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With the global energy transition and increasing environmental requirements，hydrogen-mixed gas turbines as a high-efficiency and low-emission energy conversion equipment has been widely concerned. This paper reviews the development status of hydrogen-mixed gas turbines domestically and internationally，analyzes the characteristics of hydrogen combustion in gas turbines，explores the impact of hydrogen combustion on complex components and the application of high-temperature materials，and analyzes the performance requirements for hot-end component materials operating under high temperature，high pressure，and corrosive conditions，as well as the main challenges and potential solutions in current material development. The effects of water vapor and hydrogen embrittlement during hydrogen combustion on gas turbine alloys and thermal barrier coatings are discussed in detail.Water vapor accelerates the oxidation and corrosion of alloys，leading to a decline in mechanical properties. Furthermore，hydrogen embrittlement significantly affects the toughness and durability of alloys，increasing the risk of crack propagation and fracture. In terms of the problems，future research should focus on multi-field coupling simulations and accelerated corrosion tests，considering the factors such as temperature，pressure，and different atmospheres to establish realistic environment simulators to evaluate alloy and coating performances. Additionally，the combined effects of hydrogen and water vapor on high-temperature alloys and thermal barrier coatings should be emphasized. This includes investigating the diffusion mechanisms of hydrogen in alloys，interactions with lattice defects，and the microscopic processes leading to hydrogen embrittlement. Building oxidation models in high-temperature water vapor environments，clarifying the dissociation and adsorption mechanisms of water vapor at high temperatures，the hydroxylation of protective oxide films Al2O3 and Cr2O3，and the growth behavior of non-protective oxides（e.g.，spinel） are also essential.

As the turbine inlet temperatures of aero engines continue to rise， there is an urgent need to develop a new generation of single-crystal superalloys and their thermal protective coatings for turbine blades. In order to meet the stringent requirements for the comprehensive performance of high-temperature structural materials in the complex service environments of aero engines， the intelligent design research of single crystal superalloys and thermal protection coatings has been gradually carried out at home and abroad in recent years under the promotion of material integrated computational engineering and material informatics. This paper reviews the latest research progress in the design of novel single-crystal superalloys and thermal protective coatings by utilizing multi-scale computational simulations and machine learning methods. The findings confirm that multi-scale computational simulations offer robust theoretical support for understanding the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of single-crystal superalloys， as well as the oxidation resistance and diffusion protective mechanisms of thermal protective coatings. Additionally， the study highlights the reliability and significant potential of machine learning in constructing intrinsic "composition-structure-property" relationship for high-temperature structural materials. This approach paves an intelligent and efficient new pathway for the rapid development of next-generation high-temperature single-crystal superalloys and thermal protective coatings.

The thin-wall effect of single crystal superalloys refers to the phenomenon that when the thickness of the sample and the part is less than 1 mm，the lasting life is reduced， the creep rate is increased and other mechanical properties are significantly attenuated. With the development of the internal cooling structure of advanced aero-engine single crystal blade parts， the structural thickness of some areas decreases， making it a typical thin-walled structure. Thus， it is of great engineering significance to consider the thin-wall effect in the thin-wall region during the design and manufacture of blades. Creep performance is one of the most important properties of superalloys for turbine blade application. This paper summarizes the thin-wall effect in creep performance of the superalloys as well as some advanced experimental equipment in the study of thin-wall effect. Research on thin-wall debit effect of superalloys can be divided into two categories，one is the cause of thin-wall debit，including the relative enhancement of oxidation，more significance in anisotropy，changes in microstructure and the initiation or growth of defects，and the factors that influence the thin-wall debit effect including experimental conditions（temperature，stress，etc.），the processing methods（casting， machining）， geometric shape （rectangular cross-section， ring cross-section， film cooling holes）. Research on thin-wall debit effect is within the scope of engineering application，as a part of “component level/analog component level” in “building block” verification and evaluation technology，thin-wall debit effect research under service environment or near-service environment conditions is more valuable for application. For this purpose，a variety of advanced experimental equipment platforms have been developed to simulate one or several coupled service conditions（high temperature，high pressure，corrosion/erosion，centrifugal loading） of the blade in the engine. Future research on thin-wall effects should be carried out under conditions closer to actual service conditions by preparing specimens according to the actual blade manufacturing process and conducting experiments on the equipment that simulates the service environment.

Abstract Background Resistance training (RT) and nutritional supplementation are recommended for the management of sarcopenia in older adults. However, optimal RT intensity for the treatment of sarcopenia has not been well investigated. Methods This network meta-analysis aims to determine the comparative effectiveness of interventions for sarcopenia, taking RT intensity into consideration. RT intensity was classified into light-to-moderate intensity RT(LMRT), moderate intensity RT(MRT), and moderate-to-vigorous intensity RT(MVRT) based on percentage of one repetition maximum (%1RM) and/or rating of perceived exertion. Results A total of 50 RCTs (N = 4,085) were included after screening 3,485 articles. The results confirmed that RT with or without nutrition was positively associated with improved measures of muscle strength and physical performance. Regarding RT intensity, LMRT only demonstrated positive effects on hand grip (aerobic training + LMRT + nutrition: mean difference [MD] = 2.88; 95% credential intervals [CrI] = 0.43,5.32). MRT provided benefits on improvement in the 30-s chair stand test (repetitions) (MRT: MD = 2.98, 95% CrI = 0.35,5.59), timed up and go test (MRT: MD = -1.74, 95% CrI: = -3.34,-0.56), hand grip (MRT: MD = 2.44; 95% CrI = 0.03,5.70), and leg press (MRT: MD = 8.36; 95% CrI = 1.87,13.4). MVRT also improved chair stand test repetitions (MVRT: MD = 5.64, 95% CrI = 0.14,11.4), gait speed (MVRT + nutrition: MD = 0.21, 95% CrI = 0.003,0.48), appendicular skeletal muscle index (MVRT + nutrition: MD = 0.25, 95% CrI = 0.01,0.5), and leg press (MVRT: MD = 14.7, 95% CrI: 5.96,22.4; MVRT + nutrition: MD = 17.8, 95% CrI: 7.55,28.6). Conclusion MVRT had greater benefits on muscle mass, lower extremity strength, and physical performance compared to MRT. Increasing RT intensity may be recommended for sarcopenic older adults.

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) stands as a prominent contributor to morbidity and mortality among males on a global scale. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are considered to be closely connected to tumour growth, invasion, and metastasis. We explored the role and characteristics of CAFs in PCa through bioinformatics analysis and built a CAFs-based risk model to predict prognostic treatment and treatment response in PCa patients. First, we downloaded the scRNA-seq data for PCa from the GEO. We extracted bulk RNA-seq data for PCa from the TCGA and GEO and adopted “ComBat” to remove batch effects. Then, we created a Seurat object for the scRNA-seq data using the package “Seurat” in R and identified CAF clusters based on the CAF-related genes (CAFRGs). Based on CAFRGs, a prognostic model was constructed by univariate Cox, LASSO, and multivariate Cox analyses. And the model was validated internally and externally by Kaplan–Meier analysis, respectively. We further performed GO and KEGG analyses of DEGs between risk groups. Besides, we investigated differences in somatic mutations between different risk groups. We explored differences in the immune microenvironment landscape and ICG expression levels in the different groups. Finally, we predicted the response to immunotherapy and the sensitivity of antitumour drugs between the different groups. We screened 4 CAF clusters and identified 463 CAFRGs in PCa scRNA-seq. We constructed a model containing 10 prognostic CAFRGs by univariate Cox, LASSO, and multivariate Cox analysis. Somatic mutation analysis revealed that TTN and TP53 were significantly more mutated in the high-risk group. Finally, we screened 31 chemotherapeutic drugs and targeted therapeutic drugs for PCa. In conclusion, we identified four clusters based on CAFs and constructed a new CAFs-based prognostic signature that could predict PCa patient prognosis and response to immunotherapy and might suggest meaningful clinical options for the treatment of PCa.

Abstract Closed reduction and internal fixation with three cannulated compression screws is a common method for treating femoral neck fractures in young and middle-aged patients. Protocols including the inverted triangle configuration and dispersion of the screws still needed further supports. The purpose of this study was to explore a novel oblique triangle configuration (OTC) of three screws in fixing femoral neck fractures based on the morphology of the femoral neck isthmus (FNI). The computer-aided design modules were used to explore the ideal spatial configuration with largest triangle by three parallel screws. A univariate evaluation model was established based on the oval-like cross-section of the FNI. When the three screws were positioned by the OTC, Inverted Equilateral Triangle Configuration (IETC), and the Maximum Area Inverted Isosceles Triangle Configuration (MA-IITC) respectively, the proportion of area and circumference in the cross-section of FNI and the changing trend of proportion were compared under various torsion angles, eccentricity, and cross-sectional area of FNI. The area and circumference ratios of the parallel screws using the OTC method were significantly higher than in the IETC and MA-IITC groups. In the univariate evaluation model, the OTC area ratio and circumference ratio remained stable under the different femoral neck torsion angles, FNI cross-sectional area, and eccentricity. The OTC method provided an ideal spatial configuration for the FNA fixation with the largest area using three parallel screws. The position of the posterior screw was also away from the metaphyseal artery, potentially reducing the possibility of vascular injury and screw penetrating.

Abstract Although soil microbial communities are central in ecosystem functioning, we know little of their characterization for those associated with grazing‐tolerant host plant species in grassland ecosystems in response to grazing. In this study, we used a high‐throughput sequencing approach to characterize soil microbes from the rhizosphere and bulk soil of grazing‐tolerant grass species, Stipa breviflora, in the Inner Mongolian desert steppe. We found that response mechanisms of soil bacteria distinct from fungal communities, and variance also occur between the rhizosphere and bulk soil communities under long‐term grazing. Soil fungal communities and the co‐occurrence networks in S. breviflora rhizosphere were more sensitive to long‐term grazing than bacteria. We reveal that rhizosphere effects and soil water content were the main drivers of the changes in fungal communities and their co‐occurrence networks. Moreover, the dominant bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and fungal phyla Ascomycota and Glomeromycota might participate in regulating processes of S. breviflora's response to grazing. Overall, these findings give new snapshots of mechanisms of how grazing affects soil microbial communities, in an attempt to contribute to a clearer understanding of grazing‐tolerant mechanism of S. breviflora.

Although the prevalence of food allergies is rising, the standard of care for these allergies is suboptimal. Probiotics have been reported to regulate the allergic immune response, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a mixture of probiotics on food allergy in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model. Treatment with the probiotics attenuated OVA-induced allergic symptoms in mice. Flow cytometry analysis showed that oral administration of probiotics induced mucosal CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs), which promoted differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). 16S rRNA analysis revealed that the probiotics modulated the composition of microbiota, especially by increasing the proportion of the Deferribacteres and Verrucomicrobia phyla and the Mucispirillum and Clostridium XlVa genera, which in turn regulated the immune system. Our findings provide molecular insight into the application of a mixture of probiotics to alleviate food allergies and even gut immune homeostasis.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially lethal disease associated with immune activation-induced aortic degradation. We hypothesized that xenotransplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) would reduce aortic inflammation and attenuate expansion in a murine AAA model. Modulatory effects of ADSCs on immune cell subtypes associated with AAA progression were investigated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMNCs) cocultured with ADSCs. Murine AAA was induced through elastase application to the abdominal aorta in C57BL/6 mice. ADSCs were administered intravenously, and aortic changes were determined by ultrasonography and videomicrometry. Circulating monocytes, aortic neutrophils, CD28 − T cells, FoxP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs), and CD206 + M2 macrophages were assessed at multiple terminal time points. In vitro, ADSCs induced M2 macrophage and Treg phenotypes while inhibiting neutrophil transmigration and lymphocyte activation without cellular contact. Intravenous ADSC delivery reduced aneurysmal expansion starting from day 4 [from baseline: 54.8% (saline) vs. 16.9% (ADSCs), n = 10 at baseline, n = 4 at day 4, p < 0.001], and the therapeutic effect persists through day 14 (from baseline: 64.1% saline vs. 24.6% ADSCs, n = 4, p < 0.01). ADSC administration increased aortic Tregs by 20-fold ( n = 5, p < 0.01), while decreasing CD4 + CD28 − (-28%), CD8 + CD28 − T cells (-61%), and Ly6G/C + neutrophils (-43%, n = 5, p < 0.05). Circulating CD115 + CXCR1 − LY6C + -activated monocytes decreased in the ADSC-treated group by day 7 (-60%, n = 10, p < 0.05), paralleled by an increase in aortic CD206 + M2 macrophages by 2.4-fold ( n = 5, p < 0.05). Intravenously injected ADSCs transiently engrafted in the lung on day 1 without aortic engraftment at any time point. In conclusion, ADSCs exhibit pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects in vitro as well as in vivo during the development of AAA. The temporal evolution of these effects systemically as well as in aortic tissue suggests that ADSCs induce a sequence of anti-inflammatory cellular events mediated by paracrine factors, which leads to amelioration of AAA progression.