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Herbal medicine could be an option for atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment for those suffering from global public health. HMB is a new combination of three herb extracts, consisting of the Ha‐Rak (HR) remedy extract, Piper betle (PB) extract, and Garcinia mangostana (GM) extract in equal proportions, using Thai traditional medicine theory, that uses a combination of medications that can improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects and toxicity. HMB extract has anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic properties, is a component for AD treatment, and tends to develop topical products. Drug registration requires stability data. Results from drug stability testing affect not only the efficacy of the drug but also its safety. The aim of this study was to investigate stability through forced degradation and an accelerated study of extracts. Chemical content analysis and in vitro biological activities such as anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic activities determined the effects of all examined samples. Anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic effects were assessed by inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells and β‐hexosaminidase release in RBL‐2H3 cells, respectively. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assessed content indicators. Moisture and temperature hydrolysis had no significant differences in the chemical or biological properties of the HMB. However, the HMB demonstrated sensitivity to alkaline hydrolysis, showed low anti‐inflammatory activity, and decreased hydroxychavicol, eugenol, and α‐mangostin contents. The contents of the three compounds also decrease with acid hydrolysis. For the accelerated study, anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic effects and hydroxychavicol amount were not significantly different after 180 days at 40°C and 75% RH. Therefore, the contents of eugenol and α‐mangostin were changed. Eugenol in HMB decreased significantly from the 15th day until the 180th day of storage. In addition, α‐mangostin amounts in HMB decreased slightly on 180th day. Fortunately, reducing the two chemicals did not affect anti‐inflammatory or antiallergic effects. For stability, combination extract should be stored in a closed container in the refrigerator at a low temperature and protected from light, high temperature, oxygen, and pH. Further HMB development should avoid pH or oxidation processes or components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploration of effective chemotherapy is needed for cancer treatment. 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-H2DA), a unique fatty acid from royal jelly (RJ), is reported to have antitumor activities. However, its mechanisms remain under-examined. This study investigated the antiproliferative and cytotoxic efficacy of 10-H2DA treatments and their underlying mechanisms, compared to doxorubicin (DXR), on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The antiproliferative effect was determined using the MTS tetrazolium assay. Cytotoxic activity was performed using a modified MTS assay. Cell cycle progression and cell apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Pivotal protein expressions were detected by Western blot. Results revealed that 125 μg/mL 10-H2DA treatment significantly inhibited cancer cell growth by 65 %, better than 0.54 μg/mL DXR treatment (48 %), compared to the medium control (p<0.05). The 50 % lethal concentration (LC50) values of 10-H2DA were 190 μg/mL, representing cytotoxic activity. The underlying antiproliferative and cytotoxic mechanisms of 125 μg/mL 10-H2DA treatment demonstrated that it extensively suppressed c-MYC/BAX and slightly activated p53/BAX, leading to G0/G1 cell cycle arrest (decreased cyclin D1 and CDK4) and cell apoptosis (decreased BCL2/BAX). It slightly limited lifespan extension (decreased hTERT/BAX). Nevertheless, it strongly activated HO-1/BAX and NRF2/BAX, possibly inducing chemoresistance and cell invasion later on. Our findings suggested that 10-H2DA treatments induced antiproliferative effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells via suppression of c-MYC, CDK4, and cyclin D1, leading to cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. However, long-term treatment may increase chemoresistance and cell invasion due to induction of antioxidative power, NRF2/BAX, and HO-1/BAX. Therefore, aggressive treatment for a short period would be recommended for using 10-H2DA as a chemotherapeutic compound to prevent chemoresistance and cell invasion. Further long-term in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to confirm its strength and weakness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpha-mangostin, a natural xanthone mainly extracted from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana , has been shown to have promising anticancer properties in many types of cancer. However, the therapeutic potential of α -mangostin has been limited so far due to its poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability, which limited its biopharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, α -mangostin failed to specifically reach tumors at a therapeutic concentration due and rapid elimination in vivo . We hypothesized that this drawback could be overcome by loading the drug within a delivery system conjugated to transferrin (Tf), whose receptors are overexpressed on many cancer cells and would enhance the specific delivery of α -mangostin to cancer cells, thereby enhancing its therapeutic efficacy. The objectives of this study were therefore to prepare and characterize transferrin-conjugated lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHN) entrapping α -mangostin, as well as to evaluate their therapeutic efficacy in vitro . We successfully prepared α -mangostin loaded LPHN using a one-step nanoprecipitation method with high drug entrapment efficiency. The conjugation of Tf to the LPHN was achieved by using the thiol-maleimide "click" reaction, leading to an increase in the particle hydrodynamic size of Tf-LPHN compared to that of unconjugated (control) LPHN (Ctrl-LPHN). Both Tf-LPHN and Ctrl-LPHN were bearing negative surface charges. Tf-LPHN and Ctrl-LPHN exhibited a sustained release of α -mangostin at pH 7.4, following an initial burst release, unlike rapid release of drug solution. The entrapment of α -mangostin in the LPHN led to an increase in α -mangostin uptake by cancer cells, and thus improved its antiproliferative activity compared to that observed with the drug solution. In conclusion, α -mangostin entrapped in the Tf-LPHN is therefore a highly promising therapeutic system that should be further optimized as therapeutic tools for cancer treatment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Intouch Sakpakdeejaroen et al.)

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Bauhinia strychnifolia Craib leaves is used in Thai traditional medicine for detoxification. Its leaves contain total phenolic content and also exhibit high antioxidant activity. However, there has been no report on cytotoxicity testing from its leave extracts. Thus, the present study aims to investigate its cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines., Objective: To study cytotoxicity from the ethanolic extracts of B. strychnifolia leaves and its vacuum liquid chromatography fraction against cholangiocarcinoma cell line (KKU-M156) and two types of colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (SW480, LS174T)., Material and Method: In vitro cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extracts against three human cancer cell lines were investigated by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay., Results: The 95% ethanolic extract of dried leaves showed the higher cytotoxic activity against KKU-M156, SW480, and LS174T than 50% ethanolic extract of dried leaves. The chloroform fraction from the 95% EtOH extract of dried leaves showed the best cytotoxicity against KKU-M156 and SW480 with IC50 value of 5.79±0.47 and 6.9±0.14 μg/ml, respectively., Conclusion: The chloroform fraction from the 95% ethanolic extract of dried leaves was the most effective fraction against bile duct and colon cancer cell lines, thus this extract should be further investigated for active compounds possessing those observed cytotoxic activity.

Background: Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm. (Thai name Thep-tha-ro) is a medicinal and aromatic tree mostly distributed throughout southern Thailand. It is traditionally used as spices, vegetable, carminative, tonic, febrifuge and postpartum care for being anti-inflammation whilst chemical components and its anti-inflammatory activity of this plant extracts were rarely reported., Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extracts from different extraction method of C. porrectum wood., Material and Method: Steam distillation, maceration in 50% or 95% ethanol or decoction method were used for extraction. The extracts were obtained as oil, ethanolic or aqueous extracts, respectively. These extracts were tested in vitro for antiinflammatory activity using nitric inhibitory assay by determining the inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cell lines., Results: The 50%, 95% ethanolic extracts of this plant showed high anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 values as 19.28±2.43 and 13.78±3.76 μg/ml, respectively), where water extract of this plant showed low anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 values >100 μg/ml), oily extracts showed cytotoxicity., Conclusion: The results revealed that ethanolic extracts showed strong anti-inflammatory activity; therefore these extracts of Cinnamomum porrectum should be further developed as a health product for treatment of inflammation.

Background: The rhizomes of Smilax glabra (SG) has long been used in Traditional Chinese and Thai herbal medicine to treat a variety of infectious diseases and immunological disorders., Objective: To investigate the in vitro anti-allergic activities of crude extracts andpure isolated flavonoid compounds from SG by determination of inhibitory effect on antigen-induced release of β-hexosaminidasefrom RBL-2H3 cells., Material and Method: The in vitro inhibitory effects ofcrude aqueous and organic extracts on β-hexosaminidase release in RBL-2H3 cells were evaluated as an in vitro indication ofpossible anti-allergic activity. Bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts was used to isolate flavonoid compounds from the ethanolic extracts., Results: The 95% and 50% ethanolic extracts of SG showed remarkably high anti-allergic activity, with IC50 values of 5.74 ± 2.44 and 23.54 ± 4.75 µg/ml, much higher activity than that for Ketotifen (IC50 58.90 µM). The water extract had negligible activity (IC50 > 100 µg/ml). The two isolated flavonols, Engeletin and Astilbin, showed weak anti-allergic activity, IC50 values 97.46 ± 2.04 and >100 µg/ml, respectively., Conclusion: The 95% and 50% ethanolic extracts of SG showed strong anti-allergic activity, but two flavonol constituents did not show any significant anti-allergic activity. These findings suggest that a combination of effects of various phytochemicals in crude extracts used in traditional medicine, are responsible for the purported anti-allergic activity of SG herbal preparations. The plethora of constituents in crude extracts, as yet unidentified, are likely to be acting synergistically to account for the strong observed anti-allergic in vitro activity.

Background: Sa-Tri-Lhung-Klod is a Thai traditional medicine remedy for postpartum in the lists of The National Drug List ofHerbal Medicine Products AD. It consists ofseventeen herbs and were obtained by maceration and used in the form of liquor for women's health care such as treatment ofamenorrhea, menopause and blood tonic. In addition, it also usedfor postpartum care for being anti-inflammation in postpartum and prevention of cancer in women., Objective: To investigate cytotoxic activity ofSa-Tri-Lhung-Klod remedy extracts and its herbal ingredients against human ovarian carcinoma cell line (SKOV-3) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cell line., Material and Method: Sa-Tri-Lhung-Klod remedy and its plant ingredients were extracted by maceration in 95% ethanol and dried using evaporator. All extracts were testedfor cytotoxic activity by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay., Results: Ethanolic extract ofSa-Tri-Lhung-Klod remedy displayed cytotoxic activity against SKOV-3 and HeLa with IC50 values of 72.84±1.07 and 47.24±2.83 μg/ml, respectively. It was classified as "less-active" according to the NCI guideline. However, Caesalpinia sappan, Mammea siamensis and Curcuma comosa showed high cytotoxic activity against SKOV-3 with IC50 values of 9.55±1.38 13.45±0.82 and 14.21±1.30 μg/ml, respectively. The ethanolic extracts ofCaesalpiniasappan and Mammea siamensis also exhibited cytotoxic activity against HeLa with IC50 values of 6.30±0.06 and 7.72±0.11 μg/ml, respectively., Conclusion: These results support the use of Sa-Tri-Lhung-Klod remedy in Thai traditional medicine for preventing of ovarian cancer and cervical cancer Caesalpinia sappan, Curcuma comosa and Mammea siamensis were strikingly active against ovarian and cervical cancer cells. Their extracts have the potential for developing as new anti-cancer drugs for women health.

Background: Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) leaves are a vegetable, which is used as a healthy sour soup for protection against chronic diseases in Thai traditional medicine., Objectives: To investigate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa leave extracts from diferent extraction methods., Material and Method: Fresh and dry Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves were extracted by various methods such as maceration with 95% and 50% ethanol, squeeze, and boiling with water or decoction. All extracts were testedfor antioxidant activity by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, anti-inflammatory activity by determination on inhibitory effect of nitric oxide production on RAW264. 7 cell. Cytotoxic activity also tested against human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Total phenolic content determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method., Results: The results found that the 95% ethanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa dried leaves (HSDE95) showed the highest antioxidant activity with an EC50 of 34.51±2.62 μg/ml and had the highest phenolic content (57.00±3.73 mg GAE/g). HSDE95 also showed potent cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cell line with an IC50 of 8.58±0.68 μg/ml whereas HSDE95 and all of extracts ofHibiscus sabdariffa leaves had no anti-inflammatory activity., Conclusion: The obtained results revealed that HSDE95 extract showedpotent cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cells but low antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This extract should be further isolated as active compounds against prostate cancer.

Background: Smilax corbularia is a Thai medicinal plant locally known as 'Hua-Khao-Yen Neua', which is used for treating inflammatory conditions., Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of S. corbularia extracts and its isolated compounds by determination of inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated PGE2 release, and TNF-alpha and NO production from RAW 264.7 cells., Methods: The inhibitory effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of this plant were determined on LPS-induced NO production, TNF-alpha and PGE2 release in RAW 264.7 cells, as an in vitro indication of possible anti-inflammatory activity. The compounds from active extract were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation., Results: Only the ethanolic extract of this plant inhibited TNF-alpha and NO production, with IC50 values of 61.97, and 83.90 microg/ml respectively. Three flavonols, engeletin, astilbin and quercetin were isolated from the ethanolic extract. quercetin possessed the highest inhibitory effect on NO production with IC50 11.2 microg/ml (37.1 microM), whereas engeletin and astilbin had no activity (IC50 >100 microg/ml). All three flavonols possessed potent inhibition of PGE2 release with IC50 values of 14.4, 19.6 and 19.9 microg/ml (33.2, 43.5 and 65.8 microM) respectively. Quercetin also exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha production (IC50 = 1.25 microg/ml or 4.14 microM), but engeletin and astilbin had no activity., Conclusion: This is the first report of isolated compounds from S. corbularia with potential anti-inflammatory effects, and the results support the use of this plant by Thai traditional doctors for treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Background: Benjakul [BEN], a Thai Traditional medicine preparation, is composed of five plants: Piper chaba fruit [PC], Piper sarmentosum root [PS], Piper interruptum stem [PI], Plumbago indica root [PL] and Zingiber officinale rhizome [ZO]. From selective interviews of folk doctors in Southern Thailand, it was found that Benjakul has been used for cancer patients., Objective: To investigate cytotoxicity activity of Benjakul preparation [BEN] and its ingredients against three human cancer cell lines, large lung carcinoma cell line (COR-L23), cervical cancer cell line (Hela) liver cancer cell line (HepG2) as compared with normal lungfibroblast cell (MRC-5) by using SRB assay., Material and Method: The extraction as imitated the method used by folk doctors was done by maceration in ethanol and boiling in water Bioassay guided isolation was used isolated cytotoxic compound., Results: The ethanolic extracts of PL, ZO, PC, PS, BEN and PS showed specific activity against lung cancer cell (IC50 = 3.4, 7.9, 15.8, 18.4, 19.8 and 32.91 microg/ml) but all the water extracts had no cytotoxic activity. Three active ingredients [6-gingerol, plumbagin and piperine as 0.54, 4.18 and 7.48% w/w yield of crude extract respectively] were isolated from the ethanolic extract of BEN and they also showed cytotoxic activity with plumbagin showing the highest cytotoxic activity against COR-L23, HepG2, Hela and MRC-5 (IC50 = 2.55, 2.61, 4.16 and 11.54 microM respectively)., Conclusion: These data results may support the Thai traditional doctors who are using Benjakul to treat cancer patients and three of its constituents (6-gingerol, plumbagin and piperine) are suggested to be used as biomarkers for standardization of this preparation.

Background: Many parts of Musa sapientum Linn. (Musaceae) are used in Thai traditional medicine as drugs, food supplements and cosmetics. The banana peel is used as an astringent in foot care, the unripe fruit is used to treat diarrhea and, the ripe fruit is used as tonic., Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of banana peel extracts obtained from different extraction methods and to determine their total phenolic content., Material and Method: Four extraction methods were used to extract unripe and ripe peels. Nitric oxide inhibitory and DPPH scavenging assays were used to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, respectively. Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent was used to determine total phenolic content., Results: The water extract of fresh ripe peel exhibited the most potent NO inhibitory activity (IC50 = 6.68 +/- 0.34 microg/ml), but apparently exhibited no antioxidant activity. The decoction extract of fresh unripe peel exhibited strong antioxidant activity as well as had the highest total phenolic compound. The antioxidant activity exhibited a correlation with the total phenolic content., Conclusion: This study supports the use of Musa sapientum peel in Thai Traditional Medicine for treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.

Objective: To investigate antioxidant activities of some selected plants used to treat diabetic patients by Thai folk doctors., Material and Method: Ten Thai plants were selected, macerated and extracted with 95% ethanol. DPPH scavenging and lipid peroxidation assays were used to test the antioxidant activities of the extracts., Results: Mammea siamensis (Saaraphee), Tacca chantrieri (Narapusri) and Albizia myriophylla (Cha Em Thai) showed the highest antioxidant activity on DPPH radical assay (EC50 = 10.17, 10.24 and 14.45 microg/ml, respectively). Mimussops elengi (Pikun), M. siamensis (Saaraphee) and A. myriophylla (Cha Em Thai) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity by lipid peroxidation assay (IC50 0.39, 0.43 and 0.70 microg/ml, respectively). Six often plant extracts showed antioxidant activity on both assays (IC50 < 20 microg/ml)., Conclusion: These plant extracts containing in Thai folklore antidiabetic medicine, which showed high antioxidant activity, may be used effectively for the treatment of diabetic patients.