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Buang air besar dapat menyebabkan pencemaran udara. Udara yang telah tercemar dengan feses dapat menyebabkan berbagai macam penyakit pencernaan seperti kolera, tifus, disentri, cacingan dan diare. Berdasarkan data Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM) Kementerian Kesehatan pada tahun 2021 jumlah masyarakat yang masih buang air besar sebanyak 21.039.291 KK (29,43%), Provinsi Jawa Tengah sebanyak 2.895.776 KK (27,64%), Kabupaten Cilacap sebanyak 104.957 KK (21,21%), Kecamatan Gandrungmangu 3.425 KK (13,14%) dan Desa Karanganyar 224 KK. Tujuan peneliti yaitu 1) mengkaji pengaruh buang air besar terhadap jumlah bakteri Escherichia coli di air sumur gali, 2) mengkaji hubungan jumlah bakteri Escherichia colidengan tingkat kesehatan mayarakat khususnya diare di Desa Karanganyar Kecamatan Gandrungmangu Kabuapten Cilacap. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional . Hasil penelitian menggunakan analisis univariat menunjukkan 82,54% responden tempat buang air besar di kolam dan 17,46% responden tempat BABS di sungai. jarak tempat BABS dengan sumur gali sebanyak 66,67% tidak memenuhi syarat yaitu kurang dari 11 m dengan rata-rata jarak 8 meter. Jumlah bakteri E-Coli pada air sumur gali sebanyak 71,43% tidak memenuhi syarat kategori aman dan 28,57% memenuhi syarat batas kategori aman kandungan E-Coli pada air. Hasil analisis mikroba kuantitatif (QMRA) sebanyak 71,43% responden termasuk kategori berisiko rendah dan sebanyak 28,57% responden tidak berisiko mengalami gangguan kesehatan khususnya penyakit diare. Hasil uji chi square menunjukan nilai p value 0,00 maka dapat dikatakan bahwa ada pengaruh buang air besar terhadap jumlah bakteri Escherichia coli. Terdapat juga hubungan jumlah bakteri Escherichia coli dengan tingkat kesehatan masyarakat khusususnya dengan nilai p value sebesar 0,00 . Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan tingkat kesehatan masyarakat yang disebabkan karena kontaminasi bakteri Escherichia colipada air yang bersumber dari kotoran manusia yaitu edukasi pada masyarkat untuk tidak melakukan buang air besar dan mengoptimalkan program Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM) terutama satu yaitu Stop Buang Air Besar Sembarangan.

The photocatalysts of Polyaniline (PANI) and composite Polyaniline /TiO2 were syntheses by the interfacial polymerization (twophase organic/water) method. The characteristics of the photocatalyst were identified by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). The characteristic FT-IR peaks of Polyaniline and composite Polyaniline/TiO2 are formed due to the formation H-Bonding. The XRD pattern shows that Polyaniline has a typical peak starting from 25.080 (2????) planes (110) and amorphous polymer. The addition of TiO2 (1%, 5% and 10% (w/w)) were found increased the activities. Photocatalyst Polyaniline/TiO2 1% was proven to provide the highest reduction in Rhodamine B degradation, 53%. Rhodamine B degradation increased by 80% at pH 9 with an optimum time of 300 minutes under visible light from a tungsten lamp. The rate of kinetics was obtained following first order with a constant rate of photodegradation of 0.005445 minutes−1 .

In the development of infrastructure projects with the PPP scheme, the government needs a way to assess the level of success and sustainability of related projects. This study will identify criteria that can be used to assess the success provision of sustainable infrastructure under the PPP scheme in Indonesia. After that, these criteria are arranged in a framework that will be tested against an infrastructure project. Analytic Network Proces (ANP) method is used to determine the ranking of each criterion so that a new development framework can be made and used in Indonesia. In this study, a questionnaire was developed which was distributed to four (4) experts in the field of infrastructure development in Indonesia. The results obtained are the framework for the success of providing sustainable infrastructure with the PPP scheme in Indonesia consists of 6 (six) success criteria with the percentage of involvement, which are Financial and Economy (30,47%), Law and Political (10,63%), Health Safety and Environmental (12,18%), Managerial and Technic (14,58%), Operational and Maintenance (16,70%), and Social and Stakeholder (15,44%). The six (6) success criteria are composed of twenty (20) derived sub-criteria. The PLTU Batang project which was chosen as the object of validation in this study did not meet 6 sub-criteria of the existing 20 sub-criteria. With this development framework, it can be taken into account in making decisions to determine the success of sustainable infrastructure projects with PPP schemes in Indonesia

Denne masteroppgaven undersøker om Norske L2 Engelsk brukere kan bedømme ekspletiv infiksering, banneord i andre ord, som den naturlige fan-fucking-tastic og den unaturlige fa-fuckin-ntastic. Flere forfattere har forsøkt å formulere en standard regel som beskriver denne prosessen, med en videreutvikling og forenkling etter hvert som den underliggende prosessen blir koblet til ordets trykk-mønster, trykk-nivå og teorien bak metrisk fonologi. Vi vil også se om vi kan finne ut hvor denne regelen kommer fra, og om det er en regel som er spesifikk til produksjonen av ekspletiv infiksering eller om prosessen er generelt koblet til prosodien til det Engelske språket. Data ble samlet inn fra 120 Norske deltagere og 20 Engelske deltagere som svarte på en innledende spørreundersøkelse for kontroll data, og deretter sendt videre til en av fire spørreundersøkelser med randomisert rekkefølge på 32 ord delt inn i fire kategorier etter ordenes spådde naturlighet, hvor deltagerne skulle bedømme ordene naturlig eller unaturlig ved bruk av 7-poeng Likert skala oppgaver. Poengene ble deretter omgjort til z-score Resultatene viser at Norske deltagere har evnen til å bedømme ordene korrekt i henhold til den spådde naturligheten, og at denne evnen ikke er koblet til nivået på deltagerens utdanning, timer hver uke brukt på å snakke og skrive engelsk, heller ikke frekvensen for bruk av banneord. Isteden virker denne evnen til å være koblet til Engelsk ferdighet som nesten alle Norske deltagere har. Denne ferdigheten gir deltagerne tydeligvis en Engelsk prosodi prosess koblet til trykk-mønster på ord, som de bruker for å bedømme ekspletiv infiksering, istedenfor en regel som er spesifikk for ekspletiv infiksering. This thesis examines if Norwegian L2 English speakers can correctly judge expletive infixations, swearwords inside other words, such as the natural fan-fuckin-tastic and the unnatural fa-fuckin-ntastic. Several authors have attempted to formulate a standard rule which describes this process, with a subsequent evolution and simplification as the underlying process is connected to word stress patterns, stress levels and the theory of metrical phonology. We will also see if we can determine where this rule comes from, and if it is a rule which is specific to the production of expletive infixations or if the process is generally conditioned by the prosody of the English language. Data was gathered from 120 Norwegian participants and 20 English participants who answered an introductory questionnaire for control data and was then sent to one of four randomised word order questionnaires for judging 32 words divided into four categories by their predicted acceptability, using individual 7-point Likert scale tasks. Word ratings were then z-scored. The results show that Norwegians do possess the ability to correctly judge the words by their predicted acceptability, and that this ability is not connected to level of education, number of hours spent speaking or writing English per week, nor the frequency of swearword usage. Instead, it is reasonable to connect this ability to the general English proficiency which almost all Norwegians have. This is seemingly what instils an English prosodic process related to stress patterns of words which participants utilize to judge expletive infixations, instead of a specific rule of expletive infixation.

The highly active Mn-doped Ag3PO4 photocatalyst was successfully synthesized under coprecipitation method using AgNO3, Na2HPO4·12H2O, and MnSO4·H2O, followed by annealing. The products were characterized using the SEM, XRD, DRS, XPS, and BET. The results showed that the Mn doping decreased the broad absorption in the visible region and increased the atomic ratio of O/Ag. The hydroxyl defects and oxygen vacancies can be suppressed by Mn doping and the photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation could be improved. This excellent photocatalytic activity was caused by decreasing the recombination of electron and holes due to suppressing the defect sites in the surface of Ag3PO4.

Native defects in silver orthophosphate could be generated by simple co-precipitation method under ethanol-aqueous solution using AgNO3 and Na2HPO4.12H2O. AgNO3 ethanol-aqueous solution with the ethanol contents of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% and 100% was reacted with Na2HPO4 aqueous solution. The produced catalysts were characterized using XRD, DRS, FE-SEM, BET specific surface area and XPS. The increase of ethanol content in the synthesis process decreased the Ag/P atomic ratio of Ag3PO4. The native defects of silver vacancy might be generated on the surface of Ag3PO4. The activity of Ag3PO4 for Rhodamine B degradation dramatically increased by 5.8 times higher compared to that of the pristine Ag3PO4. The defect states of Ag vacancies enhanced the separation of electron-hole pairs, leading to the improvement of photocatalytic activity.

Ca/Al layered double hydroxides (Ca/Al LDH) was synthesized using co-precipitation method following calcination at 800 °C and was intercalated with Keggin ion [α-SiW12O40]4– to form intercalated Ca/Al LDH. Materials were characterized using XRD and FTIR spectrophotometer. Furthermore, materials were used as an adsorbent of cadmium(II) from solution. The results showed that layer material was formed completely after calcination which was indicated at diffraction 20° due to loss of water in the interlayer space. Ca/Al LDH after calcination was intercalated with [α-SiW12O40]4– ion and interlayer distance was increased from 4.25 to 4.41 Å showed that intercalation process was successfully conducted. Adsorption of cadmium(II) using Ca/Al LDH was conducted at pH 9 and intercalated Ca/Al LDH at pH 8 showed that intercalated material has slightly faster than Ca/Al LDH without intercalation probably due to slightly increasing interlayer distance of Ca/Al LDH after intercalation. The adsorption capacity of intercalated Ca/Al LDH was higher than Ca/Al LDH without intercalation at the temperature range of 30–50 °C.

Intercalation of Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides with H3[α-PW12O40]·nH2O was successfully conducted. Characterization was carried out using FTIR and XRD analyses. Material was used as adsorbent of cadmium (II) in aqueous medium. Adsorption was studied through pH system, adsorption time, concentration of cadmium(II), and temperature. XRD analysis showed that Interlayer distance of Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides was increased after intercalation with H3[α-PW12O40]·nH2O from 4.39 A to 4.75 A. Unique vibration of Mg/Fe before and after intercalation was found at wavenumber 1381 and 1635 cm−1. Analysis of PZC showed that pH PZC of Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides and intercalated material was 9 and 8. Adsorption of cadmium(II) using Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides and intercalated material showed that intercalated material has better adsorption properties than Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides.Intercalation of Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides with H3[α-PW12O40]·nH2O was successfully conducted. Characterization was carried out using FTIR and XRD analyses. Material was used as adsorbent of cadmium (II) in aqueous medium. Adsorption was studied through pH system, adsorption time, concentration of cadmium(II), and temperature. XRD analysis showed that Interlayer distance of Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides was increased after intercalation with H3[α-PW12O40]·nH2O from 4.39 A to 4.75 A. Unique vibration of Mg/Fe before and after intercalation was found at wavenumber 1381 and 1635 cm−1. Analysis of PZC showed that pH PZC of Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides and intercalated material was 9 and 8. Adsorption of cadmium(II) using Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides and intercalated material showed that intercalated material has better adsorption properties than Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides.

Layered double hydroxides containing Zn2+ and Al3+ ions with formula [Zn1-xAlx(OH)2]x+[(NO3−)x/2×mH2O] has been prepared using coprecipitation method at pH 10 to form Zn/Al layered double hydroxides (LDH). Zn/Al LDH then intercalated with Keggin ion of [α-PW12O40]3− to form intercalated Zn/Al LDH. Materials were characterized using X-Ray and IR analyses. Zn/Al LDH and intercalated Zn/Al was applied as adsorbent of Cd(II) using batch system. Analysis of X-Ray and IR on Zn/Al LDH and intercalated Zn/Al with [α-PW12O40]3− showed that synthesis of Zn/Al was successfully conducted which was indicated from diffraction at 11 deg and vibration at around 400-500 cm−1 for Zn-O and Al-O vibrations. Analysis of pH PZC on LDH showed that materials have pH PZC at 5. Adsorption of Cd(II) on Zn/Al LDH and intercalated Zn/Al LDH with [α-PW12O40]3− at showed that intercalated Zn/Al LDH with Keggin ion of [α-PW12O40]3− has higher adsorption capacity than Zn/Al LDH without intercalation.

In recent years, development of inorganic-organic hybrid materials has been receiving significant attention due to wide range of potential applications and high absorption in visible spectrum. Polyaniline (PANI) and nanocomposite PANI/ZnO were prepared by interfacial polymerization method of two-phase organic/water. The characteristics (composition, morphology and structure) of the nanocomposites characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). The characteristic FT-IR peaks of PANI and nanocomposite (PANI)/ZnO due to formation H-Bonding. UV-Vis characterization showed the presence of electron transitions in PANI compound. The characterization by DRS showed the compound PANI, PANI/ZnO 5% and 10% have an energy value of ~ 2.0 eV band gap. SEM analysis with image-J software showed a decreasing of the particle size due to the increasing content of ZnO.

Gjennom analyse av tidsdata gjennom forskningsprosjektet SpeedUp er det observert at det oppstår pauser i tidligfasen i større norske byggeprosjekter. Målet med denne studien er å se på årsakene som forårsaker disse pausene og hvilke konsekvenser dette har for planleggingsperioden og videre prosjektgjennomføring. For å få en bedre forståelse rundt problemstillingen er det foretatt en litteraturstudie som ser på eksisterende teori knyttet opp mot utsettelser i byggeprosjekter. Intervjuer med relevante personer i prosjektledelsesfirmaet OPAK har blitt gjennomført for å skaffe mer informasjon pauser i tidligfase. Disse intervjuene har så blitt analysert for å finne fellesfaktorer som kan være med å skape et bedre bilde av problematikken. Gjennom studien blir det etablert fire hovedårsaker knyttet til årsaker i planleggingsperioden. Disse årsakene er: beslutninger; kommunikasjon; kompetanse og erfaring; planlegging. Når det kommer til konsekvenser så berører dette tre hovedfelt: personell, tid og økonomi. Det har ikke blitt gjennomført lignende studier før, noe som reduserer sammenligningsgrunnlaget, data er derfor sammenlignet med eksisterende teori rundt utsettelser i prosjekter. Studien avdekker at mange av problemene er knyttet opp mot politiske behandlingssaker og kommunikasjon mellom involverte parter. Denne studien finner at noen av pausene kan unngås, mens andre ikke kan unngås. Målet blir derfor å hindre de som er mulig å redusere omfanget av konsekvenser hvor de ikke kan hindres. Det presenteres at for å redusere årsaker og konsekvenser i planleggingsperioden er man avhengig av god stakeholder management, effektiv bruk av kvalitetssikring og risikoanalyse og klar og tydelig kommunikasjon.

This research is conducted to produce carbons from coconut fibre which approach to activated carbon clause continue with carbon surface modification and the adsorption examination to Cu(II) ions. The research consist of several phase. Carbon making of coconut fibre conducted by carbonization processes at 320-400oC with temperature interval 20oC. Carbon yielded in characterized moisture content, ash content and its adsoprtion to iodium. The carbon surface modification conducted by loaded 2-mercaptobenzotiazol (MBT) on carbon. The adsorpsibility of carbon-MBT tested by influence of contact time, pH, and the isoterm adsorption pattern. The result of the study showed carbonization of coconut fibre which approach the requirement of SII No.0258-89 gained at temperature 320oC. In the present study equilibrium time of 10 minute and pH was found to be optimum for both adsorbent. While type of isothermal adsorption from carban and carbon-MBT adsorbent followed the Langmuir adsorption pattern.

Study about the use of active charcoal rice straws (AAJP) was done in order to decrease heavy metal ion on textile waste water by using photocatalyst AAJP/TiO 2 . Rice straws were gained from the Banyumas Regency and samples textile waste water from one of textile industry in Pemalang. This study was begun by the making of active charcoal from the rice straws, and then the modification of photocatalyst AAJP/TiO 2 was done with the comparison 1:99, 2:98, 3:97, 4:96, 5:95. The test of heavy metal ion photoreduction was done with some parameters such as weight comparison (1:99, 2:98, 3:97, 4:96, 5:95), pH effect (2, 5, 7, 9, 13) and the effect of ray source (sun light and the UV lamp). Analysis of photocatalyst material used SEM and heavy metal ion concentration used AAS. Results show that optimum photocatalyst activity in weight comparison AAJP 300 o C / TiO 2 (1:99) with decrease concentration was 65.02% for heavy metal ion, mean while AAJP 700 o C / TiO 2 (3:97) with decreased concentration of heavy metal ion is 94.50%. Optimal process for heavy metal ion reduction occur at pH 2 with decreased concentration of heavy metal ion for AAJP 300 o C / TiO 2 (1:99) is 99.87% and for AAJP 700 o C /TiO 2 (3:97) is 100%. The source of UV lamp was good for heavy metal ion photoreduction (AAJP 300 o C /TiO 2 (1:99) was 99.87% and AAJP 700 o C /TiO 2 (3:97) was 100%)

富山大学・富理工博甲第92号・Roy Andreas・2015/09/28

The present study examined Cd solubility in pH 2–12 fresh and seawater media with and without humin to determine Cd species composition. The study, based on the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics model, was conducted to determine the kinetic parameters of Cd(II) adsorption onto humin. We employed the Langmuir and Freundlich models to derive thermodynamic parameters. Aquo (Cd(H2O) 6 2+ ) and chloro- (CdCl+ and CdCl2) complexes were responsible for Cd(II) adsorption onto humin. Results showed Cd as Cd(II) and Cd(H2O) 6 +2 was water soluble at 2