants ,Research Article ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Asia ,Adolescent ,Immunology ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,India ,Rubella ,Measles ,Antibodies ,03 medical and health sciences ,030225 pediatrics ,medicine ,Seroprevalence ,Humans ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Proteins ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Immunization ,Age Groups ,Immunoglobulin G ,People and Places ,Women's Health ,Population Groupings ,business - Abstract
Background India has set a goal to eliminate measles and rubella/Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) by 2023. Towards this goal, India conducted nationwide supplementary immunization activity (SIA) with measles-rubella containing vaccine (MRCV) targeting children aged between 9 months to, Author summary Rubella infection during the first trimester of pregnancy can affect fetus, resulting in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth or birth of a baby with a combination of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Vaccination with rubella containing vaccine (RCV) is recommended as one of the strategies for eliminating rubella/CRS. The Southeast Asia region has set a target to eliminate rubella/CRS by 2023. Towards this goal, India completed nationwide immunization campaigns using measles-rubella vaccine during 2017–19, targeting children aged 9 months to
- Published
- 2021
28. Parenchymal calcification is associated with the neurological prognosis in patients with congenital rubella syndrome
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Chika Takano, Ryoji Aoki, Takahiro Namiki, Satoshi Hayakawa, Ichiro Morioka, and Quang Duy Trinh
- Subjects
Embryology ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Logistic regression ,medicine.disease_cause ,Neuroimaging ,Pregnancy ,Parenchyma ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Medicine ,Humans ,Clinical significance ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Rubella ,Psychomotor learning ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,business.industry ,Rubella virus ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Female ,business ,Developmental Biology ,Calcification - Abstract
Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) results from maternal rubella virus infection in early pregnancy. Abnormal neuroimaging findings have been analyzed in a small number of CRS patients in the past; however, their clinical significance has been poorly addressed. Therefore, we have investigated the neuroimaging findings of 31 patients with CRS from previous studies. The most common finding was parenchymal calcification, which was observed in 18 of 31 patients (58.1%). A multivariable logistic regression model showed that it was associated with psychomotor or mental retardation (p = 0.018), suggesting that parenchymal calcification in CRS could be a prognostic factor.
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- 2021
29. Congenital Rubella: A Salient Cause of Congenital Heart Defects in Infants
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Nabaneeta Dash, Manoj Kumar Rohit, Amit Rawat, Saniya Gupta, Sanjay Verma, Mini P Singh, Praveen Kumar, and Malika Goel
- Subjects
Heart Defects, Congenital ,Microcephaly ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,India ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Antibodies, Viral ,Rubella ,Congenital Rubella ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Informed consent ,030225 pediatrics ,medicine ,Seroprevalence ,Humans ,Child ,Aged ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,biology ,business.industry ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Vaccination ,Infectious Diseases ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Immunoglobulin M ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,biology.protein ,Female ,business - Abstract
Background Structural congenital heart defects (CHD) take a huge toll of congenital defects in children in India. Limited information is available regarding modifiable risk factors for its causation. This study was planned with an aim to determine the prevalence of congenital rubella infection in Indian infants with structural CHD’s. Methodology This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Northern India over 1 year period (1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017). Infants Results A total of 80 infants (M : F = 56 : 24), having mean age 69.4 (±56.5) days; were enrolled. In these infants, prevalence of congenital rubella infection (either infant’s IgM rubella positive or infant’s IgG rubella titers higher than mother’s) was 8.75% (7/80). A total of 12.5% of studied mothers were seronegative for rubella IgG antibodies. Statistically significant association was found between the occurrence of congenital rubella and cataract (p = 0.0039), splenomegaly (p = 0.007) and microcephaly (p = 0.0084) in infants having structural CHD. Conclusions Congenital rubella syndrome still remains an important modifiable cause for structural CHD in India. Sincere efforts for rubella elimination via further strengthening current vaccination strategy would help in decreasing burden of structural CHD in India.
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- 2021
30. Rubella immunity status and the active offer of MMR/MMRV vaccination during pregnancy
- Author
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Silvano, Piffer, Mariangela, Pedron, Michela, Dal Martello, Patrizio, Caciagli, Paolo, Lanzafame, Mario, Saugo, and Antonio, Ferro
- Subjects
Adult ,Adolescent ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Chickenpox Vaccine ,Young Adult ,Pregnancy ,Seroconversion ,Humans ,Female ,Vaccines, Combined ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ,Rubella ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
The rubella test during pregnancy makes it possible to identify situations at risk of congenital rubella and those pregnant mothers who should be offered the MMR vaccine.The Authors analysed test coverage and the immunity status of pregnant mothers between 2005 and 2017, using birth attendance certificates.Rubella test coverage on 61,437 pregnant mothers was 99.4%. The average proportion of susceptible subjects was 6.4%. Seroconversion was observed in 7 cases, with 1 confirmed case of congenital rubella. 32% of susceptible subjects were vaccinated, and adherence was seen to be influenced by the characteristics of the pregnant women and of the maternity unit.A current information flow including a number of healthcare services, is useful both for monitoring the maternity care pathway and for public health purposes.
- Published
- 2021
31. Rubella serosurveys at three Aravind Eye Hospitals in Tamil Nadu, India
- Author
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Vijayalakshmi Perumalsamy, Anuradha Rajamanickam, Prakash Karthik, Narendran Kalpana, Ravindran Meenakshi, Prajna Lalitha, Brown David, and Robertson Susan E.
- Subjects
Rubella/epidemiology ,Rubella/immunology ,Rubella syndrome, Congenital ,Hospitals, Special ,Personnel, Hospital ,Cross infection ,Rubella vaccine ,Women ,Seroepidemiologic studies ,Prospective studies ,Cohort studies ,India ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the susceptibility of female eye hospital staff to rubella infection and the potential risk for hospital-based rubella outbreaks. METHODS: A prospective cohort study on the seroprevalence of rubella IgG antibodies was conducted at three large eye hospitals in Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India, where young children with eye abnormalities attributable to congenital rubella are treated. A total of 1000 female hospital employees aged 18-40 years agreed to participate and gave written informed consent. FINDINGS: The proportions of rubella-seronegative women were: 11.7% at Coimbatore, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 8.1-16.5; 15% at Madurai (95% CI = 12.3-18.1), and 20.8 at Tirunelveli (95% CI = 14.7-28.6). For the entire cohort the proportion seronegative was significantly higher among married women (21.5%) than among single women (14.0%) (P = 0.02). Rates of seronegativity were highest among physicians and lowest among housekeepers. All 150 seronegative women in the study sample accepted a dose of rubella vaccine. CONCLUSION: These are the first rubella serosurveys to have been reported from eye hospitals in any country. The relatively high rate of susceptibility indicated a risk of a rubella outbreak, and this was reduced by vaccinating all seronegative women. A policy has been established at all three hospitals for the provision of rubella vaccine to new employees. Other hospitals, especially eye hospitals and hospitals in countries without routine rubella immunization, should consider the rubella susceptibility of staff and the risk of hospital-based rubella outbreaks.
- Published
- 2004
32. Rubella transmission and the risk of congenital rubella syndrome in Liberia: a need to introduce rubella-containing vaccine in the routine immunization program
- Author
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Roland Tuopileyi, Julius Monday, Gertrude Mulbah, Thomas Nagbe, Mohammed Seid Ali, Mohammed Kromah, Suleman Abdullahi, Tolbert Nyenswah, Jeremy Sesay, Abyot Bekele Woyessa, Mesfin Zbelo Gebrekidan, John Dogba, Tiala K. Korkpor, Kwuakuan Yealue, April Baller, and Henry Kohar
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Pediatrics ,Databases, Factual ,Epidemiology ,Pre-vaccine era ,0302 clinical medicine ,Interquartile range ,Rubella Vaccine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,education.field_of_study ,Transmission (medicine) ,virus diseases ,Rubella Infection ,Infectious Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,Seasons ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Population ,Measles case-based surveillance ,Rubella ,Measles ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,West Africa ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,education ,Women of childbearing age ,Retrospective Studies ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,Immunization Programs ,business.industry ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Liberia ,030104 developmental biology ,Immunoglobulin M ,business ,Rubella virus - Abstract
Background Rubella is an RNA virus in the genus Rubivirus within the Matonaviridae family. Rubella remains a leading vaccine-preventable cause of birth defects. Most African countries including Liberia do not currently provide rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) in their immunization program. We analyzed the existing surveillance data to describe rubella cases and identify the at-risk population. Methods We conducted a retrospective descriptive statistics on the suspected-measles case-based surveillance data that obtained from the national database. Suspected-measles cases who were negative and indeterminate for measles IgM and tested for rubella IgM were extracted from the database. We used only rubella IgM positive cases to calculate trends and percentages by person, place and time. The cumulative-percent curve was used to visually describe the age distribution of rubella cases. Results During 2017–2018, a total of 2027 suspected-measles cases with known laboratory results were reported; of which, 1307 were tested for rubella IgM. Among tested cases, 472 (36%) were positive, 769 (59%) were negative and 66 (5%) were indeterminate for rubella IgM. Female contributed 269 (57%) of the confirmed rubella cases respectively. The median age was 7 years with an interquartile range of 5–10 years. From the total rubella cases, 6 (1%) were under 1 year, 109 (23%) were 1–4 years, 207 (44%) were 5–9 years, 87 (18%) were 10–14 years and 56 (12%) were more than or equal to 15 years. Women in their reproductive-age contributed 23 (5%) of rubella cases with 17% positivity rate. Two-thirds or 307 (65%) of the cases were reported from February to May which is dry season in Liberia. Conclusions Our analysis revealed that rubella was widely circulating in Liberia. Majority of the cases were reported among children
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- 2019
33. Molecular aspects of the teratogenesis of rubella virus
- Author
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Rajlakshmi Viswanathan, Gajanan N. Sapkal, and Suji George
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Apoptosis ,Review ,Virus Replication ,medicine.disease_cause ,Rubella ,Measles ,Congenital Abnormalities ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Humans ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Fetus ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,Fetal death ,business.industry ,Rubella virus ,medicine.disease ,Teratology ,Mitochondria ,030104 developmental biology ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Immunology ,Teratogenesis ,Female ,business ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Rubella or German measles is an infection caused by rubella virus (RV). Infection of children and adults is usually characterized by a mild exanthematous febrile illness. However, RV is a major cause of birth defects and fetal death following infection in pregnant women. RV is a teratogen and is a major cause of public health concern as there are more than 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) estimated to occur every year. Several lines of evidence in the field of molecular biology of RV have provided deeper insights into the teratogenesis process. The damage to the growing fetus in infected mothers is multifactorial, arising from a combination of cellular damage, as well as its effect on the dividing cells. This review focuses on the findings in the molecular biology of RV, with special emphasis on the mitochondrial, cytoskeleton and the gene expression changes. Further, the review addresses in detail, the role of apoptosis in the teratogenesis process.
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- 2019
34. Anti-Jo-1 Antibody-positive Interstitial Pneumonia in an Elderly Patient with Congenital Rubella Syndrome
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Takafumi Suda, Tsuyoshi Nozue, Atsuki Fukada, and Mikio Toyoshima
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Lymphocytosis ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Connective tissue ,Case Report ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Gastroenterology ,Autoimmunity ,Hypoxemia ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Lung ,Aged ,interstitial pneumonia ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,biology ,business.industry ,congenital rubella syndrome ,autoimmunity ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,respiratory tract diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Bronchoalveolar lavage ,Cough ,Antibodies, Antinuclear ,biology.protein ,Female ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,medicine.symptom ,Antibody ,Lung Diseases, Interstitial ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,business ,Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ,CD8 - Abstract
A 71-year-old woman with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) presented with prolonged cough. No physical findings suggested the presence of any connective tissue diseases. Chest computed tomography showed ground-glass opacities and consolidations in the bilateral lower lobes. She had elevated serum Krebs von den Lungen-6, hypoxemia and positive serum anti-Jo-1 antibody. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed lymphocytosis with a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. A transbronchial lung biopsy specimen revealed organizing pneumonia. Based on a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF), systemic corticosteroids were administered, and a good outcome was obtained. A possible relationship between CRS and IPAF is herein discussed.
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- 2019
35. Predicting congenital rubella syndrome in Japan, 2018–2019
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Taishi Kayano, Hiroshi Nishiura, and Hyojung Lee
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Adult ,0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,030106 microbiology ,Gestational Age ,medicine.disease_cause ,Rubella ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Japan ,Pregnancy ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Epidemics ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Outbreak ,Gestational age ,Rubella virus ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Confidence interval ,Infectious Diseases ,Female ,business - Abstract
Objectives: A rubella epidemic has been ongoing in Japan since August 2018. In the present study, we aimed to predict the likely size of a congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) epidemic during 2018–19. Methods: The expected number of CRS cases was estimated using an integral equation based on age-specific incidence of rubella among adult women, the time delay from gestational age of infection to diagnosis of CRS, and distribution of the mothers’ age at delivery. We used epidemic data during 2012–14 to parameterize the model and applied this in the prediction for 2018–19. Results: In analyzing the 2012–14 epidemic data, the mean delay from the mother’s infection to diagnosis was estimated at 24.2 weeks (95% confidence interval (CI): 20.7, 28.1). Applying the parameterized model, together with the more than 480 rubella cases in women in 2018 as well as delayed mother’s age at delivery in 2017, we determined that the expected number of CRS cases would be 9.7 (95% CI: 6.5, 12.5) cases. As the epidemic is ongoing, the cumulative number of CRS cases could potentially reach 96.8 (95% CI: 65.3, 125.5) cases, if rubella cases in adult women rose to 10 times the number by week 49 in 2018. Conclusions: CRS is expected to occur an average of 24 weeks following the mother’s infection with rubella virus. Accounting for an increase to 650 cases in women by week 5 in 2019, the expected number of CRS cases during 2018–19 has already exceeded 13 cases, as of week 5 in 2019. Keywords: Rubella virus, Statistical model, Forecasting, Outbreak, Epidemiology, Prediction, Japan
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- 2019
36. Clinical manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome: A review of our experience in Vietnam
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Hien Minh Vo, Michiko Toizumi, Duc Anh Dang, Hiroyuki Moriuchi, and Lay-Myint Yoshida
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Rubella vaccine ,Heart Diseases ,Developmental Disabilities ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Population ,Psychological intervention ,Rubella ,Disease Outbreaks ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Quality of life ,030225 pediatrics ,Epidemiology ,Prevalence ,medicine ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,Hearing Loss ,education ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,education.field_of_study ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Immunization Programs ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Clinical manifestations ,Infectious Diseases ,Vietnam ,Child, Preschool ,Quality of Life ,Molecular Medicine ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Rubella vaccination programs have dramatically reduced the incidence of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in developed countries. However, CRS prevalence is still rising in developing countries where rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) are not included in the immunization program and even in some countries where a part of the population lacks immunity to rubella despite the presence of RCV in the regular immunization program. This review aimed to summarize the clinical features of CRS using data from our studies conducted between 2011 and 2015 in Vietnam,wherein we examined clinical manifestations in Vietnamese children with CRS who were born after the large rubella outbreak of 2011; a series of studies dealing with CRS in North America and Europe after the 1960s epidemic; and those from countries before introduction of RCVs. This review shows that children with CRS have a variety of disabilities such as hearing, visual, developmental, behavioral, cardiac, and endocrine impairments, which have variable severity and may appear in different combinations. Some of these impairments can appear or worsen later in the lives of these children.Physicians should thus complete pediatric, cardiac, auditory, ophthalmologic, and neurologic examinations along with laboratory diagnostic testing soon after birth. These assessments should be repeated during follow-up if congenital rubella infection is suspected in a neonate. Timely intervention for cardiac defects can be lifesaving. Early introduction and continuation of speech, occupational, physical, and behavior therapies and training with appropriate medical interventions by a multidisciplinary team approach are required to maximize quality of life., Vaccine, 37(1), pp.202-209; 2019
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- 2019
37. A retrospective 5-year review of rubella in South Africa prior to the introduction of a rubella-containing vaccine
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Heather Hong, Susan Malfeld, Sheilagh Smit, Lillian Makhathini, Mirriam Fortuin, Tshepo Motsamai, Dipolelo Tselana, Morubula Jack Manamela, Nkengafac Villyen Motaze, Genevie Ntshoe, Mercy Kamupira, Ester Khosa-Lesola, Sibongile Mokoena, Thulasizwe Buthelezi, Elizabeth Maseti, and Melinda Suchard
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Multidisciplinary ,Adolescent ,Incidence ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Infant ,South Africa ,Young Adult ,Immunoglobulin M ,Child, Preschool ,Humans ,Female ,Rubella Vaccine ,Child ,Rubella virus ,Rubella ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
South Africa has yet to introduce a rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) into its Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI). Here we evaluated the incidence of laboratory-confirmed rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) cases over the years 2015 to 2019, to document the epidemiology of rubella and CRS within South Africa prior to a RCV introduction. This retrospective study evaluated the number of laboratory-confirmed rubella cases reported through the national febrile rash surveillance system. A positive test for rubella immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies was considered a confirmed rubella case. For CRS cases, we reported laboratory-confirmed CRS cases collected from 28 sentinel-sites from all nine provinces of South Africa. From 2015–2019, 19 773 serum samples were tested for rubella IgM antibodies, 6 643 (33.6%) were confirmed rubella cases. Rubella was seasonal, with peaks in spring (September to November). Case numbers were similar between males (n = 3 239; 50.1%) and females (n = 3 232; 49.9%). The highest burden of cases occurred in 2017 (n = 2 526; 38%). The median age was 5 years (IQR: 3–7 years). Importantly, of females with rubella, 5.0% (161 of 3 232) of the cases were among women of reproductive age (15–44 years). A total of 62 CRS cases were reported, the mortality rate was 12.9% (n = 8), and the most common birth defect was congenital heart disease. In conclusion, rubella is endemic in South Africa. Children below the age of 10 years were the most affected, however, rubella was also reported among women of reproductive age. The baseline data represented here provides insight into the burden of rubella and CRS in South Africa prior to the introduction of a RCV, and can enable planning of RCV introduction into the South African EPI.
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- 2022
38. Global landscape of measles and rubella surveillance
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Randie Gibson, Minal K. Patel, Laure Dumolard, Marta Gacic-Dobo, and Adam L. Cohen
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0301 basic medicine ,Asia ,Health Personnel ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,030106 microbiology ,Global Health ,World Health Organization ,Measles ,Rubella ,World health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Disease Eradication ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,Member states ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine.disease ,Europe ,Infectious Diseases ,Africa ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Molecular Medicine ,Americas ,Laboratories ,business ,Healthcare providers - Abstract
Background All six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have committed to eliminate measles, and three WHO regions have committed to eliminate rubella. One of the key tenets of measles and rubella elimination is to have a strong surveillance system in place. The presence of a case-based measles and rubella surveillance system that is national, population-based, provides laboratory confirmation, and directs action, is one of the requirements for elimination-standard surveillance. Methods In order to understand the global landscape for measles and rubella surveillance, a questionnaire was sent to all 194 WHO member states (herein referred to as countries) requesting information on how surveillance was conducted for measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome. Data were supplemented with information provided to WHO through other reporting mechanisms and by national policy documents available to the public. Frequencies and percentages were calculated. Results Data were available to review from 164 (85%) countries, although not every country responded to every question. Case-based, population-based, national surveillance with laboratory confirmation was reported to be conducted in 136 (86%) of 158 countries for measles and 122 (77%) of 158 countries for rubella. Congenital rubella syndrome surveillance was reported to be conducted by 126 (77%) of 163 countries. Gaps were noted in the quality of measles-rubella surveillance conducted, and 26 (16%) of 158 countries reported not including all healthcare providers as mandatory reporters. Conclusions Many countries reported having some of the essential components in place to conduct elimination-standard surveillance for measles and rubella; however, in order to achieve elimination, the quality of surveillance needs to improve to detect all cases. In those countries without these essential components of elimination-standard surveillance, the first step is to implement these components.
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- 2018
39. Rubella
- Author
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Amy K Winter and William J Moss
- Subjects
Pregnancy ,Measles Vaccine ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Humans ,Female ,Rubella Vaccine ,General Medicine ,Rubella virus ,Rubella - Abstract
Rubella is an acute illness caused by rubella virus and characterised by fever and rash. Although rubella is a clinically mild illness, primary rubella virus infection in early pregnancy can result in congenital rubella syndrome, which has serious medical and public health consequences. WHO estimates that approximately 100 000 congenital rubella syndrome cases occur per year. Rubella virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact. 25-50% of people infected with rubella virus are asymptomatic. Clinical disease often results in mild, self-limited illness characterised by fever, a generalised erythematous maculopapular rash, and lymphadenopathy. Complications include arthralgia, arthritis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and encephalitis. Common presenting signs and symptoms of congenital rubella syndrome include cataracts, sensorineural hearing impairment, congenital heart disease, jaundice, purpura, hepatosplenomegaly, and microcephaly. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome can be prevented by rubella-containing vaccines, which are commonly administered in combination with measles vaccine. Although global rubella vaccine coverage reached only 70% in 2020 global rubella eradiation remains an ambitious but achievable goal.
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- 2021
40. Immunogenicity, duration of protection, effectiveness and safety of rubella containing vaccines: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis
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Hester E. de Melker, Irene K. Veldhuijzen, Jossy Van den Boogaard, Priscila de Oliveira Bressane Lima, Shalini Desai, Susan Hahné, and Brechje de Gier
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Effectiveness ,Review ,medicine.disease_cause ,Rubella ,law.invention ,Rubella vaccine ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Pregnancy ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Rubella Vaccine ,Seroconversion ,Child ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,Immunogenicity ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Infant ,Rubella virus ,medicine.disease ,Meta-analysis ,Infectious Diseases ,Duration of protection ,Rubella containing vaccine ,Molecular Medicine ,Female ,Pregnant Women ,Safety ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background Rubella containing vaccines (RCV) prevent rubella virus infection and subsequent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). To update the evidence on immunogenicity, duration of protection, effectiveness and safety of RCV, we conducted a systematic literature review. Methods We searched EMBASE and SCOPUS, using keywords for rubella vaccine in combination with immunogenicity (seroconversion and seropositivity), duration of protection, efficacy/effectiveness, and safety. Original research papers involving at least one dose of RCV (at any age), published between 1-1-2010 and 17-5-2019 were included. Where appropriate, meta-analyses were performed. Quality of included studies was assessed using GRADE methodology. Results We included 36 papers (32 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 4 observational studies) on immunogenicity (RA27/3 strain) in children and adolescent girls, 14 papers (5 RCTs and 9 observational studies) on duration of protection, one paper on vaccine effectiveness (VE) (BRDII strain), and 74 studies on safety, including three on safety in pregnancy. Meta-analysis of immunogenicity data showed 99% seroconversion (95% CI: 98–99%) after a single dose of RCV in children, independent of co-administration with other vaccines. Seroconversion after RCV1 below 9 months of age (BRDII strain, at 8 months) was 93% (95% CI: 92–95%). For duration of protection, the included studies showed a seropositivity of 88%-100% measured 1–20 years after one or two RCV doses. The single study on VE of BRDII strain, reported 100% VE after one and two doses. Among 34,332 individuals participating in the RCTs, 140 severe adverse events (SAEs) were reported as possibly related to RCV. Among the case reports on SAEs, the association with RCV was confirmed in one report (on fulminant encephalitis). Among 3,000 pregnant women who were inadvertently vaccinated, no SAEs were reported. Conclusions One and two doses of RCV are highly immunogenic for a long period of time, effective in preventing rubella and CRS, and safe.
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- 2021
41. Rubella Serosurvey Among Future Healthcare Workers
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Annamaria Nicolli, Andrea Trevisan, Paola Mason, Stefano Maso, and Chiara Bertoncello
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Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health Personnel ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,education ,Population ,medical students ,Rubella ,Herd immunity ,Rubella vaccine ,Pregnancy ,rubella vaccine ,medicine ,Humans ,Original Research ,education.field_of_study ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,rubella antibodies ,healthcare workers ,business.industry ,rubella ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Antibody titer ,medicine.disease ,Vaccination ,Titer ,Female ,Public Health ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,business ,Rubella virus ,Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objective: Rubella is a very diffusive but relatively benign infectious disease unless contracted during pregnancy, when it causes congenital rubella syndrome. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and titer of antirubella antibodies in a population of future healthcare workers (students at the school of medicine).Methods: The cohort consisted of 11,022 students who underwent antibody analysis after the presentation of a vaccine certificate.Results: Vaccination compliance was very high, particularly in younger students (born after 1995), reaching almost 100% (at least one dose). Unvaccinated students born before 1990 had high seropositivity (>95%), but this percentage dropped to zero among the youngest students. Variables affecting antibody titer included year of birth and sex. Considering only vaccinated students, a greater antibody response was observed if the vaccine was administered between 8 and 10 years of age. Female sex was associated with more significant (p < 0.0001) positivity and higher antibody titer after one and two doses. However, this difference appeared less consistent in relation to year of birth.Conclusions: The studied population exhibited excellent vaccination compliance, high seropositivity, and high antibody titer. Vaccine and immune coverage were higher than what is deemed necessary to achieve herd immunity.
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- 2021
42. Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) Annual Surveillance Report 2021.
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Teutsch SM, Nunez CA, Morris A, Eslick GD, Berkhout A, Novakovic D, Brotherton JM, McGregor S, Khawar L, Khandaker G, Booy R, Jones CA, Rawlinson W, Thorley BR, and Elliott EJ
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Australia epidemiology, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Chickenpox epidemiology, Chickenpox prevention & control, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Cytomegalovirus Infections, HIV Infections epidemiology, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital
- Abstract
Abstract: The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) has been conducting surveillance of rare communicable and non-communicable conditions in children since its inception in 1993. In this report, the results are described of surveillance of ten communicable diseases (and complications) for 2021, including the numbers of cases and incidence estimates; demographics; clinical features; and management and short-term outcomes. The included diseases are: acute flaccid paralysis (AFP); congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV); neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection; paediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; perinatal exposure to HIV; severe complications from influenza; juvenile-onset respiratory papillomatosis (JoRRP); congenital rubella syndrome; congenital varicella syndrome; and neonatal varicella infection. In 2021, cases of JoRRP were reported to the APSU for the first time since 2017, indicating potential gaps in HPV vaccination. AFP surveillance by APSU again contributed to Australia achieving a minimum target incidence of one AFP case per 100,000 children aged < 15 years. There were no cases of children with severe complications of influenza. No cases of varicella or congenital rubella were reported; however, at-risk populations, especially young migrant and refugee women from countries without universal vaccination programs, need to be screened and prioritised for vaccination prior to pregnancy. Cases of perinatal exposure to HIV continue to increase; however, the rate of mother-to-child-transmission remains at low levels due to the use of effective intervention strategies. Case numbers of congenital CMV and neonatal HSV remain steady in the absence of vaccines, prompting the need for greater awareness and education, with recent calls for target screening of at-risk infants for congenital CMV., (© Commonwealth of Australia CC BY-NC-ND.)
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- 2022
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43. The epidemiology and disease burden of congenital TORCH infections among hospitalized children in China: A national cross-sectional study.
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Zhang L, Wang X, Liu M, Feng G, Zeng Y, Wang R, and Xie Z
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- Pregnancy, Infant, Newborn, Humans, Female, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Child, Hospitalized, Cost of Illness, Toxoplasmosis epidemiology, Rubella epidemiology, Rubella complications, Rubella diagnosis, Toxoplasmosis, Congenital, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious epidemiology, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious diagnosis, Cytomegalovirus Infections epidemiology, Cytomegalovirus Infections complications, Cytomegalovirus Infections diagnosis, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Communicable Diseases complications, Fetal Diseases
- Abstract
Background: Congenital TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), rubella virus (RV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV)) infections are associated with a variety of adverse prenatal and neonatal events, including miscarriage, malformations and developmental abnormalities, and they remain an issue that cannot be neglected in China. However, the current research focuses more on the general screening of TORCH in women of childbearing age, and the medical information of children hospitalized due to congenital and perinatal TORCH infections has not been described in detail. This study summarized and analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, length of stay (LOS), and the disease burden of hospitalized children diagnosed with congenital TORCH infections in 27 children's hospitals in China., Methodology: Based on the face sheet of discharge medical records (FSMRs) of hospitalized children in 27 tertiary children's hospitals collected in the Futang Research Center of Pediatric Development and aggregated into FUTang Update medical REcords (FUTURE), we summarized and analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, LOS, the disease burden (in US dollars, USD) and potential risk factors for hospitalized children diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis, congenital rubella syndrome, congenital cytomegalovirus infection, and congenital HSV in 27 children's hospitals in China from 2015 to 2020., Results: One hundred seventy-three patients aged 0-<1 year were hospitalized for congenital TORCH infections. Among infections with TORCH, hospitalization with congenital toxoplasmosis was the least common, with only five cases were reported (2.89%), while the LOS was the highest. The proportion of patients with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was 15.61%, and 86% of children hospitalized with CRS had cardiovascular malformations, and the economic burden was the highest. Congenital CMV infection cases accounted for the largest proportion (76.30%). Overall, 5.20% of patients were infected with HSV, and the expense of hospitalization for congenital HSV infection was relatively low., Conclusion: In the present study, the hospitalization proportion due to congenital TORCH infection was extremely low (17.56 per 100,000 neonates), indicating that China's congenital TORCH infection prevention and control policies remain effective. The lowest proportion of patients was hospitalized with congenital toxoplasmosis, while the LOS was the longest. The economic burden of CRS was heavy, and infants are recommended be vaccinated against RV in a timely manner. Congenital CMV infections accounted for the largest proportion of patients, suggesting that the disease burden of congenital CMV infection cannot be ignored, and the prevention of congenital CMV infection during pregnancy is still an important issue that needs to pay attention. The expense of hospitalization for congenital HSV infection was relatively low, while the disease burden increases significantly when patients develop complications. These data illustrate the importance of improving screening for congenital TORCH infections in the early diagnosis and treatment of neonatal patients., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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- 2022
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44. Pattern of congenital heart disease among children presenting to the Uganda Heart Institute, Mulago Hospital: a 7-year review
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Peter Lwabi, Twalib Aliku, Craig Sable, Sulaiman Lubega, Judith Namuyonga, and John Omagino
- Subjects
Heart Defects, Congenital ,Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ,Male ,Down syndrome ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities ,Truncus Arteriosus ,Heart disease ,Adolescent ,030231 tropical medicine ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Persistent truncus arteriosus ,Atrial septal defects ,Heart Septal Defects, Atrial ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,children ,Ductus arteriosus ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Deletion syndrome ,Uganda ,cardiovascular diseases ,Sex Distribution ,Child ,Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ,Tetralogy of Fallot ,Genetic testing ,Retrospective Studies ,Congenital heart disease ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,General Medicine ,Articles ,medicine.disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Echocardiography ,Child, Preschool ,cardiovascular system ,Female ,business - Abstract
Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly in children. Over half of the deaths due to CHD occur in the neonatal period. Most children with unrepaired complex heart lesions do not live to celebrate their first birthday. We describe the spectrum of congenital heart disease in Uganda. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of children with CHD who presented to the Uganda Heart Institute (UHI), Mulago Hospital Complex from 2007 to 2014. Results: A total of 4621 children were seen at the UHI during the study period. Of these, 3526 (76.3%) had CHD; 1941(55%) were females. Isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the most common CHD seen in 923 (27.2%) children followed by Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 760 (22%) and atrial septal defects (ASD) 332 (9.4%). Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and Truncus arteriosus were the most common cyanotic heart defects (7% and 5% respectively). Dysmorphic features were diagnosed in 185 children, of which 61 underwent genetic testing (Down syndrome=24, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome n=10). Children with confirmed 22q11.2 deletion had conotruncal abnormalities. Conclusion: Isolated VSD and Tetralogy of Fallot are the most common acyanotic and cyanotic congenital heart defects. We report an unusually high occurrence of Truncus arteriosus. Keywords: Congenital heart disease; children; Uganda.
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- 2020
45. Rubella Syndrome, Congenital
- Author
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Leung, Alexander K. C., Sauve, Reginald S., Robson, William Lane M., and Lang, Florian, editor
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- 2009
- Full Text
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46. Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) Annual Surveillance Report 2019
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Suzy Teutsch, Robert Booy, Cheryl A Jones, Julia M.L. Brotherton, Carlos Nunez, Anne Morris, Daniel Novakovic, Jonathan King, William D. Rawlinson, Elizabeth J Elliott, Bruce R Thorley, and Skye McGregor
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,030106 microbiology ,Congenital Varicella Syndrome ,HIV Infections ,Context (language use) ,Communicable Diseases ,History, 21st Century ,Congenital Abnormalities ,03 medical and health sciences ,Chickenpox ,Rare Diseases ,0302 clinical medicine ,Public health surveillance ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Humans ,Public Health Surveillance ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Child ,Respiratory Tract Infections ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,Respiratory tract infections ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Papillomavirus Infections ,Australia ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,virus diseases ,Herpes Simplex ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Child, Preschool ,Cytomegalovirus Infections ,Female ,Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis ,business - Abstract
The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) has been prospectively collecting national data on rare childhood conditions since 1993, with monthly reporting of cases by paediatricians. In this report we describe annual results from studies for ten communicable diseases and complications of communicable diseases that were conducted using APSU surveillance in 2019 and place these in an historic context. Results are reported on acute flaccid paralysis, congenital cytomegalovirus infection, neonatal herpes simplex virus infection, perinatal exposure to HIV, paediatric HIV infection, severe complications of seasonal influenza, juvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JoRRP), congenital rubella syndrome, congenital varicella syndrome and neonatal varicella infection. APSU provides rich clinical data to complement data collected from other surveillance systems and to improve understanding and response to rare childhood infections.
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- 2020
47. Spatiotemporal proximity of rubella cases to the occurrence of congenital rubella syndrome in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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E, Sriwahyuni, A, Fuad, R A, Ahmad, R, Rustamaji, Gunadi, and E S, Herini
- Subjects
Male ,Spatio-Temporal Analysis ,Adolescent ,Indonesia ,Pregnancy ,Child, Preschool ,Incidence ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Humans ,Infant ,Female ,Child ,Rubella - Abstract
Rubella infection during early pregnancy may cause fatal consequences such as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The incidence rate (IR) of CRS confirmed cases in Yogyakarta, Indonesia between July 2008 and June 2013 was high at 0.05 per 1,000 live births. This study aimed to discover the spatiotemporal pattern of rubella and CRS and also identify whether the proximity of rubella cases was associated with the occurrence of CRS cases.This observational research used a spatiotemporal approach. We obtained CRS and rubella surveillance data from Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Provincial, and District Health Offices in Yogyakarta, Indonesia during January-April 2019. The home addresses of rubella and CRS cases were geocoded using the Global Positioning System. Average of the nearest neighbour and space-time permutation analyses were conducted to discover the spatiotemporal patterns and clusters of rubella and CRS cases.The peak of rubella cases occurred in 2017 (IR: 22.3 per 100,000 population). Twelve confirmed cases of CRS were found in the 2016-2018 period (IR: 0.05 per 1,000 live births). The occurrence of CRS in Yogyakarta was detected 6-8 months after the increase and peak of rubella cases. The spatiotemporal analysis showed that rubella cases were mostly clustered, while CRS cases were distributed in a dispersed pattern. Rubella cases were found within a buffer zone of 2.5 km from any CRS case.Rubella cases were spatiotemporally associated with the occurrence of CRS in Yogyakarta. We recommend strengthening the surveillance system of CRS and rubella cases in order to contain any further spreading of the disease.
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- 2020
48. Etiology of Childhood Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Shandong Province, China
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Tess Bright, Wen-Zhe Qin, Hannah Kuper, and Fan Jiang
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Male ,Pediatrics ,Cross-sectional study ,Audiology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Goldenhar Syndrome ,Kanamycin ,Pregnancy ,Waardenburg Syndrome ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Child ,Hyperbilirubinemia ,Asphyxia Neonatorum ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Herpesviridae Infections ,Meige Syndrome ,Mobius Syndrome ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Connexin 26 ,Sulfate Transporters ,Virus Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Meningitis ,Infant, Premature ,medicine.medical_specialty ,China ,Adolescent ,Hearing loss ,Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ,030231 tropical medicine ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Measles ,DNA, Mitochondrial ,Hearing Loss, Bilateral ,03 medical and health sciences ,Speech and Hearing ,Ototoxicity ,Audiometry ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Mumps ,Genetic testing ,business.industry ,Infant ,Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced ,Pneumonia ,Infant, Low Birth Weight ,medicine.disease ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,RNA, Ribosomal ,Etiology ,Down Syndrome ,Gentamicins ,business - Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study is to ascertain the etiology of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children aged ≤ 18 years living in Shandong province. Method Data were taken from a cross-sectional study, which was conducted between 2015 and 2017. The study included children aged ≤ 18 years, recruited from special schools for children with hearing loss and from hearing rehabilitation centers in Shandong province of China. Children were screened for bilateral SNHL through audiological testing. Clinical examination, genetic testing, and structured interviews were conducted for those children who were identified as having hearing loss to identify the potential cause. Results The etiology of bilateral SNHL in our sample was genetic in 874 (39.3%), acquired in 650 (29.3%), and unknown in 697 (31.4%) children. Among children with acquired SNHL, the cause was maternal viral infection in 75 (11.5%); perinatal factors in 238 (36.6%); meningitis, measles, and mumps in 146 (22.5%); and ototoxic exposure in 117 (18%) children. Among the children with genetic SNHL, only 44 (4.9%) were identified as having syndromic hearing loss, and the remainder (95.1%) were classified as nonsyndromic hearing loss. Conclusion The findings indicated that nearly 30% of bilateral SNHL in Shandong province could be preventable through immunization, early prenatal diagnosis, proper treatment of infections, and avoidance of prescription of ototoxic drugs. This finding emphasizes the need for programs aimed at improving the health services at primary and secondary levels of health care, which will in turn prevent childhood hearing loss.
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- 2020
49. Strategies for elimination of rubella in pregnancy and of congenital rubella syndrome in high and upper-middle income countries
- Author
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TERRACCIANO, E., AMADORI, F., PETTINICCHIO, V., ZARATTI, L., and FRANCO, E.
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,0303 health sciences ,Surveillance ,Coverage ,Vaccination Coverage ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,Immunization Programs ,030306 microbiology ,Developed Countries ,Vaccination ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,Infant, Newborn ,Emigrants and Immigrants ,virus diseases ,Review ,03 medical and health sciences ,Pregnancy ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Humans ,Female ,Rubella Vaccine ,Disease Eradication ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Rubella - Abstract
Rubella infection generally leads to mild symptoms; otherwise, in pregnant women it can cause severe damages. The only way to prevent rubella is vaccine. Before the introduction of the vaccine, up to 4 babies in 1000 live births were born with CRS. This work aims to review the most important strategies for the elimination of CRS in upper and high-income countries. Papers were selected through a PubMed search up to January 2019, using keywords rubella, congenital rubella syndrome and epidemiology. Articles published in the last 12 years and referred to upper income and high-income countries in title or abstract were included. Sixty-five papers were selected dealing with one or more of the following strategies: increasing of rubella vaccination coverage in childbearing age women, males, immigrants; exploitation of all appropriate occasions; improving of rubella surveillance. Despite numerous suggestions and indications for valid strategies to eliminate rubella in pregnancy and congenital rubella syndrome, a practical application is often missing., Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 61 No. 1 (2020): 2020611
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Seroprevalence of rubella in pregnant women in Southern Morocco
- Author
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Ghita Elghouat, Hanane Mouhib, Lamiae Arsalane, Youssef Elkamouni, Said Zouhair, and Hanane Zahir
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Igm antibody ,Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ,030231 tropical medicine ,Rubella ,Congenital Rubella ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Humans ,Medicine ,Seroprevalence ,Case Series ,Prospective Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Immune status ,Congenital rubella syndrome ,seroprevalence ,Immunization Programs ,business.industry ,Premature labor ,Obstetrics ,Pregnant women ,rubella ,Infant, Newborn ,Pregnancy Outcome ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Vaccination ,Morocco ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Female ,business - Abstract
Rubella is a generally benign but dangerous viral infection in early pregnancy, due to the teratogenic potential of the virus. Indeed, it causes spontaneous abortions, in-utero fetal death, premature labor and congenital malformations known as congenital rubella syndrome. The purpose of this study is to determine the immune status of rubella in pregnant women in southern Morocco. A prospective, multicentre study was conducted in 2017 for the detection of rubella IgG and IgM antibodies in 380 pregnant women aged 17 to 46 years, using the Architect i1000 chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Eigthy for percent (84.7%) of women were seropositive. Ten percent of multiparous women remained seronegative despite recommendations for vaccination after delivery. Preventive measures against congenital rubella need to be strengthened, and vaccination is needed in non-immunized women. Vaccination awareness campaigns, especially among non-immunized multiparous women, remain essential.
- Published
- 2020
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