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In this paper, we investigate the common narrative in literary history that the inner lives of characters became a central preoccupation of literary modernism – a phenomenon commonly referenced as the “inward turn”. We operationalize this notion via a proxy, tracing the use of verbs relating to inner life across 10 language corpora from the ELTeC collection, which comprises novels from the period between 1840–1920. We expected to find an increase in the use of inner-life verbs corresponding to the traditional periodisation of modernism in each of the languages. However, different experiments conducted with the data do not confirm this hypothesis. We therefore look at the results in a number of more granular ways, but we cannot identify any common trends even when we split the verbs into individual categories, or take canonicity or gender into account. We discuss the obtained results in detail, proposing potential reasons for them and including potential avenues of further research as well as lessons learned.

This article examines the ways in which distant reading, as a facet of the digital turn in the humanities, has affected the study of literature, with particular attention to the ways the digital turn has impacted the examination of authorship, genre, and style. In the process, it reflects on the ways in which distant reading developed both as a concept in the history of world literature and as a methodological approach that contributed to the evolution of computer-assisted study of literature.Cet article examine les façons dont la lecture à distance, en tant que facette du virage numérique dans les sciences humaines, a affecté l’étude de la littérature, avec une attention particulière aux façons dont le virage numérique a influencé l’examen de la paternité, le genre et le style. Dans le processus, il réfléchit sur les façons dont la lecture à distance a développé à la fois comme un concept dans l’histoire de la littérature mondiale et comme une approche méthodologique qui a contribué à l’évolution de l’étude assistée par ordinateur de la littérature.

In this paper, we investigate the common narrative in literary history that the inner lives of characters became a central preoccupation of literary modernism. We operationalise this notion via a proxy, tracing the use of verbs relating to inner life across 10 language corpora from the ELTeC collection, which comprises novels from the period between 1840–1920. We expected to find an increase in the use of inner-life verbs corresponding to the traditional periodisation of modernism in each of the languages. However, different experiments conducted with the data do not confirm this hypothesis. We therefore look at the results in a number of more granular ways, but we cannot identify any common trends even when we split the verbs into individual categories, or take canonicity or gender into account. We discuss the obtained results in detail, proposing potential reasons for them and including potential avenues of further research as well as lessons learned.

The aim of this contribution is to reflect on the process of building the multilingual 'European Literary Text Collection' (ELTeC) that is being created in the framework of the networking project 'Distant Reading for European Literary History' funded by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). To provide some background, we briefly introduce the basic idea of ELTeC with a focus on the overall goals and intended usage scenarios. We then describe the collection composition principles that we have derived from the usage scenarios. In our discussion of the corpus-building process, we focus on collections of novels from four different literary traditions as components of ELTeC: French, Portuguese, Romanian, and Slovenian, selected from the more than twenty collections that are currently in preparation. For each collection, we describe some of the challenges we have encountered and the solutions developed while building ELTeC. In each case, the literary tradition, the history of the language, the current state of digitization of cultural heritage, the resources available locally, and the scholars’ training level with regard to digitization and corpus building have been vastly different. How can we, in this context, hope to build comparable collections of novels that can usefully be integrated into a multilingual resource such as ELTeC and used in Distant Reading research? Based on our individual and collective experience with contributing to ELTeC, we end this contribution with some lessons learned regarding collaborative, multilingual corpus building.

A Stylistics of Exiled Lives. The article explores the correspondence between the particular stylistics of exiled lives (specific ways, manners, and forms of living developed during exile) and a specific critical method (para-biography). While all exiles can be perceived as people with underachieved destinies - exile is, in this case, comparable to premature death, lost works, imperfect style, sterility, etc. - the biographer who endeavors to “capture” the ways of the exiled should rely on a critical faculty fit to such uncompletedness, yet a faculty mostly uncommon to his own lot: imaginativeness or critical imagination. Such correspondence between the unique situation and the para-biography of the exiled has been suggested by Ilina Gregori’s books on three personalities (Mihai Eminescu, Emil Cioran and Matila Ghyka) who turned their own experience of exile into particular expressions. REZUMAT. O stilistică a vieții în exil. Articolul explorează corespondența dintre particularitățile stilului vieții în exil (i.e. feluri și maniere de a trăi, forme de viață dezvoltate în perioada exilului) și o metodă critică specifică (para-biografia). Dacă figurile de exilați pot fi percepute sub specia destinului neîmplinit – exilul este, într-o traiectorie obișnuită, asimilabil unor accidente precum moartea prematură, opere pierdute, stil imperfect, sterilitate etc. – atunci biograful care încearcă să surprindă un mod e viață specific existenței în exil trebuie să activeze o facultate critică potrivită destinelor incomplete, în orice caz, mai puțin utilizată și întâlnită: capacitatea de imaginare sau imaginația critică. O astfel de corespondență între (situația) exilatului și para-biografie mi-a fost sugerată de ultimele volume semnate de Ilina Gregori și consacrate unor personalități care au transformat experiența exilului în expresii particulare: Mihai Eminescu, Emil Cioran și Matila Ghyka Cuvinte cheie: exil, formă de viață, imaginație critică, capacitate de imaginare, para-biografie, forma vitae, lieux de mémoire.

A Novel of Celibacy: Swinburne’s Lesbia Brandon. Swinburne’s lost masterpiece, Lesbia Brandon, is a text that reflects upon the burden of family memory and on the ways a particular individual could escape the reproduction chain. Caught at different ages, Beauty represents for the Decadent writer a state of unequalled perfection, which can be neither expressed nor related to a referent. In this context, celibacy becomes the social condition of Beauty as well as an aesthetic form. A novel with bachelors and about celibate, Swinburne’s Lesbia Brandon transcends its shocking premises (lesbianism, incest, violence, flogging) and reveals itself as a meditation on the evanescent condition of mortal beauty. Along with his favored typologies and themes, Swinburne also devised here a different way to think the relationship between authoritarian (complementary partners) and egalitarian love (equal or identical partners) within the wider ideological frame of republicanism. REZUMAT. Un roman al celibatului: Lesbia Brandon de Algernon Charles Swinburne. Capodopera pierdută a lui A.C. Swinburne este un text care reflectă asupra memoriei apăsătoare a familiei precum și asupra soluțiilor individuale de a ieși din lanțul reproducerii. Surprinsă la vârste și prin generații diferite, Frumusețea reprezintă pentru scriitorul decadent un nivel inegalabil de perfecțiune, care nu poate fi exprimat pe deplin nici prin scris, nici prin raportare la un referent real. In termenii definiți de Jean Marie Schaeffer, celibatul devine nu numai forma socială a Frumuseții, ci și figura sa estetică cea mai potrivită. Roman cu celibatari androginici și despre condiția celibatului, Lesbia Brandon reușește să-și transceandă premisele șocante (lesbianism, incest, violență, biciuire) și să se reveleze ca o meditație profundă asupra condiției evanescente a Frumuseții muritoare. Pe lângă tipologiile și temele ce l-au consacrat, Swinburne a reușit să propună aici un nou mod de a înțelege distincția dintre amorul autoritar (dintre parteneri complementari) și amorul egalitarist (dintre parteneri egali sau chiar identici) în contextul mai larg al unei ideologii de tip republican. Cuvinte cheie: Lesbia Brandon, roman celibatar, indirecţie, serialitate, memorie, decadenţă, androginie.

In this article we reveal the publishing ventures of Octav Minar (1886-1967), one of the Romanian authors that was disesteemed by fellow literary historians on account of his counterfeiting acts such as forgery, plagiarism, plastography or trick photography. Related to the book market of interbellum Romania, Minar was frequently branded as the “man-of-the-day” while his publications followed the logic of the “hand-in-glove” ephemerides Notwithstanding the challenges of the term “bestseller,” we turned to it so as to better describe Minar’s cultural products as multiple-layered offers, catering for both low-brow and high-brow readership and seizing signals from both public’s expectations (myth-making, melodrama, sensation, narrative simplicity) and enormous patrimonial gaps (editing the classics, writing the recent authors’ biographies). After a careful examination of Minar’s works, we reached the conclusion that he was an exceptional entrepreneur of letters and, nonetheless, a literary historian endowed with a “melodramatic imagination” as well as with a playwright’s and a genre novelist’s plume. A swift intuition of marketing basics helped him realize, quite rapidly, that historical facts and documents could be merchandized: this is how his impressive collection of Romanian writers’ miscellanea was wrapped as a commodity for the public. If the juridical and moral aspects of his literary ventures were put in between brackets, we would discover an astonishing and ingenious personality who glided between different speech registers, and popularized literary history as a genre belonging to the big tent of mass culture. We should thus take into consideration that the logic of the paraliterary circuit can also be applied to literary history. Boiled down to essentials, counting on citations and on minimal critical comments, spiced with images (facsimile and pictures), Minar’s literary histories had their share in speeding the process of cultural literacy of average Romanian readers and in institutionalizing literary ideas.

N. Steinhardt, the author of Jurnalul fericirii [The Diary of Happiness], was not only an exquisite intellectual colporteur, but also an erudite essayist of astonishing spontaneity, who gave his intellectual discourse a remarkable cultural breadth, which places him in the same spiritual family as Alexandru Odobescu, Paul Zarifopol, Mihail Ralea, Alexandru Paleologu or Andrei Pleșu. In spite of the diversity of the themes addressed, the essays of the later monk of Rohia preserve a basic unity, revealed in a coherent modus cogitandi and a defensive ethos, intended to protect individual freedom through recourse to modesty and to what Paleologu called common sense as paradox. Reading Steinhardt’s essays is also a powerful antidote to laziness of thought, offering the reader the chance to escape from the narrow horizon of commonplaces. Leaving aside the prison memorial and the texts on religious subjects, which are permeated by the same essayistic vein, we highlighted the fact that Steinhardt understood literary criticism as an ingenious creative activity, polemically anti-positivist, susceptible to new and surprising cultural analogies, incessantly pleading for the rehabilitation of subjectivity, emotion and feeling as essential factors in the process of knowledge, from the perspective of a fundamental humanism drawing from Montaigne’s tradition.

This paper presents the annotation of spatial entities in a corpus of Romanian novels written mainly in the 19th century and featuring as their main character a figure very well-known in the Balkans, the Hajduk outlaw. Because of their nomadic lifestyle, Hajduks were experiencing a unique relation to space, which was very different from that of the majority of Romanians, who lived in villages at the time. To verify if this different vision reverberates in novels, the aim was to collect all nominal and adverbial phrases referring to space, thus going largely beyond toponyms, that are usually marked-up and examined in digital humanities and natural language processing projects. After a presentation of the main differences between our approach and those prevailing in older or more recent studies in spatial literary analyses, we focus on the elaboration of the annotation scheme and comment upon the results of the inter-annotator agreement, as measured on a set of ten fully-annotated samples, of a thousand words each, from our novels.

In the context of nineteenth and early twentieth-century Romanian literature, hajduk novels and hajduk short fiction (novella, short-story, tale) are called to bring back a lost “epicness,” to give back the hajduks their lost aura. But why did the Romanian readers need this remix? Was it for ideological reasons? Did the growing female readership influence the affluence of hajduk fiction? Could the hajduk novels have supplied the default of other important fiction sub-genres such as children or teenage literature? The present article supports the idea that, as a distinct fiction sub-genre, the hajduk novels convey a modern lifestyle, attached to new values such as the disengagement from material objects, the democratization of access to luxury goods and commodities, and the mobility of social classes. Clothing, leisure, eating/ drinking/ sleeping/ hygiene, work, military and forest/ nomad life, and ritual items that are mentioned in these novels can help us correlate the technical tendencies reflected in the making of objects to a particular ethnicity (Romanian).

Throughout time, European policies on climate and energy change have generated several transformations in the building sector. In this endeavour, digital technologies have played an essential role in energy efficiency through process optimisation. However, data integration and exchange between different solutions is still challenging to achieve. With the advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) based solutions, one of the latest innovations, new opportunities are envisioned. IoT solutions have been implemented in smart grids, intelligent buildings, smart cities, and other sectors in recent years. Following the guidelines of ISA/ANSI 95-Enterprise-Control System Integration, the edge computing apps and cloud platform are needed to solve data bottlenecks, data ingestion, data integration aspects, bringing at the same time new knowledge related to user comfort, energy management and accessibility. This research focuses on a case study that shows how the thermal comfort of a building can be controlled and improved through an IoT vertically integrated solution. The deployed solution opens new possibilities for cross-functional integration and data aggregation, an essential step towards energy efficiency.

The technical-economic analysis represents a decisional factor in the implementation of a new thermal energy supply system and is a key part of the feasibility study. In the present paper, the economic performance indicators, used as evaluation instruments within the analysis, highlight the economic efficiency of each proposed scenario and offer an establishment of hierarchy for them. Based on this analysis, the optimal scenario can be recommended, such that the benefits are maximized. The sensibility analysis, performed for the optimal scenario at the end of the paper, shows an estimation of the effects throughout the lifespan of the new system. This is beneficial to pre-empt negative effects or to stimulate the factors that can increase the efficiency of the system throughout the entire lifespan.

The article presents the concept of sustainable development and its evolution over time. The authors analyse possibilities for promotion of clean technologies within the context of sustainable development. There are presented and analysed advantages of sustainable development and of utilisation of clean technologies for achieving the targets linked with climate changes. The authors have presented and analysed a case study regarding utilisation of a clean technology in an industrial sector. The case study is referring to modification of a furnace through introduction of a heat recovery unit from flue gasses for pre-heating of combustion air. The results of the complex energy, economic and environment analysis show that utilisation of this solution leads to energy and financial savings and to reduction of the environment impact. In conclusion there is shown the importance of the sustainable development and the implications of clean technologies in the energy sector.

The paper presents the concept of services in energy efficiency field. The authors have presented and motivated the necessity of services of energy manager and auditor and their importance for promotion and support of energy efficiency. There has also been presented the legal framework for professional training of these experts. There have been defined in the paper different terms for energy efficiency services sector. The authors have presented different services that can be provided by energy manager and auditor. There have been presented general and specific objectives for training and formation of energy managers and auditors. In conclusions there have been highlighted results that can be achieved after formation of energy managers and auditors from the professional ethic and psychological points of view.

Energy efficiency has become an economic necessity, expressed by the condition of focused energy cost reduction in the share of total production costs. Estimated potential energy savings for various industrial sectors is in the range of 1050%. In this paper has explained the meaning and importance of energy efficiency and has reviewed its growth potential in various industrial sectors and the main directions of increasing energy efficiency. Most packages of measures to increase energy efficiency have the immediate result and reduce environmental impact. The essence of the right energy policy is to achieve a balance between energy supply and demand conditions of the economically affordable, socially and environmentally. It was also presented the legal framework to support actions to promote energy efficiency