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Background: A comprehensive approach to breastfeeding support requires elucidation of how metabolic health influences milk production. Objective: We compared metabolic health indicators in women with severely low milk output versus those with moderate/normal milk output using a case-control study design, with nested and external control groups. Design: Cases and nested controls were derived from women screened for a low milk supply trial, with cases defined as severely low milk output (300 mL/24 hours). In addition, we included an external control group of exclusively breastfeeding women. All were enrolled at 2-10 weeks postdelivery of a healthy term infant. Milk output and breast emptying frequency were recorded through test-weigh. Metabolic health variables included all components of the metabolic syndrome, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Results: Maximum milk output, mL/24 hours, ranged as follows: 30-281 in cases (n = 18), 372-801 in nested controls (n = 12), and 661-915 in external controls (n = 12). Mean breast emptying frequency in cases was not significantly different from nested or external controls. All metabolic syndrome components and HOMA-IR were significantly worse in cases as compared with both nested and external control groups (p

Self-efficacy is widely regarded as a key factor in shaping one's own career. To date, self-efficacy has usually been measured on a one-dimensional basis without taking into account the interaction between the various social roles involved in career development. The social roles were described by Donald E. Super in his career development theory. Adopting this framework, we provide a questionnaire to simultaneously measure self-efficacy in Super's five described social roles. This work presents the development and validation of a new questionnaire entitled the Life Roles Self-Efficacy Scale (LRSES). The questionnaire has been developed based on a series of surveys: the first survey (N = 347) aimed to establish the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and basic psychometric properties of the tool; the second survey (N = 494) aimed to verify the confirmatory factor analysis of the method (CFA) and reliability parameters with regard to a new sample; and the third survey (N = 109) explored the consistency of results over time. Statistical analysis confirmed this tool to be accurate for assessing one's self-efficacy in school-to-work transitions., Author(s): Pawel Kot [sup.1] , Bohdan Roznowski [sup.1] , Bernd-Joachim Ertelt [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.37179.3b, 0000 0001 0664 8391, Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of [...]

The aim of the paper is to investigate which psychometric tools commonly used by Polish transport psychologists appropriately measure necessary abilities of professional drivers. According to Levis-Evans’ differentiation between the driver ’s performance and the driver’s behavior, we explored a statistical relation between the results of tests currently used by transport psychologists, measured according to Szalma’s individual differences and safe behaviors on roads. We examine validity of tests using data based on real professional drivers’ behavior. The sample included 200 drivers involved in accidents and collisions, and 100 who behaved safely. We tested external validity of chosen psychometric tools by analyzing statistically the relation between test scores and unsafe driving behavior recorded by the police. The results show that only few measurements are valid for differentiation of safe and unsafe drivers. The paper indicates the methodology to reach the prognostic value of the diagnostic tests employed by transport psychologist.