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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the study is to develop methodological support for assessing the economic efficiency of investment when implementing projects for mineral deposits development, including investments in coal deposits development. Specific features of the content of these projects implementation process have been considered both in terms of investment result and its components, and in terms of composition and investment structure, which affect the methodology used and the corresponding methods of efficiency indicators calculation. The author’s approach and specific formulas for assessing the economic efficiency of investment when implementing projects for mineral deposits development have been outlined and substantiated. The projects are based on the use of newly created value indicator such as internal income of enterprises and organizations as a result of investment and investment activity. In its economic content it corresponds to the country’s internal national income indicator, which is the financial basis for the functioning and existence of the state. The formulas for calculating the indicators of economic efficiency of investments and capital investments in development and exploitation of mineral deposits of specific investors without considering the costs of production and social infrastructure have been given.

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A Net Smelter Return (NSR) is a mine's net revenues less off-site costs. Three procedures for computation of the NSR of polymetallic mineralization are in common use: calculated values, "soft" estimates, and "mine-specific" estimates. Calculated NSRs are the actual NSRs realized by a mine. The calculated NSR of a block of mineralization is not an inherent property of that mineralization: it will depend on who mines it. Calculated NSRs provide the basis for legal obligations such as financial reporting and royalty payments to outside parties. However, recipients of NSR royalties find it difficult to audit what they are paid. Thus, to avoid lawsuits, royalty payments should be based on Gross Revenues (GRRs) rather than NSRs. Soft estimates of NSRs, based on statistical analysis of comparable situations, can be used in exploration to clarify assays of complex mineralization. Mine-specific NSRs are increasingly used by mines to specify cut-off grades. However, NSRs were devised for accounting purposes and they cannot be used as the only basis for distinguishing ore from waste. This paper proposes that the use of "Net NSRs," which include on-site costs as well as off-site costs, would be preferable for grade control. The use of Net NSRs would also permit grade-control geologists to function as the mine gate-keepers: alert to changes in profitability and environmental and health issues, both at the mine and among the mine's neighbors and customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows that the usual result of full adoption of a superior technology induced by pure royalty licensing may not hold when firms have different production technologies. By modeling a Cournot licensing game with an external innovator that offers per-unit royalty contracts to downstream firms, this article shows that full adoption of the innovation occurs only if (1) the new technology is sufficiently more efficient than the best one that is available in the market; or (2) if the firms have similar efficiency levels. Moreover, I disentangle two distinct forces that influence the innovator's choice: a price effect (PE) and a market share effect (MSE). The former highlights the asymmetry in willingness to pay for the latest technology. The inefficient firms, which benefit the most from the cost-reducing innovation, are willing to pay a higher price to become a licensee than are their efficient rivals. The latter illustrates the innovator's aim to maximize the volume of royalties that are collected by licensing to many firms. When PE dominates MSE, the patent holder sets a higher royalty rate and attracts fewer, less efficient firms. Otherwise, if MSE dominates, the patent holder reduces the royalty rate and attracts more firms so as to reach as many consumers as possible. From a policy perspective, I show that royalty licensing improves consumer surplus and that the positive effect increases with the number of licensees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern tax systems are characterized with the need for an economically justified and legally correct determination of the tax consequences of operations carried out in the context of the use of complex ambiguous models of contractual relations (business models). Taxation when using such models, as a rule, is accompanied by the need to conduct an analysis aimed at clarifying the essential economically justified reason of either the business model as a whole, or individual elements of the operations carried out, for example, the essence of certain payments made by the taxpayer or in his favor. The results of the preliminary analysis showed that one of the most relevant areas of research in this area is a set of issues related to the methodology for determining the customs value of goods as a basis for calculating customs duties. In some countries, it is one of the components of the tax base for value added tax and excise taxes paid as part of customs payments. At the same time, the study of both Russian and international experience shows the special significance of the scientific development of two directions in this area, namely: formation of methodological approaches to the concept of an actual buyer of goods, the customs value of which is determined; qualification based on the actual economically justified reason of individual payments, including those that are not formally included in the customs value of goods based on the principles formulated by the World Trade Organization. As part of the scientific development of the above questions, the results of which are presented in the article, the following research methods were used: analytical, graphic, generalization and economic modeling.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the investment of government take -- royalties and special participation - arising from exploration of natural resources, especially oil, natural gas and other liquid hydrocarbons, in education, as carried out by the Municipalities from Costa Verde, Médio Paraíba and South-Central Region from the State of Rio de Janeiro in 2018. From bibliographic and document research, we analyzed the information available at the State General Accounting Office of Rio de Janeiro, Transparency and/or Municipal Finance Department websites. This paper shows, among other results, that 12 (48%) of the 25 Municipalities comprising the three regions under this research do not have any evidence of paying education expenses with funds from these revenues. Thus, it is observed that there are many challenges regarding the proper application of revenues from government participation of natural resources in education in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the production of novels in Costa Rica from 1873 to 1989 based on a systematic quantification of data from various bibliographic catalogues. Attention is paid to their temporal and geographical distribution, the means used to publish them --newspapers, magazines or books-- and the number of editions and translations they achieved, that instead of analyzing the literary dimension of the works. Likewise, novelists are considered in terms of their nationality and gender, the age at which their first novel was published, as well as their occupation, education, and productivity. It is concluded that, despite the efforts of the State to improve the conditions of publication and commercialization, the Costa Rican novel did not become an activity that allowed writers to live off the income generated by copyright. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Fiscal is the property of Revista de Derecho Fiscal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Apuntes Contables is the property of Apuntes Contables and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oil and gas leases between mineral owners and extraction firms typically specify a date by which the firm must either drill a well or lose the lease. These deadlines are known as primary terms. Using data from the Louisiana shale boom, we first show that well drilling is substantially bunched just before the primary term deadline. This bunching is not necessarily surplus‐reducing: using an estimated model of firms' drilling and input choices, we show that primary terms can increase total surplus by countering the effects of leases' royalties, as royalties are a tax on revenue and delay drilling. These benefits are reduced, however, when production outcomes are sensitive to drilling inputs and when drilling one well indefinitely extends the period of time during which additional wells may be drilled. We enrich the model to consider mineral owners' lease offers and find small effects of primary terms on owners' revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]