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The relationship between childhood adversity and poor adult outcomes is well-established but less is known about the association between childhood adversity and anger among the incarcerated. This is important because one potential pathway by which childhood adversity contributes to poor outcomes is through the effect that adversity has on emotion regulation and impulse control (Jaggi et al., 2016). Using the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities (SI-SFCF), we measure nine key childhood adverse events, falling into two categories - childhood victimization and childhood chronic strains. I also examine the association between total exposure to these two types of adversity and adult anger. The results indicate that net of controls, men report more anger than women with no race/ethnicity differences across gender. All of the measures of victimization and chronic childhood strains are significantly associated with higher reported adult anger. There are very few race/ethnicity and gender differences in the association between adversity exposure and anger, with the exception of parental substance abuse, which has a significantly greater association with anger among Black women. In addition, the count measure of victimization indicates that the association between anger and victimization is significantly greater for African Americans. The results are discussed in terms of relevance for understanding differences in trajectories to incarceration and with respect to the case for and against considering anger as a stress outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine race/ethnicity differences in the association between perceived mental health and social support. Although it is relatively wellestablished that African Americans tend to have lower rates of depression than White Americans, the reasons for the lower vulnerability of African Americans is less well-understood. One possible explanation suggested by the ethnographic literature is the quantity and quality of social support available to African Americans (Stack, 1974). Yet little quantitative research has examined whether or not this accounts for the race/ethnicity difference in depression. We measure a comprehensive range of sources of social support including social support from family, friends, church networks, and partners, and the number of fictive kin. We use internal moderation coding to distinguish between the effect of occupying a role from the association between mental health and the quality of perceived social support. We also examine how gender and socio-economic status - measured as household income - moderate these associations. Using data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) on over 3,000 African Americans and 890 White Americans, we find that social support from friends, church members, and partners is associated with better perceived mental health, irrespective of race/ethnicity although partner support is more salient for White American's. Contrary to expectations, number of fictive kin is associated with well-being among White Americans, but not among African Americans. Our results indicate that family support is associated with better mental health among White Americans irrespective of household income and among Black Americans in average and particularly in high income households. However, among low-income African Americans, high family support is associated with poorer perceived mental health. We discuss the implications these results have for considerations of the study of how structural position - race/ethnicity, socio-economic status, and gender - influence the relationship between social support and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available evidence suggests that home ownership is associated with better physical and mental health but very little research has examined the factors that account for variation in this relationship (Cohen et al., 2010; Rohe, Van Zandt, and McCarthy, 2001). Understanding the circumstances in which home ownership undermines health as opposed to being associated with well-being is important because there is little research on this question and because it is generally assumed that home ownership is always a social good (Nettleton and Burrows, 1998; 2000; Taylor, Pevalin, and Todd, 2007). In light of the many stressors that face home owners, this is an arguably tenuous and unsubstantiated assumption. This paper focuses on African Americans, who are particularly vulnerable to stressors associated with home ownership (Loving, Finke, and Salter, 2011). African Americans have less equity and savings, are more likely to live in neighborhoods with declining home values, and are more likely to live in poor high-crime neighborhoods and neighborhoods that lack amenities (Loving, Finke, and Salter, 2012; Oliver and Shapiro, 2006; Patillo, 2008; Wen, Hawkley, and Cacioppo, 2006; Wilson, 2010; Wood, Frank, and Giles-Corti, 2010). The current study considers the moderating role that household income plays in the relationship between home ownership and health. In addition, I also consider how neighborhood quality influences the relationship between home ownership and health. Neighborhood quality is measured in three ways; perceived neighborhood resources or amenities such as local supermarkets or banks, the perceived level of violent crime and drug crime and use, and frequency of contact with neighbors. The measures of health are CES-D depression and subjective physical health. Using the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) sub-sample of 3,570 African Americans, I find that compared with non-home owners, low income home owners are in better mental and physical health. However, affluent home owners are more depressed and in no better physical health than affluent non-home owners. Neighborhood amenities are associated with lower depression and higher subjective physical health, irrespective of home ownership status. Frequency of contact with neighbors is not associated with physical health, but among home owners more frequent contact with neighbors is associated with better mental health. Policy implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender and race are intertwined contexts that account for variation in the resource-health relationship, yet most research ignores this social reality, over-generalizes findings, and, in all likelihood, obscure the complexities that the dual interlocking systems of gender and race create. This study seeks to address this issue by examining stress outcomes - distress and substance abuse - by race/ethnicity and gender. A second purpose of our study is to examine exposure and vulnerability to a major life stressor among a sub-set of the population who have high exposure to social stressors; the incarcerated. Using the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, we examine differential distress and substance abuse by race/ethnicity and gender, differential exposure to pre-incarceration physical abuse, and vulnerability in the association between physical abuse and stress by race/ethnicity and gender. Our results indicate that consistent with studies of the general population, African Americans have lower rates of depression and substance abuse compared with whites and Hispanics. Compared with rates in the general population, incarcerated individuals report higher likelihood of experiencing pre-incarceration physical abuse, but unlike the general population, whites have substantially higher rates of physical abuse. Results of regression analyses indicate that the association between physical abuse and distress is similar for all groups, but the association between substance abuse and physical abuse is substantially higher for women and Hispanics. We discuss these results with reference to the stress process literature and research on the differential stress and well-being of the incarcerated. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is little doubt that the married are in better mental health than the non-married, the question of how marital conditions differentially affect individual mental health across the interlocking systems of race, class, and gender is relatively less well-understood. There are also good reasons to expect race and gender differences in the impact of marriage on well-being. For instance, financial strains may be particularly problematic for African Americans, because of structural barriers that limit socio-economic opportunities. In this paper we examine how race/ethnicity modifies the relationship between marriage and depression. Second, we examine how socio-economic status - income, education, and wealth - modifies the relationship between marriage and depression. Using the 2003 National Health Interview Survey, our findings indicate that the relative benefits of marriage for mental health vary by income, gender, and race. Our findings are consistent with the literature that suggests that the financial stressors associated with marriage may outweigh the benefits of marriage for men, especially African American men. Furthermore, because we find significant differences in the marriage-depression relationship our results reinforce the importance of examining how the intersecting systems of stratification, gender, and race influence the relationship between family roles and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to explore how the relationship between socioeconomic resources and mental health varies among Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic white Americans. We focus on Hispanics because they are the fastest growing minority in the U.S (Molina and Aguirre-Molina 1994; Rubio, Rubio, and Forman 2004) and because only a only a limited amount of research has examined variation in the relationship between SES and mental health among Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites (House 2002; Potts and Aneshensel 1991; Rubio, Rubio, and Forman 2004; Williams 1990; Williams and Collins 1995). In addition, there is good reason to believe that the relationship between SES and well-being among Hispanics will differ from other ethnic/racial groups because in spite their generally lower household incomes and education, Hispanics do not tend to be in poorer mental health than non-Hispanic white Americans (Bratter and Eschbach 2005; Vega and Rumbaut 1991; Williams and Harris-Reid 1999). A second goal of this study is to approach the epidemiology of Hispanic well-being in a manner that begins to attend to the many differences within this very diverse ethnic group. In order to achieve this, we use the 2003 NHIS to examine differences in well-being and socio-economic status between non-Hispanic whites and two Hispanic sub-groups - Mexican Americans and non-Mexican Hispanic Americans. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an analysis of the relationship between negative home/work spillover and depression using a telephone sample of 550 employed respondents in Northeast Ohio. Our analysis addresses three questions; 1) Do home roles and demands in these roles mediate the relationship between negative spillover and depression? 2) Do resources in home and work roles moderate the relationship between negative spillover and depression? 3) Are there gender differences in these relationships? Results indicate that spillover mediates the relationship between job demands and depression, while two role resources, social support and job control moderate the impact of work-to-home spillover on depression. We observe a gender difference in the moderating influence of job control, but no gender differences in the moderating effect of social support. Although both home-to-work and work-to-home spillover are significantly associated with depression among both men and women, there is considerably more variation in the relationship between depression and work-to-home spillover than between depression and home-to-work spillover. We discuss our results in light of the literature on the relationship between work and home and in terms of the implications of our results for work-family policy. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine gender and ethnic differences in the association of depression and role resources. We develop a framework for analyzing how low and high economic and role-related resources might contribute differentially to race/ethnic and gender differences in depression. We suggest four hypothetical outcomes that capture the intersection of inequalities: Double Jeopardy, Enhanced Advantage, Social Normativity, and Attenuated Advantage. Using the NSFH, we examine the influence of economic resources (measured as income and education) and role resources (being employed and married) on race and gender differences in depression in order to evaluate the extent to which: (1) gender differences in depression can be generalized to both non-Hispanic whites and Mexican-Americans, and (2) economic and role resources have differential associations with depression as a function of ethnicity/race and gender. We find that Mexican Americans and particularly Mexican American women experience enhanced advantage from the marital role. Compared to white men, white women experience enhanced advantage as a result of economic resources. Compared with non-Hispanics, Mexican-Americans experience attenuated advantage from educational resources. Among the resource poor, we find evidence of double and triple jeopardy for Mexican-Americans compared with whites and Mexican-American women compared with white women. From these results we draw conclusions about the potential causal pathways that shape race/ethnic and gender differences in depression and suggest that these findings are indicative of the importance of going beyond race and gender differences in depression to a consideration of the social context in which differences arise. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is an ever-growing literature on negative spillover, very little research has focused on positive spillover and even less has examined the relationship between positive spillover and depression. Our paper examines the relationship between work-to-home and home-to-work positive spillover and depression. We address four questions; 1) Do home roles and demands in these roles mediate the relationship between positive spillover and depression? 2) Do resources in home and work roles moderate the relationship between positive spillover and depression? 3) Is there an interactive effect between positive work-to-home and home-to-work spillover? 4) Are there gender differences in these relationships? Using the 500 employed individuals drawn from a random sample telephone survey of the Northeast Ohio area, we find that positive home-to-work spillover is associated with lower rates of depression while positive work-to-home spillover is associated with higher rates of depression. However, neither roles nor role resources explain variation in positive spillover and no gender differences are observed. Our results also indicate that the two types of spillover interact, such that depression is highest among workers who report high work-to-home positive spillover and low home-to-work spillover. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the work-home interface and in terms of work-family policy. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The centrality of informed consent in the conduct of medical research is a basic premise of bioethics. However, there are a number of situations in which obtaining informed consent is not possible. One of these is when research is conducted in emergency rooms, where patients may be unconscious and where the treatment, to be effective, must be provided immediately. Recently, the Office of Human Research Protection (OHRP) determined that informed consent could be waived in emergency settings, if, among other conditions, (1) the experimental therapy was likely to benefit the individual, and (2) the patient?s community was consulted prior to the research. Although these guidelines have been widely accepted, virtually no research has examined community attitudes toward emergent research nor has research examined whether there is diversity across racial/ethnic groups with respect to attitudes about emergent research and the OHRP guidelines. The current paper presents the results of a small pilot questionnaire designed to examine racial/ethnic differences in the moral justifications for engaging in emergent research. We also examine preferences and attitudes toward different community representatives, attitudes toward the health care system and physicians, and preferences for methods of communicating with the community about emergent research. We find significant ethnic/race differences in the moral justifications for emergent research, differences in attitudes regarding who should speak to, and for, the community about medical research, and considerable differences in how agents involved in the process of health care research are regarded. Although our results are based on a small sample, findings suggest that OHRP may need to revisit its guidelines for waivers of informed consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissociative disorder is a DSM-IV psychiatric disorder characterized by disturbances in memory, identity, awareness and cognition. Although some degree of dissociative experiences may be quite common in the general population, there has been very little research on the epidemiology of dissociation. To address this issue, this paper presents the results of a random telephone survey of the general population of northeast Ohio. We used the Dissociative Experiences Scale to examine the distribution of dissociation with respect to gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic. The development of dissociation has been linked with the experience of childhood traumas, particularly a childhood history of physical abuse. The relationship between childhood mistreatment and dissociation is important because it has been suggested that adults with dissociative tendencies may be more likely to abuse their own children, thus providing a causal mechanism for the inter-generational transfer of child abuse. There is mixed evidence for this proposition and contradictory results may be due to the fact that most research on this topic fails to examine the broader social context in which dissociation may develop. That is, dissociation may be a generalized response to poverty, not a specific response to childhood abuse and/or trauma. Thus, the secondary purpose of this analysis is to test this proposition by examining whether childhood poverty is associated with dissociation and whether it mediates the relationship between childhood abuse/neglect and dissociation. We find evidence for this hypothesis for men, but not for women ? among men childhood poverty is a stronger predictor of dissociation than either measures of retrospective reports of childhood neglect and abuse. The implications of our results for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data were collected from mid-February 2002 mid-October 2002 from just over six hundred subjects (N=602), living in Northeast Ohio. Guided by the Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory (Hobfoll, 1986; 1998) we conducted analyses to measure the impact of the 9/11 attacks. We determined that the reported loss of psychosocial resources have a significant and meaningful impact on the severity of PTSD symptoms, even among a sample that was minimally exposed to the events of September 11, 2001. We also determined that a substantial zero-order relationship existed between depressive mood and the severity of PTSD symptoms, which was substantially reduced primarily by controlling on perceived loss of psychosocial resources as a result of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Several socio-demographic variables had significant effects on loss of psychosocial resources, which revealed that some people were more vulnerable to the stressfulness of the attacks than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the stress process model, our primary interest in this paper is in examining the association between depression and two forms of perceived racial discrimination - discrete life-time discriminatory events and everyday chronic experiences of racial discrimination. Our second focus concerns the potential moderating effect of perceived family social support and coping styles. The coping strategies we consider include passive-coping (e.g., 'accepting discrimination as a fact of life'), active-coping (i.e., 'doing something about it'), self-focused coping (e.g., 'getting mad'), and John Henryism (i.e., 'working hard to prove them wrong'). Using data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) on over 3,000 African Americans, we find that chronic discrimination is associated with depression, but discriminatory life events are not. Perceived family support moderates the association between chronic discrimination and depression among women, but not among men. Passive-coping moderates the chronic discrimination-depression relationship among women, but is unrelated to men's depression. Respondents who report active coping are less depressed than other respondents, but this association reverses among women who report above-average levels of perceived chronic discrimination. Self-focused coping efforts are negatively associated with depression among men, but not among women. We also find that John Henryism - a coping response that has been linked to poor physical health - is associated with lower depression among respondents who report low or average chronic discrimination but not among respondents who report higher levels of perceived discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]