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We study the creep behavior of a disordered brittle material (concrete) under successive loading steps, using acoustic emission and ultrasonic sensing to track internal damage. The primary creep rate is observed to follow a (Omori-type) power-law decay in the strain rate, the number of acoustic emission events as well as the amplitudes of the ultrasonic beams, supporting a brittle-creep mechanism. The main outcome is however the discovery of unexpected history effects that make the material less prone to creep when it has been previously deformed and damaged under primary creep at a lower applied stress. With the help of a progressive damage model implementing thermal activation, we interpret this as an aging-under-stress phenomenon: during an initial creep step at relatively low applied stress, the easy-to-damage sites are exhausted first, depleting the excitation spectrum at low stress gap values. Consequently, upon reloading under a larger applied stress, although previously damaged, the material creeps (and damages) less than it would under the same stress but without pre-creeping. Besides shedding a new light on the fundamental physics of creep of disordered brittle materials, this has important practical consequences in the interpretation of some experimental procedures, such as stress-stepping experiments.

Compressive sensing (CS) has been applied to estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) in underwater acoustics. However, the key problem needed to be resolved in a {multipath} propagation environment is to suppress the interferences between the raypaths. Thus, in this paper, {a subspace-based compressive sensing algorithm that formulates the statistic information of the signal subspace in a CS framework is proposed.} The experiment results show that (1) the proposed algorithm enables the separation of raypaths that arrive closely at the {receiver} array and (2) the existing algorithms fail, especially in a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment.

A dramatic slowing down of acoustic wave transport in dense fish shoals is observed in open-sea fish cages. By employing a multi-beam ultrasonic antenna, we observe the coherent backscattering (CBS) phenomenon. We extract key parameters of wave transport such as the transport mean free path and the energy transport velocity of diffusive waves from diffusion theory fits to the experimental data. The energy transport velocity is found to be about 10 times smaller than the speed of sound in water, a value that is exceptionally low compared with most observations in acoustics. By studying different models of the fish body, we explain the basic mechanism responsible for the observed very slow transport of ultrasonic waves in dense fish shoals. Our results show that, while the fish swim bladder plays an important role in wave scattering, other organs have to be considered to explain ultra-low energy transport velocities., Comment: Main text: 11 pages, 6 figures - Supplementary Information: 5 pages, 2 figures

Recent work in the field of cryo-seismology demonstrates that high frequency (>1 Hz) waves provide key constraints on a wide range of glacier processes such as basal friction, surface crevassing or subglacial water flow. Establishing quantitative links between the seismic signal and the processes of interest however requires detailed characterization of the wavefield, which at the high frequencies of interest necessitates the deployment of large and particularly dense seismic arrays. Although dense seismic array monitoring has recently become routine in geophysics, its application to glaciated environments has yet remained limited. Here we present a dense seismic array experiment made of 98 3-component seismic stations continuously recording during 35 days in early spring on the Argenti\`ere Glacier, French Alps. The seismic dataset is supplemented by a wide range of complementary observations obtained from ground penetrating radar, drone imagery, GNSS positioning and in-situ instrumentation of basal glacier sliding velocities and subglacial water discharge. Through applying multiple processing techniques including event detection from template matching and systematic beamforming, we demonstrate that the present dataset provides enhanced spatial resolution on basal stick slip and englacial fracturing sources as well as novel constraints on heterogeneous nature of the noise field generated by subglacial water flow and on the link between crevasse properties and englacial seismic velocities. We finally outline in which ways further work using this dataset could help tackle key remaining questions in the field., Comment: Submitted to Seismological Research Letters on August 11th 2020

Ultrasound scattered by a dense shoal of fish undergoes mesoscopic interference, as is typical of low-temperature electrical transport in metals or light scattering in colloidal suspensions. Through large-scale measurements in open sea, we show a set of striking deviations from classical wave diffusion making fish shoals good candidates to study mesoscopic wave phenomena. The very good agreement with theories enlightens the role of fish structure on such a strong scattering regime that features slow energy transport and brings acoustic waves close to the Anderson localization transition., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures + Supplementary text (9 pages 3 figures)

In this paper, we describe the manifestation of localized states through coherent and incoherent analyses of a diffuse elastic wavefield inside a two-dimensional metamaterial made of a collection of vertical long beams glued to a thin plate. We demonstrate that localized states arise due to multi-wave interactions at the beam-plate attachment when the beams acts as coupled resonators for both compressional and flexural resonances on the metasurface. Due to the low-quality factor compressional resonance of the beams, inside the main bandgap the modal density of the systel drops to near a high-quality factor flexural resonance of the beams, and blocks the diffusion process of the wavefield intensity. This experiment physically highlights the tight-binding-like coupling in the localized regime for this two-dimensional metamaterial., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, regular paper

In this Letter, we report on the effects of a vorticity filament on the coherent backscattering cone. Using ultrasonic waves in a strongly reverberating cavity, we experimentally show that the discrete number of loops of acoustic paths around a pointlike vortex located at the center of the cavity drives the cancellation and the potential rebirth of the coherent backscattering enhancement. The vorticity filament behaves, then, as a topological anomaly for wave propagation that provides some new insight between reciprocity and weak localization., Comment: Article + SI, 6 pages, 6 figures

We explore how ambient-noise interferometry can serve to track variations in the distribution of scatterers within a medium. Experiments are conducted in the presence and absence of a single scatterer that can occupy different positions within the propagation medium. We calculate the similarity between the Green's functions obtained in these cases (i.e., with versus without the scatterer) as a measure of the temporal variations in the Green's function, which shows exponential decay with respect to time. We also develop a formula that relates this decay to the scattering strength of the scatterer. The formulae are experimentally validated using experiments in a strongly reverberating duralumin plate. This proposed method for finding the scattering strength of the scatterer is based on information carried by the coda of the multiple echo arrivals. We confirm the reliability of this approach through a conventional method for the measurement of the scattering strength that is based on direct arrivals.

It is well known in metamaterials that local resonance and hybridization phenomena dramatically influence the shape of dispersion curves; the metasurface created by a cluster of resonators, subwavelength rods, atop an elastic surface being an exemplar with these features. On this metasurface, band-gaps, slow or fast waves, negative refraction and dynamic anisotropy can all be observed by exploring frequencies and wavenumbers from the Floquet-Bloch problem and by using the Brillouin zone. These extreme characteristics, when appropriately engineered, can be used to design and control the propagation of elastic waves along the metasurface. For the exemplar we consider, two parameters are easily tuned: rod height and cluster periodicity. The height is directly related to the band-gap frequency, and hence to the slow and fast waves, while the periodicity is related to the appearance of dynamic anisotropy. Playing with these two parameters generates a gallery of metasurface designs to control the propagation of both flexural waves in plates and surface Rayleigh waves for half-spaces. Scalability with respect to the frequency and wavelength of the governing physical laws allows the application of these concepts in very different fields and over a wide range of lengthscales., Comment: Paper currently submitted to Frontiers in Mechanics of Materials

This study contributes to the evaluation of the robustness and accuracy of Green's function reconstruction from cross-correlation of strongly dispersed reverberated signals, with disentangling of the respective roles of ballistic and reverberated ('coda') contributions. We conduct a suite of experiments on a highly reverberating thin duralumin plate, where an approximately diffuse flexural wavefield is generated by taking advantage of the plate reverberation and wave dispersion. A large number of impulsive sources that cover the whole surface of the plate are used to validate ambient-noise theory through comparison of the causal and anticausal (i.e., positive- and negative-time) terms of the cross-correlation to one another, and to the directly measured Green's function. To quantify the contribution of the ballistic and coda signals, the cross-correlation integral is defined over different time windows of variable length, and the accuracy of the reconstructed Green's function is studied as a function of the initial and end times of the integral. We show that even cross-correlations measured over limited time windows converge to a significant part of the Green's function. Convergence is achieved over a wide time window, which includes not only direct flexural-wave arrivals, but also the multiply reverberated coda. We propose a model, based on normal-mode analysis that relates the similarity between the cross-correlation and the Green's function to the statistical properties of the plate. We also determine quantitatively how incoherent noise degrades the estimation of the Green's function.

Recent years have heralded the introduction of metasurfaces that advantageously combine the vision of sub- wavelength wave manipulation, with the design, fabrication and size advantages associated with surface excitation. An important topic within metasurfaces is the tailored rainbow trapping and selective spatial frequency separation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves using graded metasurfaces. This frequency dependent trapping and spatial frequency segregation has implications for energy concentrators and associated energy harvesting, sensing and wave filtering techniques. Different demonstrations of acoustic and electromagnetic rainbow devices have been performed, however not for deep elastic substrates that support both shear and compressional waves, together with surface Rayleigh waves; these allow not only for Rayleigh wave rainbow effects to exist but also for mode conversion from surface into bulk waves. We design, and test experimentally, a device creating not only elastic Rayleigh wave rainbow trapping, but also selective mode conversion of surface Rayleigh waves to shear waves., Comment: Article currently submitted for review. Comments are welcome!