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Within the biodiversity hotspot of the West Indies, Guadeloupe presents a remarkable plant biodiversity. The strong urbanization along its rivers leads to the alarming degradation of their banks through artificialization and proliferation of invasive alien species.Since 2015, the "PROTEGER" project, led by the Guadeloupe National Park and involving INRAE and the University of the West Indies, and funded by the European Union and the French Biodiversity Agency, has been promoting and developing the use of native species and copying natural models to restore riparian ecosystems using soil bioengineering techniques. The first phase of the project (2016-2018) characterized 12 types of Guadeloupe's riparian forests and identified 80 native species potentially suitable for riparian restoration. The second phase of the project (2019-2022) focused on the control of the multiplication of 26 of these species, and their use on bank protection and restoration sites. An experiment on cuttings was conducted on 21 native species (9 tree 4 shrub species; and 8 herbaceous species), another on the germination and growth of seedlings of 5 species of tree legumes. The first soil water bioengineering demonstration projects was implemented along a riverbank through a training course. The third phase to come aims to disseminate the knowledge to local stakeholders and the development of a local economic sector of nurseries and specialized companies.This project allows the improvement of scientific knowledge of Guadeloupean riparian environments and the development of innovative techniques for the restoration and protection of these environments using local plant species. This project associates managers and researchers in a global approach for the development of a sustainable sector of ecological engineering on the Guadeloupean territory.

Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a potentially important methane sink in lake sediments, but the biogeochemistry and microbial ecology of this process are understudied. Potential electron acceptors for AOM include Fe(III) and sulfate; however, it is not clear to which extent low sulfate concentrations constrain the coupling of AOM to sulfate reduction, nor if Fe(III) reduction drives AOM directly or via a cryptic sulfur cycle. We investigated AOM pathways in the sediment of iron-rich Danish Lake Ørn through anoxic sediment slurry incubations with additions of 13C-labeled methane as a substrate, sulfate and Fe(III) as potential electron acceptors, and molybdate as an inhibitor of sulfate reduction. The experiments demonstrated the co-occurrence of sulfate- and iron-dependent modes of AOM, with the former supported by recycling of sulfate coupled to iron reduction. Quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated the abundance of archaea of the ANME-2d clade (Ca. Methanoperedenaceae) as likely drivers of AOM. Our study demonstrates that sulfate-dependent AOM can consume methane at sulfate concentrations typical for freshwater systems and emphasizes the importance of sulfur and iron cycling in the regulation of methane emission from freshwater sediments.

The speech therapy of nasality disorders can benefit from real-time analysis tools of the patient's speech production, provided that the resonance and antiresonance formants specific to nasality are properly identified. We propose in this article an analysis of the frequency content of the oppositions of oral and nasal vowels by trying to highlight the distinctive features in terms of the frequency variation of the formants and their respective energy. We study men, women and children separately. Statistical analysis highlight the most distincive formants, which we compare with some results from the scientific literature. The outlines of a specific tool to conduct speech therapy of oral/nasal oppositions are given.; La prise en charge orthophonique des troubles de la nasalité peut bénéficier d'outils d'analyse temps réel de la production de la parole du patient, à condition de bien identifier les zones de résonance et d'antirésonance propre à la nasalité. Nous proposons dans cet article une analyse du contenu fréquentiel des oppositions de voyelles orales et nasales en tentant de mettre en évidence les traits les distinctifs en termes de variation de fréquence des formants et de leur énergie respective. Nous étudions séparément dans cette étude les hommes, femmes et enfants. Les études statistiques permettent d'évaluer le pouvoir séparateur de certains formants en particulier, que nous mettons en parallèle avec quelques résultats issus de la littérature scientifique. Les contours d'un outil spécifique d'aide à la rééducation des oppositions orales/nasales sont donnés.

International audience

International audience; In neotropical area, soil bioengineering techniques, using vegetation to protect embankments from the problems associated with erosion, are currently developing. They remain to be adapted in the Caribbean islands where the lack of knowledge on native species constrain their implementation. Among species presenting a high potential for soil bioengineering, legumes trees appear particularly relevant. Indeed, various species are used in tropical restoration programs because of their ability to improve soil quality and their ecological tolerance. Thus, legume trees appear particularly interesting in a soil bioengineering context where designs are often implemented in poor and degraded soils. Among the Caribbean Island hotspot, Guadeloupe shows a remarkable biodiversity and 40 native legume tree species are harbored in 34 types of ecosystems. In the context of global change and the erosion of biodiversity, conserving and restoring degraded ecosystems, particularly those under anthropogenic pressure such as riparian areas, must become a priority. Soil bioengineering techniques can be efficient tools to reestablish successional trajectories. The breadth of indigenous legumes tree species richness carries the promise of finding suitable species for the development of such techniques in Guadeloupe.In order to provide tools for the use of legumes tree in soil bioengineering in the Caribbean, germination, growth, morphological traits and traces of herbivory were assessed during the first stage of development. Five native legumes trees species (Inga ingoides, Inga laurina, Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus, Lonchocarpus roseus, Pterocarpus officinalis) adapted to riverine environments of different ecosystems (Swamp forest, Seasonal evergreen forest, Rainforest) were selected. Thirty seeds per species were sown in nursery. Germination rate, herbivory injuries, survival, growth, root traits, shoot and root biomass were measured on 3-month-old seedlings. A Principal Component Analysis and Kruskal-Walis tests were conducted to test interspecific differences.All the species have shown high germination and survival rate but distinct performance and traits were observed. Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus appeared to be the most sensitive species to herbivory and also shown the lower growth rate with the less developed root system. L. roseus, a critical endangered species, invested in its aerial parts more than in its root system. Inga ingoides and Inga laurina have shown a fast growth rate and a fast root development. Pterocarpus officinalis had the highest growth rate with a fastest development of its root system.The selected legume tree species presented characteristics compatible with a use in soil bioengineering in Guadeloupe and in the Caribbean at large.

Neurodegenerative disorders, caused by prone-to-aggregation proteins, such as Alzheimer disease or Huntington disease, share other traits such as disrupted homeostasis of essential metal ions, like copper. In this context, in an attempt to identify Cu

International audience; To respond to societal needs on erosion risk prevention and to guarantee the safety of human investments, local authorities must carry out works to protect the banks of watercourses and the slopes of gullies. These constructions are usually made of civil engineering mostly pure or concrete riprap. These techniques have a strong negative impact on riparian ecosystems. Soil bioengineering represents a softer and environmentally friendly option. In the Caribbean islands biodiversity hotspot, the natural flora of riverine network system has hardly been studied and native species are still poorly used in soil bioengineering. The lack of knowledge of the structure of riparian flora and the need for their restoration in Guadeloupe led to the emergence of the “Proteger” project in 2015 to develop and promote soil bioengineering techniques on riverbank of this territory and around. The first phase of this project (2016-2018) aimed to describe the riparian plant assemblages, and to identify the most suitable local species to maintain riverbanks. The second phase of the project (2019-2022) consists in controlling the multiplication of these species. We conducted a first ex situ experiment aiming to evaluate the vegetative propagation potential of cuttings from thirty-two native species. Experimental conditions were compatibles with soil bioengineering works settlement. Our results indicate that among the selected species, propagation of three trees, four shrubs and three herbs species can be controlled in low tech conditions, allowing the development of soil bioengineering techniques in Guadeloupe and in the Caribbean.

Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux caractéristiques fréquentielles des oppositions de voyelles orales et nasales telles que /o-on/, /a-an/ et /è-in/. Nous proposons une approche basée sur l'analyse spectrale, le calcul du spectre moyen, puis l'analyse statistique sur 3 groupes de cas distincts, hommes, femmes et enfants. Après avoir rappelé les notions de résonance et d'antirésonance, nous construisons un corpus de parole normale basé sur des voyelles isolées, voyelles extraites de mots très simples ou logatomes, ainsi que des oppositions extraites de phrases spécifiques, avec un risque d'erreur de segmentation et de contamination limité. Par le biais d'analyses statistiques, nous mettons en évidence certaines caractéristiques fréquentielles spécifiques des oppositions orales/nasales, permettant d'entrevoir la mise au point d'un outil temps réel de rééducation des confusions orales/nasales en contexte de clinique orthophonique. Nous analysons enfin 4 cas de parole normale et altérée provenant de la clinique, en se focalisant sur l'analyse des oppositions et de possibles imprécisions.

International audience; Erosion and landslides are frequent disasters in the Caribbean. The stabilisation of watercourses banks and the slopes of gullies are necessary to prevent erosion. Soil bioengineering offers more environmentally respectful solutions than traditional civil-engineering techniques in order to prevent soil erosion. Soil bioengineering includes vegetation as a building material. These techniques are not very widespread in the Caribbean and therefore basic research is necessary. Vegetative propagation is a low-cost, fast and effective way to obtain plant material. The development of soil bioengineering techniques also involves controlling species vegetative propagation. Appropriate species identification was conducted through literature review on the rooting ability of plant cuttings involving 31 Caribbean native herbaceous, shrubs and tree species adapted to riparian conditions. An ex situ study was carried out to evaluate the vegetative propagation potential of cuttings in the context of soil bioengineering development. Our results indicated that some native Caribbean species could be easily propagated through cuttings. Among the selected species; three trees, five shrubs and three herbaceous species were found to be easily adapted to the controlled propagation in low-tech conditions. It is consistent and suitable with soil bioengineering techniques in the Caribbean.

Even in his own time, Philippe de La Hire (1640–1718) was known as a prolific and accomplished mathematician and scientist with an insatiable curiosity. A member of the Académie des sciences (since 1678) and professor at the Collège Royal (since 1682), in 1687 he became the second professor (after François Blondel) at the Académie royale d’architecture, even though he never built anything. In this academy, he was very active and presented several contributions on the architectural orders, shared his own translation of Scamozzi’s L’idea della architettura universale, and held several courses for the future architects of the king on geometry, optics, stereotomy and architecture. He presented his course on architecture three times (1698-1699, 1705-1706, 1714-1715); it is preserved in three manuscript versions (in Paris, London, and Einsiedeln), covers construction, hydraulics, orders, interior distribution, etc., and can be considered the first general manual on architecture in France. La Hire developed his own propositions on construction. He commented on theoretical texts, studied buildings from antiquity and of his own time, and always and more than other theoreticians, gave great importance to arithmetic and geometry., Opus Incertum, Vol. 6 (2020)

In the actual context of global change and biodiversity depletion, soil bioengineering represents an important tool for riparian ecosystem restoration and species conservation. Various techniques have already been implemented, but their adaptation still must be carried out in Caribbean Islands biodiversity hotspots, where suitable species remains unknown. Nitrogen-fixing legumes are particularly relevant for ecological restoration and the diversity of native Caribbean legume trees is promising in the search for suitable species for soil bioengineering. We hypothesized that Caribbean legume tree species present a growth performance and set of biotechnical traits compatible with their use in soil bioengineering. We selected five native legume trees, adapted to riparian environments, in different ecosystems (swamp forest, evergreen seasonal forest, rainforest) based on their ecology, resistance to disturbance and seed production characteristics. We measured root traits relevant for soil bioengineering on nursery grown 3-month-old seedlings. Despite their differences in sensitivity to herbivory and in growth strategies, the selected species have a high potential for use in soil bioengineering, with high seed production, high germination rates—from 88 to 100%—, and 100% survival rates, and are therefore compatible with large scale plant material production. We provided practical guidance tools for their integration into soil bioengineering techniques.

International audience

International audience; Après un numéro inaugural (Varia), ce premier opus des Publications en ligne du GHAMU. Annales du Centre Ledoux (Nouvelle série) rassemble une partie des communications des tables-rondes sur le « Métier de l’architecte au XVIIIe siècle », tenues à l’Université de Paris Nanterre les 24 février, 17 mars et 28 avril 2017. Ces rencontres, organisées par Emmanuel Château-Dutier (Université de Montréal), Dominique Massounie (Université de Paris Nanterre, HAR), Marie-Luce Pujalte-Fraysse (Université de Poitiers, CRIHAM) et Yvon Plouzennec (Sorbonne Université & Université de Poitiers), ont donné lieu à de riches échanges et ont permis d’aborder divers sujets liés à la vie et à la profession des architectes au siècle des Lumières.

International audience; Post-release mortality and movements are top proximate factors of translocation failure. Yet, survival and movement reflect different demographic and behavioral processes and may therefore have contrasted responses to management, although they are often very difficult to disentangle in animal populations. To provide guidance in animal translocations, we discriminated the respective roles of survival and movement in the long-term dynamic of a translocated metapopulation of cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in France using multi-event capture-recapture analyses of reintroduced (n=119) and wild-born individuals (n=163) observations. Annual apparent survival rates were high and structured in age (>0.8 for young and >0.9 for adults) and did not differ between individuals origin (wild-born or released), release methods (aviary or hacking) nor between regions (Alps and Causses), except for those released in the Alps experiencing a reduced survival for one year after release. In contrast, age structure movements differed between populations and origin status. Wild-born young from the Causses were more erratic than those from the Alps and older individuals, whereas vultures reintroduced in the Causses demonstrated restricted movements during their first year after release. Despite such asymmetric movements, we overall highlight a strong tropism of individuals whatever the region and their origin. Since movement and survival were respectively higher and lower in young compared to adults, we recommend to first release adults in the primary stage of metapopulation translocations for increasing the establishment success at the release site. Further releasing young and securing successful breeding into the wild would increase demographic growth and between population connections.