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n El objetivo principal de este artículo es el estudio de varios broches de cinturón de cronología protohistórica depositados en el Museo de Huesca y que han permanecido prácticamente inéditos hasta ahora. Dicho estudio se centra en la descripción pormenorizada de las piezas, su documentación gráfica y el análisis de los contextos materiales que las acompañan, así como de su encuadre cronológico y tipológico con respecto al resto de piezas similares analizadas en el valle medio del Ebro y zonas adyacentes. Las piezas estudiadas se enmarcan entre el Hierro I medio y los inicios de la Segunda Edad del Hierro., t The main objective of this work is the study of several belt brooches of protohistoric chronology deposited in the Museum of Huesca and that have remained practically unpublished until now. This study focuses on the detailed description of the pieces, their graphic documentation and the analysis of the material contexts that accompany them, as well as their chronological and typological frame with respect to the rest of similar pieces analysed in the middle valley of the Ebro river and its surrounding areas. The pieces studied are framed between the middle Iron Age and the beginning of the second Iron Age.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic.

Violence seems deeply rooted in human nature and an endemic potential for such is today frequently associated with differing ethnic, religious or socio-economic backgrounds. Ethnic nepotism is believed to be one of the main causes of inter-group violence in multi-ethnic societies. At the site of Els Trocs in the Spanish Pyrenees, rivalling groups of either migrating early farmers or farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers collided violently around 5300 BCE. This clash apparently resulted in a massacre of the Els Trocs farmers. The overkill reaction was possibly triggered by xenophobia or massive disputes over resources or privileges. In the present, violence and xenophobia are controlled and sanctioned through social codes of conduct and institutions. So that, rather than representing an insurmountable evolutionary inheritance, violence and ethnic nepotism can be overcome and a sustainable future achieved through mutual respect, tolerance and openness to multi-ethnic societies.

La aparición en varios poblados y necrópolis protohistóricos del valle medio del Ebro de unas piezas cerámicas tipológicamente asimilables a los holmoi etruscos, junto a otros ejemplares de soportes cerámicos y thymiateria metálicos, nos permite analizar su contexto material, cronológico y cultural, así como comprobar cómo los estímulos del comercio mediterráneo, no sólo se extendieron por la costa mediterránea y tierras aledañas, sino que a través del intercambio y de procesos de aculturación, las poblaciones indígenas del valle medio del Ebro muy pronto asimilaron dichos influjos, especialmente en lo que respecta a las élites sociales, al ritual relacionado con el banquete en el ámbito funerario y a los cambios en la vajilla relacionada con la comensalidad en el ámbito doméstico, al menos desde mediados del siglo VII hasta finales del siglo VI y primera mitad del V a. C., The appearance in some settlements and protohistoric necropolis of the Middle Ebro Valley of some ceramics that can be typologically assimilated to the Etruscan holmoi, along with other examples of ceramic supports and metal thymiateria, allows us to analyze their material, chronological and cultural context. Therefore, we can confirm how the stimulus of the Mediterranean commerce spread along the Mediterranean coast and surrounding land, and also how this influence was assimilated by indigenous populations in the middle of the Ebro valley through exchange and processes of acculturation. Among the assimilated influences, the most important are the ones regarding social elites, rituals related to the banquet in burials, and changes in the domestic tableware. All this happened at least from the mid seventh century until the end of the sixth century and first half of the fifth B. C.

The objective of this work is to analyse a series of funerary vessels characterized by their bifrustoconical profile and their chronology – centred between the 13th and 11th centuries Cal BC – , which can be found in the graveyards of the eastern part of the central Ebro valley and inland and Mediterranean areas of Catalonia. To carry out his work, we have focused on some examples from the cemetery of Los Castellets de Mequinenza and Can Missert de Tarrasa. In addition to analysing its archaeological context and its radiocarbon dating, we have studied its relationship with channelled decoration and the presence or absence of tumular structures in the cemeteries, highlighting the problem of the survival of the ritual of burial and the generalization of the incinerating ritual. The result of the study stresses the need to define other typological and chronological tables based on the archaeological contexts, given that the ceramics studied reflect very different traditions, and that some of them, like in Los Castellets, are the result of the indigenous settlement of the Middle and Late Bronze Age, Este artículo analiza una serie de vasos funerarios caracterizados por su perfil bitroncocónico y su cronología, de entre los siglos xiii y xi Cal BC, presentes en las necrópolis del sector oriental del valle medio del Ebro y áreas interiores y mediterráneas de Cataluña. Para ello nos hemos centrado en algunos ejemplos procedentes de las necrópolis de Los Castellets de Mequinenza y Can Missert de Tarrasa. Además de abordar su contexto arqueológico y sus dataciones radiocarbónicas, hemos estudiado su relación con la decoración acanalada y con la presencia o no de estructuras tumulares en las necrópolis, insistiendo en el problema de la perduración del ritual de la inhumación y la generalización del ritual incinerador. Como resultado se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de definir otros cuadros tipológicos y cronológicos basados en los contextos arqueológicos, dado que las cerámicas estudiadas reflejan tradiciones muy distintas, algunas de ellas como en Los Castellets, producto del poblamiento indígena de la Edad del Bronce Medio y Tardío

The Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe represents an important test case for the study of human population movements during prehistoric periods. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the peninsula formed a periglacial refugium [1] for hunter-gatherers (HGs) and thus served as a potential source for the re-peopling of northern latitudes [2]. The post-LGM genetic signature was previously described as a cline from Western HG (WHG) to Eastern HG (EHG), further shaped by later Holocene expansions from the Near East and the North Pontic steppes [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Western and central Europe were dominated by ancestry associated with the ∼14,000-year-old individual from Villabruna, Italy, which had largely replaced earlier genetic ancestry, represented by 19,000–15,000-year-old individuals associated with the Magdalenian culture [2]. However, little is known about the genetic diversity in southern European refugia, the presence of distinct genetic clusters, and correspondence with geography. Here, we report new genome-wide data from 11 HGs and Neolithic individuals that highlight the late survival of Paleolithic ancestry in Iberia, reported previously in Magdalenian-associated individuals. We show that all Iberian HGs, including the oldest, a ∼19,000-year-old individual from El Mirón in Spain, carry dual ancestry from both Villabruna and the Magdalenian-related individuals. Thus, our results suggest an early connection between two potential refugia, resulting in a genetic ancestry that survived in later Iberian HGs. Our new genomic data from Iberian Early and Middle Neolithic individuals show that the dual Iberian HG genomic legacy pertains in the peninsula, suggesting that expanding farmers mixed with local HGs.

La Cueva de Els Trocs se localiza en el término Municipal de San Feliú de Veri, dentro del Ayuntamiento de Bisaurri, Huesca. Su ubicación exacta se halla equidistante de dos de los ríos más importantes de la comarca de la Ribagorza, el río Ésera y el río Isábena. Ambos discurren en este sector profundamente encajados formando las gargantas del Congosto de Ventamillo y las foces de Obarra, respectivamente. La cueva se sitúa a una altitud de 1500 msnm, dominando la planicie (Selvaplana) de un corredor transversal entre el Pirineo Axial y el macizo del Turbón. Las dos campañas de excavación llevadas a cabo hasta el momento han puesto al descubierto una interesante estratigrafía que, descartando un estrecho horizonte superficial de una esporádica ocupación romana, se corresponde con diversos momentos de ocupación neolítica. En el presente trabajo queremos presentar tanto la compleja estratigrafía obtenida como las estructuras (hogares, suelos, etc.) y materiales arqueológicos recuperados.

This article presents the results of almost a dozen archaeological interventions in the urban area of Jaca. One of them has provided important archaeological news qualifying the historical interpretation of the city, both in terms of its expansion and its subsequent evolution. In this regard, new contributions from archaeology on the morphology and path of the medieval wall raise doubts about some aspects so far accepted by historians. Additionally, this job provides the latest news on the remains founds in Jaca Late Roman and Hispano-visigothic period and their impact on the urban framework of the city., El presente artículo expone los resultados de casi una docena de intervenciones arqueológicas en el casco urbano de Jaca. Alguna de ellas ha aportado importantes novedades arqueológicas que matizan la interpretación histórica que se tenía de la ciudad, tanto en lo referente a su extensión como a su posterior evolución. En este mismo sentido las aportaciones de la arqueología sobre la morfología y el trazado de la muralla medieval plantean dudas sobre algunos de los aspectos hasta ahora asumidos por los historiadores. Se completa este trabajo con las últimas novedades sobre los hallazgos realizados en Jaca del periodo tardorromano e hispanovisigodo y su repercusión en la trama urbana de la ciudad.

This paper presents the preliminary results of the excavation of the “Els Trocs’’ Cave, developed in the context of the research project “The pathways of the Neolithic”. The careful and detailed work of excavation and recording has revealed a complex stratigraphy in which, thanks to the radiocarbon dates on short-lived samples (cereal seeds, human bones and domestic animal remains), it has been possible to distinguish four different periods of occupation inside the cave. With this information and some preliminary analyses of part of the materials (pottery, flint and faunal remains), we have documented the presence of a human group in the mountain pastures of the axial Pyrennes, at a very early stage (beginning of the last third of the Vlth millennium cal. BC), with a transhumant pastoral economy. It was a fully neolithic population with clear evidences of the use of wheat and barley, despite they did not cultivate around the close environment of this cave, where complex burial rituals had been also documented., Este trabajo presenta los resultados preliminares obtenidos en la excavación de la Cova de Els Trocs, desarrollada dentro del proyecto de investigación "Los caminos del Neolítico". La minuciosa labor de excavación y de registro ha permitido establecer una compleja secuencia estratigráfica en la que, gracias a una veintena de dataciones radiocarbónicas sobre eventos singulares de vida corta (semillas de cereal, huesos humanos y fauna doméstica), se han podido diferenciar cuatro momentos de ocupación distintos de la cueva. Con estos datos y algunos análisis, también preliminares, de parte del registro (cerámica, sílex y restos faunísticos), se ha podido definir, en una época muy temprana (inicios del último tercio del VI milenio cal. BC.), la presencia en los pastos de montaña del Pirineo axial de un grupo humano que desarrolla una actividad pastoril trashumante. Una población plenamente neolitizada, que conoce el trigo y la cebada, aunque no los cultive en el entorno de la cueva, y que, a tenor de ciertas evidencias, practica complejos rituales tanatológicos.

As the first domestic livestock species, sheep has had a fundamentalrole in human populations since the Neolithic. Theirdemographic history is, however, poorly understood. We successfullysequenced 13 ancient sheep from 2 sites in NorthernIberia to up to 8.74× and 1 modern Corsican mouflon to describethis demographic history at the Western extreme of theMediterranean. Our results support an initial maritime expansioninto Iberia and that European mouflons descended fromferalized Neolithic sheep. We also describe a secondary expansionof Eastern ancestry in sheep at the same time when humanSteppe ancestry arrived to Iberia, and when we expect woollysheep to expand through Europe. Lastly, we found a third expansionin the Mediterranean area during the Roman period,when some historical sources mentioned fine-wool sheep beingtraded. We see evidence that this expansion had a significanteffect in shaping the modern European sheep gene pool leadingto modern breeds like the popular Merino. These resultsillustrate the dynamic history of Iberian sheep populations, andhow human cultural and demographic changes left their footprintsin the sheep gene pool, marking them as a useful proxyfor describing complex human demographic events.