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Purpose: The diagnosis of breast cancer during pregnancy is a rare event, but it is more frequent in our daily clinical practice due to the progressing aging of pregnant women. The management of a woman affected by pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) remains a challenge for the clinician as it is related to ethical and psychological decisions., Patients and Methods: Here, we retrospectively described 10 cases of PABC in women treated at our Institution. All cases were discussed in the multidisciplinary team. We reviewed available literature data on the topic., Results: Nine out 10 patients were diagnosed with localized breast cancer. The remaining patients were presented with metastatic de novo disease. Median age was 37.5 years (range 26-42). Seven patients presented with grade 3 tumor and 9 patients had Ki-67 value higher than 30%. All but 2 patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of sequential anthracyclines and cyclophosphamide followed by weekly paclitaxel during pregnancy. No safety concerns or complications during delivery for both the mothers and the babies were reported., Conclusion: Breast cancer during pregnancy is a challenging clinical situation and all the decisions need to consider both the patients and the fetus safety. Data from our series and from literature confirm the safety of standard chemotherapy approach starting from the second trimester of gestation. More research and effort are needed to offer these patients excellent outcomes and it is mandatory that cases should be closely followed up by a multidisciplinary team., Competing Interests: Dr Ornella Garrone reports personal fees from MSD, Pfizer, Eisai, Gilead, Lilly, Novartis; travel expenses from Ipsen and Novartis, outside the submitted work. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2024 Ruatta et al.)

Introduction: There are multiple neoadjuvant regimens, including platinum agents for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), each with a different safety profile, outcome, and pathologic complete response rate (pCR%). We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of different platinum-based neoadjuvant CT treatments for TNBC., Methods: Bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were searched from their inception to October 31, 2022. Eligible studies were randomized clinical trials that evaluated the addition of carboplatin or cisplatin to standard neoadjuvant CT for TNBC. The primary endpoints were pCR rates and DFS/EFS, while the secondary endpoints were grade (G)3-4 hematological toxicity and OS., Results: Thirteen trials involving 3154 patients comparing six treatments (carboplatin AUC 5, carboplatin AUC 6, carboplatin AUC 2, carboplatin AUC 1.5, cisplatin 75 mg/m2, and standard anthracycline-and/or taxane-based CT) were identified. Based on the most effective treatments added to neoadjuvant CT, carboplatin AUC 2 was associated with the least improvement in pCR% (RR, 1.49; 95%CI, 1.23, 1.8), carboplatin AUC 6 was associated with similar improvement in pCR% (RR 1.58, 95%CI, 1.35, 1.84) and carboplatin AUC 5 with the highest improvement in pCR% (RR 2.23, 95%CI, 1.6,32). The treatment associated with the most considerable improvement in DFS when added to neoadjuvant CT was carboplatin AUC 5 (HR 0.36, 95%CI 0.18, 0.73). It was also better than AUC 6 and AUC 2 (HR= 0.45, 95%CI 0.21-0.96 and HR=0.48, 95%CI 0.23-0.98). All schedules exhibited similar outcomes in terms of OS; however, only AUC 2 demonstrated a significant improvement compared to the no-platinum arms. Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia G3-4 were significantly increased by carboplatin AUC 6., Conclusions: Based on this network meta-analysis, carboplatin AUC 5 added to standard neoadjuvant CT may provide substantial pCR and DFS benefits with a low toxicity risk compared to other carboplatin doses., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Treatment of metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) dramatically changed. PEACE-1 and ARASENS trials established triplet therapy efficacy. Identifying prognostic factors supporting treatment choice is pivotal., Methods: TEAM is an observational, retrospective study to evaluate prognostic role of variables in mHSPC patients receiving upfront docetaxel in 11 Italian centers. Outcome measures were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall-survival (OS)., Results: From September 2014 to December 2020, 147 patients were included. Median PFS and OS were 11.6 and 37.4 months. At univariate analysis, PFS-related variables were Gleason Score (GS) (P = .001), opioid use (P = .004), bone metastases number (P < .001), baseline PSA (P = .006), Hb (P < .001), ALP (P < .001) and LDH (P = .002), time between ADT and docetaxel start (P = .018), 3-month PSA (P < .001) and ALP (P < .001), and number of docetaxel cycles (P < .001). OS-related variables were PSA at diagnosis (P = .024), primary tumor treatment (P = .022), baseline pain (P = .015), opioid use (P < .001), bone metastases number (P < . 001), baseline Hb (P < .001), ALP (P < .001) and LDH (P = .001), NLR ratio (P = .039), 3-month PSA (P < .001) and ALP (P < .001) and docetaxel cycles number (P < .001). At multivariate analysis, independent prognostic variables were GS, opioid use, baseline LDH and time between ADT and docetaxel initiation for PFS, and baseline Hb and LDH for OS., Conclusion: Patients receiving upfront docetaxel with high GS, high disease burden, pain or opioid use, baseline unfavorable laboratory values had worse outcomes. Patients had greater docetaxel benefit when initiated early after ADT start. These parameters could be taken into account when selecting candidates for triplet therapy., Competing Interests: Disclosure All authors have no conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background/aim: Low human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression (HER2-low: 1+/2+ by immunohistochemistry without HER2 amplification) is emerging as defining a specific breast cancer (BC) subgroup owing to its distinct biological features. However, its prognostic role has not been confirmed in clinical practice. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prognostic role of HER2-low status in patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) early BC., Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for prospective or retrospective studies that reported data on overall (OS) or disease-free (DFS) survival for HER2-low compared to HER2-negative BC. Data were pooled using hazard ratios (HR) with confidence intervals (CI) for OS/DFS of HER2-low vs. HER2-negative subgroups according to the random-effects model. OS was the primary outcome measure, and DFS and pathological complete response were the secondary endpoints., Results: An analysis was made of 25 studies collected, including 34,965 patients with HER2-low BC. A HER2-low status was associated with an HR for OS of 0.83 (95% CI=0.76-0.9, p<0.0.01). Similarly, a pooled HR of 0.89 (95% CI=0.840.94, p<0.0.01) showed that patients with HER2-low BC had an increased DFS. Pathological complete response was significantly lower in HER2-low BC in 13 studies (OR=0.72, 95% CI=0.58-0.91; p<0.01)., Conclusion: Based on these data, HER2-low status should be identified as a potential prognostic factor in early stage ER+ BC. This should be taken into account when considering treatment in (neo)adjuvant settings, and it should be a potential stratification factor in future investigations., (Copyright © 2023 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Metastatic colorectal cancer is frequently associated with poor clinical conditions that may limit therapeutic options. Regorafenib is a small molecule approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, but it is hampered by significative toxicities. Moreover, only a relatively limited number of patients benefit from the treatment. Therefore, the identification of reliable markers for response is an unmet need. Eighteen cytokines, selected based on their prevalent Th1 or Th2 effects, were collected. Peripheral blood samples were gathered at baseline in 25 metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with regorafenib. Data extracted have been linked to progression-free survival. ROC identified the best cytokines associated with outcome. The relative value of the selected cytokines was determined by PCA. Data analysis identified 8 cytokines (TGF-β, TNF-α, CCL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-21), used to create a signature (TGF-β, TNF-α high; CCL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-21 low) corresponding to patients with a significantly longer progression-free survival. This report suggests that the analysis of multiple cytokines might identify a cytokine signature related to a patient's outcome that is able to recognize patients who will benefit from treatment. If confirmed, future studies, also based on different drugs, using this approach and including larger patient populations, might identify a signature allowing the a priori identification of patients to be treated.

Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is extensively used for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors and other malignancies. Oxaliplatin-related hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) are common during antitumor treatment. Several studies have been conducted to identify predictive risk factors for oxaliplatin-related HSRs, but findings remain controversial. No definitive approach has been identified to reduce the risk of developing HSRs. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of oxaliplatin-related HSRs, and to report our institution's experience. With our work, we reviewed available data from the literature and described our case series. A total of 153 patients were treated with oxaliplatin and 17 developed an HSR. On the whole, 70.6% of reactions were Grade 3, mostly with respiratory and cutaneous symptoms. Steroids and antihistamines were administered to reduce hypersensitivity symptoms and prevent further reactions. A stronger premedication and prolonged time of infusion resulted in milder reactions or absence of subsequent reactions. We did not find any clear predictive factor for the development of HSRs. Although it is not possible to cancel the risk of oxaliplatin-based HSRs, strategies to reduce the risk of occurrence could be stronger premedication and prolonged time of infusion.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer. In locally advanced (LA) HNSCC, a multidisciplinary approach consisting of surgery followed by chemoradiation (CRT) or definitive CRT is the mainstay of treatment. In recurrent metastatic (R/M), HNSCC immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with or without chemotherapy represent the new first-line option. However, cancer will recur in about two out of five patients with LA HNSCC. If progression occurs within six months from platin-radiotherapy treatment, anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) may be prescribed. Otherwise, immunotherapy with or without chemotherapy might be considered if PD-L1 is expressed. Despite several improvements in the outcome of patients with R/M HNSCC, overall survival (OS) remains dismal, equaling a median of 14 months. In-depth knowledge of the tumor microenvironment (TME) would be required to change the course of this complex disease. In recent years, many predictive and prognostic biomarkers have been studied in the HNSCC TME, but none of them alone can select the best candidates for response to ICIs or targeted therapy (e.g., Cetuximab). The presence of cytokines indicates an immune response that might occur, among other things, after tumor antigen recognition, viral and bacterial infection, and physic damage. An immune response against HNSCC results in the production of some cytokines that induce a pro-inflammatory response and attract cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T cell effectors, to enhance the innate and adaptive anti-tumor response. We revised the role of a group of cytokines as biomarkers for treatment response in HNSCC.

Chemotherapy is much more effective in immunocompetent mice than in immunodeficient ones, and it is now acknowledged that an efficient immune system is necessary to optimize chemotherapy activity and efficacy. Furthermore, chemotherapy itself may reinvigorate immune response in different ways: by targeting cancer cells through the induction of cell stress, the release of damage signals and the induction of immunogenic cell death, by targeting immune cells, inhibiting immune suppressive cells and/or activating immune effector cells; and by targeting the host physiology through changes in the balance of gut microbiome. All these effects acting on immune and non-immune components interfere with the tumor microenvironment, leading to the different activity and efficacy of treatments. This article describes the correlation between chemotherapy and the immune changes induced in the tumor microenvironment. Our ultimate aim is to pave the way for the identification of the best drugs or combinations, the doses, the schedules and the right sequences to use when chemotherapy is combined with immunotherapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background/aim: Tumor vasculature is an important component of the tumor microenvironment and deeply affects anticancer immune response. Eribulin is a non-taxane inhibitor of the mitotic spindle. However, off-target effects interfering with the tumor vasculature have been reported. The mechanisms responsible of this effect are still unclear., Materials and Methods: We designed an in vitro study to investigate the effect of eribulin, with or without TGF-β, on neo-angiogenesis, and on the expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. We also investigated the effects of paclitaxel and vinorelbine under the same experimental conditions., Results: Eribulin up-regulated the epithelial markers VE-cadherin and CD-31 in HUVEC and inhibited tube formation in HUVEC cells cultured in Matrigel. The drug effectively arrested tube formation even in the presence of TGF-β and counteracted the TGF-β-induced change in cell shape from the endothelial cobblestone-like morphology to an elongated spindle-shaped morphology. We also observed that eribulin was able to upregulate ICAM-1 and to counteract its down-regulation induced by TGF-β., Conclusion: Eribulin exerts different off-label effects: increases vascular remodeling, counteracts the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) mediated by TGF-β and promotes tumor infiltration by immune cells via increasing the expression of ICAM-1 and transcription of CD31 and VE-cadherin. Moreover, eribulin was able to inhibit vasculature remodeling and the induction of EndMT mediated by TGF-β better than vinorelbine and paclitaxel. The effects observed in this study might have important therapeutic consequence if the drug is combined with immunotherapy., (Copyright © 2022 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Cancer induces immune suppression to overcome its recognition and eradication by the immune system. Cytokines are messengers able to modulate immune response or suppression. There is great interest in the evaluation of their changes during treatment in order to identify their relationship with clinical outcome. We evaluated 18 cytokines in breast cancer patients treated with eribulin before starting treatment (T0) and after four courses of therapy (T1). Longitudinal modifications were considered and cytokine clusters through PCA and HCPC correlated to patients' outcomes were identified. Forty-one metastatic breast cancer patients and fifteen healthy volunteers were included. After clustering, we identified at T0 six patient clusters with different risk of relapse and death. At T1, only four clusters were identified, and three of them accounted for thirty-eight of forty-one patients, suggesting a possible role of treatment in reducing heterogeneity. The cluster with the best survival at T1 was characterized by low levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, CCL-2, CCL-4, and TGF-β. The cluster showing the worst survival encompassed high levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, CCL-2, and IFN-γ. A subgroup of patients with short progression-free survival (PFS) and long overall survival (OS) was comprised in the cluster characterized by low levels of CCL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 at T0. Our data support the prognostic significance of longitudinal serum cytokine analysis. This approach may help identify patients for whom early treatment stop avoids needless toxicity or might justify treatment beyond early progression. Further investigations are required to validate this hypothesis.

Published data suggest that immunotherapy plays a role even in patients with very advanced tumours. We investigated the immune profile of end-stage cancer patients treated with immunotherapy to identify changes induced by treatment. Breast, colon, renal and prostate cancer patients were eligible. Treatment consisted of metronomic cyclophosphamide, low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and a single radiation shot. A panel of 16 cytokines was assessed using automated ELISA before treatment (T0), after radiation (RT; T1), at cycle 2 (T2) and at disease progression (TPD). Receiving operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to identify cytokine cut-off related to overall survival (OS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the immune profile correlating better with OS and progression-free survival. Twenty-three patients were enrolled. High IL-2, low IL-8 and CCL-2 correlated with OS. The PCA identified a cluster of patients, with high IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ levels at T0 having longer PFS and OS. In all cohorts, IL-2 and IL-5 increased from T0 to T2; a higher CCL-4 level compared to T2 and a higher IL-8 level compared to T0 were found at TPD. The progressive increase of the IL-10 level during treatment negatively correlated with OS. Our data suggested that baseline cytokine levels may predict patients' outcome and that the treatment may affect their kinetic even in end-stage patients. Cytokine profiling of end-stage patients might offer a tool for medical decisions (EUDRACT: 2016-000578-39).

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is posing an unprecedented dilemma to oncologists worldwide, forcing them to decide whether to continue or suspend treatments in order to protect their most vulnerable patients from infection. After the first report from China, the outbreak spread rapidly worldwide. To, date no clear indications on how to treat patients with cancer with COVID-19 infection are available., Methods: We report data on 21 patients with cancer referred to a single medical oncology unit of a general hospital from mid-March to April 23, 2020., Results: Nine patients were on active cancer therapy during the infection and all stopped medical treatments. Overall 8 patients developed pneumonia and 6 patients died of COVID-19., Conclusion: The management of patients with cancer during the pandemic should be carefully balanced and discussed among oncologists and other key professionals involved in the treatment of this vulnerable group of patients, in order to balance the risk of treatment and the risk of infection.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate cardiotoxicity of abiraterone acetate (AA) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients (pts) with cardiovascular comorbidities or coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors., Patients & Methods: We prospectively analyzed pts receiving AA in order to evaluate correlations between cardiotoxicity onset and CAD risk factors or cardiovascular comorbidities., Results: Eighty-seven pts were enrolled, with median treatment duration of 9 months (1-44). At baseline, 84 pts (96%) had CAD risk factors. During treatment four pts (4; 6%) developed hypertension and 26 pts (30%) worsened the preexisting hypertension. Median left ventricular ejection fraction were 64 and 63% at baseline and after treatment, respectively., Conclusion: AA appears to be safe in pts with cardiovascular comorbidities or CAD risk factors.

Omission of axillary dissection in women with breast cancer and one or two positive sentinel-node biopsy is a major advancement in the management of this disease. Supported by a sound rationale and confirmed by prospective, randomized trials, omission of axillary dissection is now recommended in women who have undergone breast conserving surgery and who are candidate to adjuvant radiotherapy. Because breast cancer is best managed in the context of a multidisciplinary team, this surgical shift in the paradigm is expected to have implications that extend also to the other specialties involved in the team. In fact, the full evaluation of the axillary tumor burden has been historically considered an essential part of tumor staging and the absolute number of involved node critical information to tailor post-surgical treatments. Lack of this information in a patient with axillary involvement documented by a positive sentinel lymph-node biopsy may represent a challenge when deciding on further, post-surgical treatments. This review will address the critical aspects and the potential implications of omission of axillary dissection in the context of the multidisciplinary breast team., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Abiraterone Acetate (AA) is approved for the treatment of mCRPC after failure of androgen deprivation therapy in whom chemotherapy is not yet clinically indicated and for treatment of mCRPC progressed during or after docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimen. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of early PSA decline for detection of therapy success or failure in mCRPC patients treated with AA in post chemotherapy setting., Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 87 patients with mCRPC treated with AA. Serum PSA levels were evaluated after 15, 90 days and then monthly. The PSA flare phenomenon was evaluated, according to a confirmation value at least 1 week apart. The primary endpoint was to demonstrate that an early PSA decline correlates with a longer progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoind was to demonstrate a correlation between better outcome and demographic and clinical patient characteristics., Results: We have collected data of 87 patients between Sep 2011 and Sep 2014. Early PSA response (≥50% from baseline at 15 days) was found in 56% evaluated patients and confirmed in 29 patients after 90 days. The median PFS was 5.5 months (4.6-6.5) and the median OS was 17.1 months (8.8-25.2). In early responders patients (PSA RR ≥ 50% at 15 days), we found a significant statistical advantage in terms of PFS at 1 year, HR 0.28, 95%CI 0.12-0.65, p = 0.003, and OS, HR 0.21 95% CI 0.06-0.72, p = 0.01. The results in PFS at 1 years and OS reached statistical significance also in the evaluation at 90 days., Conclusion: A significant proportion (78.6%) of patients achieved a rapid response in terms of PSA decline. Early PSA RR (≥50% at 15 days after start of AA) can provide clinically meaningful information and can be considered a surrogate of longer PFS and OS.

Background: The availability of new agents (NAs) active in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) progressing after docetaxel treatment (abiraterone acetate, cabazitaxel, and enzalutamide) has led to the possibility of using them sequentially to obtain a cumulative survival benefit., Objective: To provide clinical outcome data relating to a large cohort of mCRPC patients who received a third-line NA after the failure of docetaxel and another NA., Design, Setting, and Participants: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients who had received at least two successive NAs after the failure of docetaxel., Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: The independent prognostic value of a series of pretreatment covariates on the primary outcome measure of overall survival was assessed using Cox regression analysis., Results and Limitations: We assessed 260 patients who received one third-line NA between January 2012 and December 2013, including 38 who received a further NA as fourth-line therapy. The median progression-free and overall survival from the start of third-line therapy was, respectively, 4 mo and 11 mo, with no significant differences between the NAs. Performance status, and haemoglobin and alkaline phosphatase levels were the only independent prognostic factors. The limitations of the study are mainly due its retrospective nature and the small number of patients treated with some of the sequences., Conclusions: We were unable to demonstrate a difference in the clinical outcomes of third-line NAs regardless of previous NA therapy., Patient Summary: It is debated which sequence of treatments to adopt after docetaxel. Our data do not support the superiority of any of the three new agents in third-line treatment, regardless of the previously administered new agent., (Copyright © 2014 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The prognosis of younger patients with prostate cancer is unclear, and the very few studies assessing those with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) have mainly involved patients treated with older therapies. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of a contemporary series of docetaxel-treated patients with mCRPC who were 60 years and younger., Patients and Methods: We retrospectively identified 134 patients who were 60 years and younger who were treated with docetaxel in 25 Italian hospitals and recorded their predocetaxel history of prostate cancer, their characteristics at the start of chemotherapy, and their postdocetaxel treatment history and outcomes., Results: Most of the 134 consecutive patients with mCRPC received the standard 3-week docetaxel schedule; median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7 months, and 90 patients underwent further therapies after progression. The median overall survival (OS) from the start of docetaxel treatment was 21 months, but OS was significantly prolonged by the postprogression treatments, particularly those based on the new agents such as cabazitaxel, abiraterone acetate, or enzalutamide. OS was significantly shorter in the patients with a shorter interval between the diagnosis of prostate cancer and the start of docetaxel treatment; those who received hormonal treatment for a shorter period; those with shorter prostate-specific antigen doubling times; and those with lower hemoglobin levels, a worse performance status, and higher lactate dehydrogenase levels before starting treatment with docetaxel., Conclusions: The findings of this first study of clinical outcomes in a contemporary series of younger patients with mCRPC showed that their survival is similar to that expected in unselected patients with mCRPC who were of any age., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The hospital-at-home service (HHS) could be considered as an alternative to the traditional ward for elderly patients. We aimed at evaluating the home management of elderly people requiring transfusions. The ever-increasing demand on acute hospital services requires alternative methods of delivering all aspects of health care. HHS demonstrated to be as efficacious as a traditional ward for elderly and functionally compromised patients. The method was a retrospective descriptive study enrolling patients needing an hospital admission from 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2007 and reporting an hematological discharge's diagnosis as primary or secondary diagnosis. A total of 54 patients were evaluated in this study. Of them, 34 (62.9%) needed a hemocomponent transfusion for a total volume of 112 blood units and 49 platelet pools. Patients requiring at least one blood or platelet transfusion were more functionally compromised and presented a higher level of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation, compared to the non-transfused ones. The conclusion was that hematological subjects mainly the frail ones and functionally highly compromised with acute illnesses could be treated at home as an alternative of the traditional medical ward. This could be the starting point for future studies that will be able to increase the power of hospital-at-home service for this type of patients., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)