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Defining architectural space comes with multiple and diverse aspects. Our theoretical reflection aims at establishing the base for a new definition, in the sense that theoretical topology, like geometry, is an effective means to define the form of architectural spatiality based on the notion of ambiences. Topological definitions already developed by several renowned architects allow us to build a better understanding of route and sequence and thereby help the development of our analytical model. This research is focused on the museum, which is a public-facing architectural construction. According to the approach, thirty European museums were examined. The data collected for these museums were statistically analysed. Based, on the ambience discontinuities, the sequential analysis allowed us to create ambient topologies by transforming them into ambient events that are linked to the displacement of the user in connection with ambiance change. We endeavor to develop a micro study to reflect on the interaction between different environmental sources as a means to comprehend the influence on the future spatial-energetic behavior. This study lays the groundwork for a novel approach of defining architectural space based on differences in users' perceptions and the environment of a given space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the improvement of people's living standards and the widening of circulation channels, the demand for fresh agricultural products continues to increase. The increase in demand will lead to an increase in delivery vehicles, costs, and carbon emissions, among which the increase in carbon emissions will aggravate pollution and is not conducive to sustainable development. Therefore, it is very important to balance economic and environmental benefits in the distribution of fresh agricultural products. Based on the analysis of the distribution characteristics of fresh agricultural products, this paper studies the optimization of the cold chain distribution route of fresh agricultural products considering carbon emission. Firstly, the cold chain distribution route planning of fresh agricultural products was investigated and analyzed by the interview method, and the basis for establishing the model objective and constraint conditions was obtained. Then, taking the minimum total cost including carbon emission cost as the optimization goal, the cold chain distribution route optimization model for mixed vehicle types is established considering electric refrigerated vehicles, gasoline refrigerated vehicles, and so on. Genetic algorithm was used to solve the model, and MATLAB2018b was used to substitute specific case data for simulation analysis. The analysis results show that increasing the consideration of carbon emission and mixed vehicle types in the distribution route of fresh agricultural products can not only reduce the distribution cost but also reduce the carbon emission. To some extent, the research content of this paper can provide a reference for enterprises in planning cold chain distribution routes of fresh agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in species distribution, population structure, and behavior can provide a portfolio effect that buffers populations against rapid environmental change. Although diversity has been identified as a goal for effective resource management and genetic and demographic tools have been developed, life history remains challenging to quantify. In this study, we demonstrate a novel metric of life history diversity using telemetry data from migratory fish. Here, we examined diversity in the outmigration behavior of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) released in the Sacramento River, California, between 2007 and 2017. In this synthesis, we examined a wide variety of landscape and demographic drivers at high resolution by incorporating many individual telemetry studies, with variability in release location by year, environmental conditions, and all runs of salmon that are present in the watershed. When years were grouped by shared hydrologic conditions, variation in travel time was significantly higher in wet years. Further, our model showed a negative effect of warm temperatures at low flows on the variation in migration movements. This suggests that enhanced hydrologic connectivity increases the variation in migration time, a representation of habitat complexity and biocomplexity, despite the degraded state of this watershed and the weakened state of these populations. Variation in migration behavior could buffer species from current and future environmental changes, such as climate effects on precipitation and temperature. Hence, behavioral metrics generated from telemetry studies can be used to understand life history diversity and the potential effects of environmental fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the physical environment on people's active behaviour have been a central topic over the last decade, particularly in urban design, public health, and transportation. Research on the impact of the built environment attributes on walkability still needs to be completed in developing countries. Literature on walkability demonstrated the effectiveness of the studies, which consider micro-scale elements when evaluating pedestrian street environments. We are interested in assessing urban design qualities at the micro-scale level, which would give more evidence on the walking conditions of a developing country. This study explores whether the typo-morphological aspect of selected routes in a medium-sized African city is associated with urban design qualities related to walkability and compares the combined scores of urban design qualities with other cities. According to our findings, the typo-morphological aspect of urban routes correlates with the evaluated urban design qualities. The results revealed a significant difference in these qualities between the old colonial and the post-independence fabrics, with imageability and complexity appearing to be the most influential qualities. The results showed that urban design qualities related to walkability in a medium-sized African city scored lower than in other urban contexts. This study has several implications for city planners and decision-makers looking to improve the walking environment of the city.

With the publication of this article, the authors continue the research on the development and testing of a methodology for in-flight aircraft rerouting which have begun in previously published articles in the Civil Aviation High Technologies of the Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation. This article presents the results of the study in terms of developing the potentials of the methodology from reconfiguring a route of a hypothetical aircraft and obstacles in the horizontal plane, which were previously demonstrated, prior to rerouting in both the horizontal and vertical planes for two different types of obstacles: 1) ground natural or artificial (mountain, power line support, etc.); 2) air (squall line, prohibited flight area, etc.) and their combinations using an example of a Mi-8 helicopter flight on route using a real digital map of the terrain. As mentioned above, a large amount of aviation accidents is associated with the loss of control in-flight, as well as the collision with terrain in a controlled flight (categories LOC-I, CFIT, LALT). As a result of the investigation of the aviation accidents, it was found that these accidents are often caused by the requirement to reroute quickly due to obstacles, for example, a squall line. When determining alternatives to avoid an obstacle, as well as while implementing the selected route for avoiding action, the crew makes errors due to the increased psychophysiological load and lack of time. The methodology and the algorithms, proposed by the authors, make it possible to assess the safety of an original route, estimate options for alternatives to avoid around obstacles detected in-flight, check them for feasibility, taking into account aircraft performance, flight envelope, and also select the optimal route from the view of some criterion, for example, based on minimizing the route length increase, reducing additional fuel consumption, the time required to implement a new route of flight, etc.

The object of the study is to enhance operational efficiency and reduce fuel consumption of autonomous underwater vehicles during the monitoring of underwater electrical and optical cables based on FCA under conditions of uncertainty. To achieve the goal of the research fuzzy cellular automata are used, combining the advantages inherent in traditional cellular automata and provided by the capabilities of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. The cable location uncertainty is caused by possible earthquakes, turbulent currents, random impacts of anchors or fishing gear, cable fouling by marine vegetation and terrorist attacks. The developed approach allows to synthesise a Pareto-optimal vehicle route along the estimated coordinates of the object of study, providing minimum fuel consumption for minimum cable inspection time and satisfying the given system of constraints. Formal models are based on the use of fuzzy cellular automata, which are used to describe the three-dimensional model of the operating environment, zones and objects that hinder or limit the movement, and the behaviour of the underwater vehicle. The most significant results are the formal description of the problem solution space, and the method of modelling the route of an autonomous underwater vehicle in space to improve the efficiency and quality of the solution of the problem of monitoring the state of the object of interest. The significance of the results obtained is the possibility of solving a complex multi-criteria optimisation problem of finding the route of an autonomous underwater vehicle to monitor the cable system in three-dimensional space.

The problems of traffic management in large cities are complicated as the increase in traffic volume far exceeds the road network capacity. It leads to saturation of the road network, which negatively affects its functioning. This article analyzes the state of the art of improving the quality of road traffic by predicting the size of traffic after the implementation of traffic management measures. While the issue of modeling traffic flow parameters based on technological factors has been sufficiently studied, the problems of considering the human factor need to be clarified. The object of study is traffic flow on the city's road network. The criteria used by drivers to compare the characteristics of alternative traffic routes were identified based on the field study results. Based on the data obtained, the parameters of alternative routes that drivers choose when driving on the road network are formed. According to the survey results, the most significant factor is the minimum mileage along the route. Deviations from the shortest route were determined to determine the patterns of distribution of correspondence of non-route vehicles along alternative routes. It made it possible to define the distribution of transport correspondence along alternative routes. Since the process under consideration is probabilistic, the law of distribution of a random variable was determined. After having determined the law of distribution of a random variable for the data obtained, the calculations showed that the change in the random variable is well described by the gamma distribution. It was determined that the share of transport correspondence that will be carried on them decreases as the length of the route deviates from the shortest one. The obtained results make it possible to predict road network congestion by modeling the distribution of traffic flows. In further research, it would be advisable to analyze the distribution of transport correspondence by other criteria.

Autonomous electric vehicles (EVs) need to recognize the surrounding environment through mapping. The mapping provides directions for driving in new locations and uncharted areas. However, few studies have discussed the mapping of unknown outdoor areas using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) with simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). LiDAR can reduce the limitations of GPS, which cannot track the current location, and it covers a limited area. Hence, this study used the Hector SLAM algorithm, which maps based on the data generated by LiDAR sensors. This study was conducted at the Universitas Sriwijaya using two routes: the Palembang and Inderalaya campuses. A comparison is made with the map on Google Maps to determine the accuracy of the algorithm. The route of the Palembang campus was divided into four points: A-B-C-D; route AB exhibits the highest accuracy of 85.7%. In contrast, the route of the Inderalaya campus was established by adding routes with buildings closer to the road. A marker point was allocated on the route: A-B-C-D-E; route CE exhibits the highest accuracy of 83.6%. Overall, this study shows that the Hector SLAM algorithm and LiDAR can be used to map the unknown environment of autonomous EVs.

The objective of this study is the creation of a tourist route in the rural parishes of Guasaganda and Pucayacu, located in the canton of La Maná, one of the seven cantons of the province of Cotopaxi, taking into consideration its geographical, cultural, natural, and socioeconomic aspects. The aim is to offer an integral vision of the tourist potential of this area and its use by the local community and visitors. Tourist points of interest have been identified and mapped, then a route has been created with two variants in order to have two options for tourists, considering that there are people who like the cultural aspect and others who like nature. As a result, a general route with two variants has been created, the first variant ends at a waterfall focusing on nature, the second variant is related to the cultural aspect since at the end of the route you will find an archaeological site. The purpose of creating an agrotourism route is for the socioeconomic development of the parishes, as well as to have a different tourism potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the physical environment on people's active behaviour have been a central topic over the last decade, particularly in urban design, public health, and transportation. Research on the impact of the built environment attributes on walkability still needs to be completed in developing countries. Literature on walkability demonstrated the effectiveness of the studies, which consider micro-scale elements when evaluating pedestrian street environments. We are interested in assessing urban design qualities at the micro-scale level, which would give more evidence on the walking conditions of a developing country. This study explores whether the typo-morphological aspect of selected routes in a medium-sized African city is associated with urban design qualities related to walkability and compares the combined scores of urban design qualities with other cities. According to our findings, the typo-morphological aspect of urban routes correlates with the evaluated urban design qualities. The results revealed a significant difference in these qualities between the old colonial and the post-independence fabrics, with imageability and complexity appearing to be the most influential qualities. The results showed that urban design qualities related to walkability in a mediumsized African city scored lower than in other urban contexts. This study has several implications for city planners and decision-makers looking to improve the walking environment of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of new railway lines is based on the railway plan. There are various ways to draw up a railway plan. The basis of all railway plans is a scheme of geometric point locations, the projection of the center of gravity of the carriage is on a horizontal plane and consists of a single flat line. The railway plan consists of linear and curved parts connecting straight sections. However, the curves determining the position of the rails of the railway track in the curved part will be spatial. To extinguish the centrifugal force arising in the curved part of the road, an external rail rises. In this case, the elevated curve representing the outer rail becomes spatial. Therefore, in the work, it is proposed to draw up a plan of a railway track as two curves, one of which is flat, and the other depicts an external spatial rail. In this case, the distance between the ends of the rectilinear parts and the angle between the rectilinear parts are selected as the main parameters. In the work, for the simplest case, when both linear parts belong to the same horizontal plane, it is proved that the curved part is a spatial curve. The curvature of the required curve was determined and a dynamic system was constructed, the solution of which would be a curve that satisfied the technical conditions presented for the railway route. This dynamic system is proposed as a mathematical model of the railway route. In the rectilinear parts, the railway plan is straight on a horizontal plane. The curve of the road should be spatial.

Background and objectives: The subclavian vein is frequently cannulated using ultrasound. There are two techniques of subclavian vein catheterization (SVC): Supraclavicular (SC) and infraclavicular (IC). Though the IC route is often preferred, the SC approach offers several distinct advantages. This study was planned to compare the technique of SVC using SC and IC approaches in terms of catheterization technique and complications in elective surgeries in adults. Methods: Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 1, 2, or 3 adult patients posted for elective surgeries under general anesthesia were recruited. Patients were divided into SC or IC groups randomly. Right-sided subclavian vein was cannulated in both the groups (n = 30). Visualization time, Likert scale, subclavian vein diameter, skin-to-subclavian vein depth, number of attempts, puncture time, ease of guidewire insertion, catheter insertion time, and total procedural time were observed. A comparison of complications for each approach was noted. Results: Total procedural time, time to visualization of the subclavian vein, and puncture time was lower for group SC and higher for group IC. Catheter insertion time was higher with the IC approach than with the SC approach. Better ultrasound view scores were seen in group SC than in group IC. The first attempt success rate was higher in group SC than in group IC. Comparatively, lower complications both during and after the procedure were noted in the SC approach than the IC approach. Conclusion: Ultrasonography (USG) guidance guided SC approach to access the subclavian vein is quicker, relatively secure, and a better technique than the IC approach. Additionally, the SC approach is associated with comparatively fewer immediate and delayed complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being able to represent and remember verbally-encoded information about spatial environments from different perspectives is important for numerous daily activities. The present study examined how frequently individuals spontaneously engage in visual mental imagery and verbal rehearsal strategies in memory recall of spatial descriptions, and whether using certain strategies is associated with better recall performance. Memory recall for route (person-centred) and survey (object-centred) spatial descriptions was examined in a sample of 105 neurotypical individuals, who also reported to what extent they used route- and survey-based mental imagery and verbal rehearsal strategies in each description. Results showed that participants favoured a path visualisation strategy to recall the route description and a map visualisation strategy to recall the survey description. Regression models further showed that employing both imagery and verbal strategies was associated with better recall for both route and survey descriptions, although imagery strategies held a higher predictive power. The present findings highlight the fact that the spontaneous use of internal strategies in the form of visual imagery and verbal rehearsal is ubiquitous when recalling spatial descriptions and a core part of efficient spatial memory functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The object of research is the processes of planning the minimum operating costs of a vessel with minimal risk to it and its cargo, considering the forecasted hydrometeorological conditions. The aim is to increase the fuel efficiency of a vessel’s passage, considering the forecast of weather conditions when forming an optimal safe route in the e-Navigation system. To achieve the research goal, conventional cellular automata and the mathematical apparatus of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic were used in the process of decision-making and assessment of the impact of weather conditions on traffic efficiency. The devised approach makes it possible to synthesize an optimal route for the vessel, which ensures minimum fuel consumption and has minimal risk for the vessel and cargo while considering variable hydrometeorological conditions along the route. Minimization of operating costs is achieved through the ability of cellular automata to describe the complex behavior of objects, considering local rules. Automata are a computing system in discrete spaces. Data uncertainty has led to the need to use a fuzzy system, the effectiveness of which depends on the quality and accuracy of rules. Fuzzy automata, by combining fuzzy logic and automata theory, made it possible to process continuous steps and model the inherent uncertainty. To determine the state of cells of a fuzzy cellular automaton and the transition function between them, a system of productive rules and membership functions was used. It is the consistency of the system of productive rules when using fuzzy logic to build a cellular automaton that enables the construction of a quasiglobal optimal routing method in comparison with conventional methods for calculating the ship’s route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of navigation is informed by ethological data from many species, laboratory investigation at behavioural and neurobiological levels, and computational modelling. However, the data are often species-specific, making it challenging to develop general models of how biology supports behaviour. Wiener et al. outlined a framework for organizing the results across taxa, called the 'navigation toolbox' (Wiener et al. In Animal thinking: contemporary issues in comparative cognition (eds R Menzel, J Fischer), pp. 51–76). This framework proposes that spatial cognition is a hierarchical process in which sensory inputs at the lowest level are successively combined into ever-more complex representations, culminating in a metric or quasi-metric internal model of the world (cognitive map). Some animals, notably humans, also use symbolic representations to produce an external representation, such as a verbal description, signpost or map that allows communication of spatial information or instructions between individuals. Recently, new discoveries have extended our understanding of how spatial representations are constructed, highlighting that the hierarchical relationships are bidirectional, with higher levels feeding back to influence lower levels. In the light of these new developments, we revisit the navigation toolbox, elaborate it and incorporate new findings. The toolbox provides a common framework within which the results from different taxa can be described and compared, yielding a more detailed, mechanistic and generalized understanding of navigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to design a transportation network in a fresh banana supply chain to minimize the distance, route, and vehicles. The design of the network is based on graph theory, which is the Cheapest Insertion Heuristic Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Program, and is expected to guarantee fresh banana products in a supply chain starting from a supplier of seed, compound fertilizer, PTPN VIII, distribution center (ripening stage), retailers, and consumers. Design of the transportation system in the supply chain of fresh bananas. There are two distribution centers and 26 retail locations in the two cities that must guarantee the availability of fresh bananas to meet the demands of the community in West Java Province. The distribution of fresh bananas in a transport system uses the cheapest insertion heuristic algorithm. Optimization of a fresh banana transportation system will streamline supply chain activities in PTPN VIII, thus ensuring the fulfillment of the demand and availability of fresh banana products in West Java Province. This research has implications for the performance of PTPN VIII in improving the optimization of fresh banana supply chain systems. This study will explicitly describe the distance, routes and optimum vehicle types in order to minimize transportation costs, resulting in a transportation cost reduction of 25.24%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the epidemiological profile of Getah virus (GETV) has become increasingly serious, posing a huge threat to animal and public health in China. GETV can cause multi-species infection, including horses, pigs, rats, cattle, kangaroos, reptiles and birds. However, there were few reports on the efficiency of the virus entering the host via routes of different systems. In the present study, a GETV strain (SC201807) was obtained from a piglet's blood in 2018 in Sichuan, China. First, we established a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) SYBR assay specific to GETV. Then, we evaluated the infection efficiency of different routes using mouse animal model. 108 male mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: intramuscular, intraoral and intranasal infection routes, and negative control. All mice in the experimental group were inoculated with 4 × 102.85 TCID50 GETV virus. Tissue tropism experiments show that GETV has a wide range of tissue distribution, and intramuscular infection is the first to infect all tissues of the body, and suggest that oral infection may be a new GETV transmission route. Histopathological examination results showed that intramuscular injection of GETV mainly caused different degrees of pathological damage to the tissues, and could rapidly induce a large amount of inflammatory regulatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Our data may help us to evaluate the risk of transmission of Porcine Getah virus and provide an experimental basis for the prevention and control of Porcine Getah virus.

Introduction. The traveling salesman problem is a transport-type problem. It is natural to use a method based on the technology for solving transport problems to solve it. The cyclicity and degeneracy of the solution to the traveling salesman problem requires significant modification of the corresponding stages of solving the transport problem (drawing up an initial feasible solution; checking the plan for optimality; obtaining a new feasible solution). Purpose. Development of a natural approach to solving the traveling salesman problem. Description of the structure of a set of traveling salesman problems that have a predetermined optimal solution. Algorithmic formation of such problems for the purpose of conducting mass computing experiments. Results. The paper presents new results and computational experiments with a developed natural algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem, based on the technology for solving transport problems, including a new effective method for generating an initial cyclic solution, an algorithm for transitioning from the initial cyclic to another, also cyclic, solution. An algorithm has been developed for constructing the traveling salesman problem with an optimal solution given in advance, which allows for a better understanding of the structure of traveling salesman problems. Conclusions. The results of computational experiments show that the use of potentials method technology for solving the traveling salesman problem, as a special transport problem, is a promising direction for searching for a high-quality solution. The developed algorithms and programs expand the possibilities of solving the traveling salesman problem. The time it takes to solve a problem depends significantly on the size of the problem. In this regard, it is essential to automatically generate the traveling salesman problem with a given optimal solution, which allows you to conduct mass experiments and draw conclusions.

Le contrat de transport de marchandises par route fait naître à charge de chaque partie des droits et obligations réciproques. Les droits reconnus à l’expéditeur de marchandises sont spécifiques, et donc différents de ceux reconnus au transporteur et au destinataire, étant donné que leur implication dans l’exécution du contrat est spécifique et différente, dans le but de collaborer ou de participer à la réussite de l’opération de transport. Ainsi, les parties ont des obligations indépendantes, réciproques et opposées. C’est donc une spécificité qui traduit un véritable devoir de collaboration et de solidarité entre les parties au contrat de transport de marchandises par route. D’où la nécessité d’une étude en profondeur des droits et obligations communes résultant du contrat de transport, en vue de comprendre l’interdépendance entre parties, montrant ainsi la qualité et la fiabilité des échanges d’informations, l’exécution avec bonne foi, dans la transparence et la collaboration devant conduire à la bonne exécution du contrat.

Le contrat de transport de marchandises est juridiquement formé dès l’échange des consentements entre le transporteur et l’expéditeur et sa validité est subordonnée à l’établissement d’un écrit ou d’un document. Les documents de transport routier de marchandises jouent un rôle important dans la conclusion et dans l’exécution du contrat. Ils sont émis par le transporteur pour faire constater l’existence du contrat de transport. Du côté de l’expéditeur, il sert à faciliter le déplacement de la marchandise. Toutefois, il importe de noter que l’existence et/ou l’exigence de ces documents n’influe pas sur la nature consensuelle et moins encore sur la validité du contrat. En matière de transport routier, on distingue d’une part, les documents contractuels qui sont émis par le transporteur et, d’autre part, les documents d’accompagnement qui sont émis par l’expéditeur chaque fois qu’on voudrait répondre aux droits et aux obligations communes des parties lorsqu’il est question d’un contrat de transport de marchandises.

In recent years, the comparison of spatial layouts has gradually become a central issue for scholars to focus on in their comparative reviews of Eastern and Western religious spaces. For the first time, two ideal plans, namely, Illustrated Scripture of Jetavana Vihara of Sravasti in Central India (667) and the Plan of St. Gall (816), are compared side by side in this article. This research integrates architectural history and architectural design theory to examine the characteristics of the two ideal plans. Establishing a comparison basis of the two plans through plan restoration and diagram analysis are fundamental to understanding the peculiarities and generation background of Han Buddhist and Catholic monasteries. This study highlights that the onion structure adopted by both plans distinguish sacredness from secularness. The boundary between the sacred and the secular serves as a bridge that links the two worlds from material and spiritual aspects. Furthermore, the central worship route and independent internal routes guarantee that multiple functions can exist and be performed simultaneously in both monasteries. According to these observations from both plans, the pursuit of independent and self-sufficient life modes is the key to understanding such a layout. This study not only establishes an in-depth understanding of the layout structure of the spatial prototypes in Eastern and Western monastic spaces, but also provides inspiration and guidance for the spatial structure of religious spaces for future development.

Variations in species distribution, population structure, and behavior can provide a portfolio effect that buffers populations against rapid environmental change. Although diversity has been identified as a goal for effective resource management and genetic and demographic tools have been developed, life history remains challenging to quantify. In this study, we demonstrate a novel metric of life history diversity using telemetry data from migratory fish. Here, we examined diversity in the outmigration behavior of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) released in the Sacramento River, California, between 2007 and 2017. In this synthesis, we examined a wide variety of landscape and demographic drivers at high resolution by incorporating many individual telemetry studies, with variability in release location by year, environmental conditions, and all runs of salmon that are present in the watershed. When years were grouped by shared hydrologic conditions, variation in travel time was significantly higher in wet years. Further, our model showed a negative effect of warm temperatures at low flows on the variation in migration movements. This suggests that enhanced hydrologic connectivity increases the variation in migration time, a representation of habitat complexity and biocomplexity, despite the degraded state of this watershed and the weakened state of these populations. Variation in migration behavior could buffer species from current and future environmental changes, such as climate effects on precipitation and temperature. Hence, behavioral metrics generated from telemetry studies can be used to understand life history diversity and the potential effects of environmental fluctuations.

Solid waste generation has increased significantly as a result of increasing population and living standards. In this context, variables such as waste classification, amount produced, collection and transportation status, disposal method, socioeconomic status of the region include important stages in system planning. It is important to optimize these variables, waste collection route, time, cost, environmental impacts and examine the current situation. The cost of collection and processing accounts for roughly 65–80% of the total cost of the solid waste management system managed by local governments. Therefore, by optimization studies, the trash collection-transport route can significantly reduce this rate. Depreciation and fuel expenditures can be significantly reduced as a result of improvements in operational costs. Denizciler neighborhood was selected as an example of all district characteristics within the study's scope when the socio-economic, demographic, and topographic conditions of the Iskenderun district of Hatay province were evaluated. The ESRI ARCGIS software's tools have been used to test the optimization path. A 421-meter shorter route was discovered using network analysis. Considering the current route, which is 14340 meters long, a 3% improvement has been achieved with the analysis made. Garbage collection was done using the newly developed route in the study's final section. As a result, the viability of the network analysis enhancement has been evaluated in practice, and it has been discovered that time and fuel savings are realized in terms of cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on some archaeological evidence gathered during my fieldwork in various sites of Western Thebes. They mainly concentrated in the mortuary temple of Amenhotep III, to figure out and identify the processional way of The Beautiful Valley Feast (BVF) in western Thebes, as the Author already did in his last publication about the Khoiak feast procession way in Western Thebes (EJARS 9 2019, 61-68: BIFAO 117 (2018), 9-27). On the other side also to enrich the theory that Amenhotep III has enlarged his temple to the west (NW) to involve the old processional way of the feast and refashioned it again to made his temple as a focal temple in this feast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An autonomous, power-assisted Turtlebot is presented in this paper in order to enhance human mobility. The turtlebot moves from its initial position to its final position at a predetermined speed and acceleration. We propose an intelligent navigation system that relies solely on individual instructions. When there is no individual present, the Turtlebot remains stationary. Turtlebot utilizes a rotating Kinect sensor in order to perceive its path. Various angles were examined in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the system in experiments conducted on a U-shaped experimental pathway. The Turtlebot was used as an experimental device during these trials. Based on the U-shaped path, deviations from different angles were measured to evaluate its performance. SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) experiments were also explored. We divided the SLAM problem into components and implemented the Kalman filter on the experimental path to address it. The Kalman filter focused on localization and mapping challenges, utilizing mathematical processes considering both the system's knowledge and the measurement tool. This approach allowed us to achieve the most accurate system state estimation possible. The significance of this work extends beyond the immediate application, as it lays the groundwork for advancements in wheelchair navigation research by Dynamic Control. The experiments conducted on a U-shaped pathway not only validate the efficacy of our algorithm but also provide valuable insights into the intricacies of navigating in both forward and reverse directions. These insights are pivotal for refining the navigation algorithm, ultimately contributing to the development of more robust and user-friendly systems for individuals with mobility challenges. The data used for this purpose included actuator input, vehicle location, robot movement sensors, and sensor readings representing the world state. The study provides a strong foundation for future wheelchair navigation research by Dynamic Control. Consequently, we found that navigating the Turtlebot in the reverse direction resulted in a 5%–6% increase in diversion compared to forward navigation, providing valuable insight into further improvement of the navigation algorithm.

Air traffic inefficiencies lead to excess fuel burn, emissions and air traffic controller (ATCo) workload. Various stakeholders have developed metrics to assess the operation performance. Most metrics compare the actual trajectories to some benchmark ones to calculate excess time or distance. This research is inspired by cellular automata (CA) and develops a combined time-distance lateral inefficiency and predictability metric using discrete space and time mapping on published flight routes. The analysis is focused on Tokyo International Airport, but uses only track data and published routes, which makes it easily applicable to any other hub airport worldwide. The mapping and velocity analyses are used to investigate when and where ATCos are most likely to intervene to provide save separation. A metric which can be adjusted to evaluate both traffic flow predictability and efficiency is proposed. This metric can be applied to better understand current traffic and enable future improvements towards seamless air traffic flow management.

Aluminum alloy finds strong suitability in automotive, sporting, goods aerospace, and weight reduction industries. Its blend of lightweight attributes and robust strength make it well-suited for crafting lightweight components and structures while upholding overall strength and performance standards. In this research, AA6061-T4 alloy chips underwent a recycling process involving hot extrusion followed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing. The influence of various routes and varied numbers of cycles on microstructure and mechanical characteristics were examined utilizing a die featuring angles of 90° and 20°. Two routes, BC and C, were scrutinized, and the outcomes displayed significant enhancements in properties for the recycled chips after the hot extruded and ECAP techniques. After the fourth run, route BC exhibited a maximum Ultimate tensile strength of 265 MPa, peak yield strength of 149 MPa, and an elongation to failure of 46%. Meanwhile, the corresponding values for route C were 238 MPa, 136 MPa, and 41%, respectively. For two routes, BC and C, every pass led to elevated strength and hardness while also contributing to increased elongation to failure. The microstructures and mechanical characteristics of the ECAPed samples surpassed those of the extruded sample. The routes and pass numbers substantially impacted the microstructures and mechanical properties of the solid-state recycled AA6061-T4 alloy chip specimens. Scanning electron microscopy pictures showcased a honeybee-type pattern following ECAP through route BC, signifying the final stages of grain refinement. At the same time, the initial sample exhibited a fracture tendency with a mix of brittleness and ductility.

Coping with climate change is a common topic facing the world. The steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy; however, it is also a resource-intensive and typical high-carbon-emission industry. Low-carbon green is the inevitable choice and the only way for its high-quality development. Under the background that the world has entered a new stage of low-carbon development, this study analyzes the historical trend that the transfer of steel industry centers in the world is accompanied by technological change. In the new stage that China has become a steel center and will continue for a long time, it is faced with the demand for a significant reduction in carbon emissions, intensity, energy consumption, green trade barriers (such as carbon border tax), green procurement pressure, and breakthrough technology research and development challenges. This study outlines the low-carbon development plan and path of the international and domestic steel industry and focuses on the analysis of the exploration and contribution made by China’s steel industry in low-carbon green development in recent years. This study also aims to analyze the transformation of the future steel industry to low-carbon development based on the continuation of the practical achievements of green manufacturing with practical cases and summarize four types of development paths, which provide practical cases for iron and steel enterprises to help achieve the national goal of “carbon peak, carbon neutral” . The first path is to transition from ultralow-emission-centered development to pollution and carbon reduction and promote sintering flue gas circulation and high-proportion pellet smelting, selective circulation purification of sintering flue gas and waste heat utilization, and other technologies. The second path is to reform the energy structure with hydrogen energy as the center in the energy field, research and develop low-cost, large-scale hydrogen production technology, build a network of hydrogen refueling stations, accelerate the construction of green logistics systems, and lead the industry development in the practice of exploring hydrogen metallurgy technology. The third path is to rely on the cycle sustainability of steel materials (starting from the entire industrial chain and upstream and downstream coordination), utilize a full life cycle assessment platform and products, create a low-carbon green industrial ecosystem, and comprehensively promote green manufacturing in combination with upstream and downstream key enterprises. The fourth path is to conduct cooperative research and development of breakthrough technologies (such as carbon capture utilization and storage and other cutting-edge technologies) to strengthen the cooperation between industry, university, and research and integrate global innovation resources. Finally, based on the current low-carbon development trend of the steel industry and the proposed low-carbon development paths, this study analyzes the impact of international situations (such as the EU carbon border regulation mechanism on China’s steel industry), promotes the full life cycle assessment of steel materials, encourages the construction of hydrogen energy development strategies and energy source systems, establishes a green industrial chain, and recommends collaborative carbon reduction.

The article analyzes scientific works aimed at improving the efficiency of urban passenger transport systems, its results are presented. The importance of the structural parameters of the rolling stock as an element determining the quality and efficiency of the transport process is noted. In terms of the development of existing developments, a set of methods is proposed that allow mathematical modeling of passenger flows of urban passenger transport routes and indicators of the efficiency of servicing these routes by a fleet with specified structural parameters. Based on the simulation results, the areas of effective use of various types of transport and categories of vehicles are determined. The obtained data can be used as initial information in determining the optimal structural parameters of the fleet of vehicles serving urban passenger routes. Purpose – improving the efficiency of the urban passenger transport complex on the basis of optimizing the structural parameters of the fleet of vehicles. Methodology: during the research, the following methods were used: theory of technical operation of cars; methods of technical and economic analysis; theory of operational properties of cars; probability theory; methods of mathematical analysis; theory of management of socio-technical systems. Results: a set of interrelated methods has been developed that allow to simulate passenger flows of urban passenger routes and determine key performance indicators for the operation of various modes of transport and categories of vehicles. The values of annual traffic volumes determining the areas of their effective application are determined. Practical implications: research and practical activities in the field of organization of public transport services by urban passenger public transport.

The study highlights the specifics of the professional activities of caravan masters from the khanates of Central Asia who controlled the movement of caravans in Russian-Asian trade in the first half of the 19th century. The article examines the social status of the caravan masters, defines their authority and main duties during the journey to trading locations, analyzes the features of interpersonal interaction between the leaders and other caravan members, and focuses on the moral and psychological qualities of the caravan leader. From the moment the caravan set out on a long and dangerous journey through the steppe and desert areas, the caravan master, officially approved by the government of a Central Asian khanate, gained full control over the process of movement. Taking full responsibility for the life and health of the caravan personnel, as well as the safety of the goods, the leader chose the optimal route, determined the locations for stops, controlled the duration of rest, and monitored provisions consumption. The study demonstrates that the official duties of the caravan leader in the unique logistical setting of a merchant caravan were accompanied by various tasks, the effective solution of which depended on the leader’s business mentality and special skills. The archival materials used in this work are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

In the context of rural revitalization, cultivating intelligent rural tourism talents had practical and long-term significance. Smart rural tourism talents were typical compound talents, and should have multidimensional qualities such as emotional literacy, management literacy, technical literacy, and innovation literacy. Therefore, it was necessary to seize the strategic opportunity of rural revitalization, increase the training of intelligent rural tourism talents, and transform momentum for high-quality development of rural tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess their orientation in mazes, Dashiell (1930) developed a procedure allowing rats to reach the goal by utilizing paths of equal distance from the starting point. The main finding was the variety of new pathways the subjects took to reach the goal. Given the need for a task that might evaluate behavioral variability in humans, a simulation of the Dashiell procedure was developed: a virtual maze for human participants. With the goal of validating an animal model task for assessing human behavior variability, this study presents an experiment comparing rat and human performance when traversing a Dashiell maze. Results showed that rats in their maze and humans in the virtual version had similar path variability for reaching the goal; though humans showed higher dispersion from the mean. We conclude that the adaptive function of route variability in rats is similar to that in humans; thus the virtual Dashiell maze could become a reliable and straightforward task for assessing human behavior variability. Our study encourages the use of virtual mazes to compare behavioral variability between humans and other species.

Introduction. The process of planning public transport is divided into a few number of tasks in strategic, tactical and operational levels, which include the development route system, the establishment of traffic intensity along routes, the design of the structure of road transport vehicles, the distribution of the current road transport vehicles along the routes, determining the required amount of the subsidies, etc. Materials and methods. The article presents a multi-criteria mathematical model of transportation design, according to which the tasks have been solved by distributing (limited or unlimited) transport resources between the permissible routes of the transport network in accordance with a variety of efficiency criteria, which can be the subject to appropriate restrictions. The formation acceptable routes on the transport network can be carried out by means of the algorithms developed, for example, in the framework of solving TNDP and TNDFSP tasks. The routes can also be adjusted by experts. Transport demand is set by a matrix of passenger correspondence generated for the entire period of traffic on a weekday, to ensure that all passenger flows along the route network are taken into account, and not only the periods of the greatest traffic intensity. The calculation of the parameters of the transport offer in the process of solving the problems of transportation design is carried out based on the results of the passenger correspondence distribution on the route network (PAP), which is a complex problem unsolved today. The article describes the developed PAP methodology based on a flexible passenger strategy that takes into account the waiting time for transport, the proximity of the route through an empirical model of dividing demand by the length of trips, the preferences of transport modes, the possible redistribution of passenger flows between the stopping points of the network located within a walking distance. Results. The tasks of designing public transport transportation have been formulated, a multi-criteria mathematical model of their solution has been developed. The method of distribution of passenger flows on the route network based on a flexible passenger strategy has been described. The effectiveness of the developed PAP methodology is shown on test calculations, which were carried out using passenger correspondence, an average weekday in October 2019, obtained by processing validations of e-tickets of urban passenger transport in Krasnoyarsk. Discussion and conclusion. The practical implementation of the described methodology for the distribution of passenger flows on the route network using relational database management systems (DBMS) MS SQL Server has been carried out.

In this article, the authors consider the main technical and operational indicators of cargo transportation on the example of KLAAS LLC. The features of unimodal, intermodal and multimodal delivery technologies are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages for specific conditions of cargo transportation are revealed. Purpose: is to analyze the features of various cargo delivery schemes, to justify the choice of a scheme for specific conditions of transportation. Method or methodology of the work: statistical analysis, synthesis were used in the article. Results: the factors influencing the choice of cargo transportation scheme are determined, the features of various schemes and the possibility of combining them in the process of transportation are analyzed, taking into account specific conditions. Scope of application of the results: research activity on the development of new approaches in the field of organization of transportation and transport services.

The purpose of this study was to optimize the distribution route of commercial rice for general logistics companies in Kendari City using the branch and bound method with the help of lingo software. This research was conducted at the Perum Bulog, Southeast Sulawesi Regional Office. Determination of the location of the research is done intentionally (purposive sampling) which considers that Perum Bulog in Kendari has regular customers, distributes its products, and requires optimization of route determination to optimize distribution costs. Variables in this study: (a) location and several customer requests; (b) Bulog's DC location and capacity; (c) the number and capacity of vehicles for the distribution of Bulog's commercial rice; and (d) the distance between Bulog's DC and customers and the distance between Bulog's commercial rice customers using Google Maps in the form of secondary data. Data analysis in research uses: (a) nearest neighbor method, done by starting from the Distribution Center Warehouse/DC Bulog Sultra as the starting point of distribution and then looking for customer points in Kendari City; (and (b) the branch and bound method assisted by the syntax script of the Lingo program. The study results show that the optimal route that can be used in the distribution of Bulog's commercial rice in Kendari City is from DC in Mandonga to all customers in various regions in Kendari City. Thenreturned to DC in Mandonga, where this route experienced a decrease in vehicle mileage from 424.83km to 349.59km. The branch and bound (BnB) method showed that it optimize distribution routes so that the distance traveled by vehicles on each route cluster is reduced.

Consistent and reliable information on passenger traffic is considered crucial for the efficient operation of the public transport (PT) network. The PT network is used to improve public services and thus attract more passengers. This study evaluated the passenger traffic in Odesa, Ukraine, due to the inefficient urban transport system. The main aim of this study was to make PT better by examining passenger distribution on traffic routes and specifying characteristics of PT travel influencing individual satisfaction. The metric-tabular method was used to collect data and examine the number of incoming and outgoing passengers at each bus stop. The results of the passenger and PT analysis provide valuable recommendations for optimizing future routes. It is beneficial for transport companies to implement such recommendations so that inefficient transport on the route can be reduced by either reforming the route network or choosing the optimal number of buses. According to the findings of this study, understanding PT services is the most important determinant of PT adoption. The main implications of the findings are of particular interest to policymakers who develop policies in the field of passenger transport and also to transport scientists and students.

In this article, a preliminary exploratory study is undertaken to cover a lesser researched topic in the tourism literature concerning the conceptualisation of heritage-based routes. A route of less-known heritage that crosses a territory with varied cultures is proposed. It is intended that the route contributes to the practice of creating itineraries for tourists. The route extends from Central Europe to the Iberian Peninsula and is related to historical and mythical legacies of Elisabeth of Hungary (1207-1231); Landgrave of Thuringia and; Isabel (Elisabeth), Princess of Aragon (1270?-1336) and Queen of Portugal. In this research, we opt for a qualitative approach, using both primary and secondary sources of data collection. Documentary sources, namely cultural-historical-mythical, field observation undertaken over several years and visual material collected. Results led to defining a common theme, as they share the miracle that earned them immortality – the miracle of the roses. Secondly, heritage elements were obtained and information on their history was collected to highlight specificities of the territories and identify the cultural path and points along the route.