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Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a highly challenging worldwide epidemic affecting the health of millions of people. This study investigates the impact of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and duration of diabetes on cognitive functions in type 2 diabetic patients and evaluates whether high HbA1c or duration is more harmful to impair cognitive functions., Patients and Methods: In this study, 202 participants, 101 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and 101 age, gender, height, and weight-matched controlled subjects were enlisted. The HbA1c was determined using a clover analyzer, and cognitive functions were evaluated using "Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB)., Results: The results revealed that AST Mean correct latency, AST Mean correct latency (congruent), AST Mean correct latency (incongruent), CRT Mean correct latency, MOT Mean latency, SWM Between errors, SWM Strategy, PRM Percent correct responses were meaningly delayed in the diabetic group as compared to the control group (p < 0.0001)., Conclusions: High HbA1c or uncontrolled DM and duration of diabetes cause cognitive function impairment. Moreover, the cognitive functions declined were significantly linked with the duration of the disease and high HbA1c. While treating diabetic patients, physicians must monitor the HbA1c level as reasonable glycemic control is vital to curtail the complications of DM, including cognitive function impairment.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the association of "ABO" and "Rhesus" blood groups with incidence of breast cancer., Methods: In this study, we identified 70 research documents from data based search engines including "PubMed", "ISI-Web of Knowledge", "Embase" and "Google Scholar". The research papers were selected by using the primary key-terms including "ABO blood type", "Rhesus" blood type and "breast cancer". The research documents in which "ABO" and "Rhesus" blood types and breast cancer was debated were included. After screening, we reviewed 32 papers and finally we selected 25 research papers which met the inclusion criteria and remaining documents were excluded., Results: Blood group "A" has high incidence of breast cancer (45.88%), blood group "O" has (31.69%); "B" (16.16%) and blood group "AB" has (6.27%) incidence of breast cancer. Blood group "A" has highest and blood group "AB" has least association with breast cancer. Furthermore, "Rhesus +ve" blood group has high incidence of breast cancer (88.31%) and "Rhesus -ve" blood group has least association with breast cancer (11.68%)., Conclusion: Blood group "A" and "Rhesus +ve" have high risk of breast cancer, while blood type "AB" and "Rhesus -ve" are at low peril of breast cancer. Physicians should carefully monitor the females with blood group "A" and "Rh +ve" as these females are more prone to develop breast cancer. To reduce breast cancer incidence and its burden, preventive and screening programs for breast cancer especially in young women are highly recommended.

Objective: The phenotypic "ABO" blood groups are inherited antigenic substances which are found on the surface of red blood cells in addition to other tissues. Certain hypothesis advocates that genetic predisposition like "ABO" blood group would be associated with occurrence of diseases including type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between "ABO" and "Rhesus" blood groups with type 2 diabetes., Materials and Methods: We identified 47 research documents in a data based search including ISI-Web of Science, EMBASE and PubMed. Literature was explored using the key terms including "ABO blood groups" "type 2 diabetes". Studies in which "ABO" blood types and diabetes mellitus were discussed included without restrictions of research documents, types, status and language of the publications. Finally, 15 publications which matched our criteria were included, and remaining studies were excluded., Results: Blood group "B" was associated with high incidence of type 2 diabetes and blood group "O" has a minimum association with type 2 diabetes. Blood group "A" and "AB" were almost equally distributed in both diabetic and non-diabetic population. However, we were unable to find an association between "Rh+ve" and "Rh-ve" blood groups with type 2 diabetes., Conclusions: Subjects with blood group "B" are at high risk while individuals with blood group "O" are at low peril of evolving type 2 diabetes. It is suggested that subjects with blood group "B" should be closely monitored by physicians as these subjects have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Air pollution is a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the evidence is limited and diverse. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of environmental air pollution on incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus., Methods: In this study, we identified 102 published studies through a systematic data base search including ISI-Web of Science, EMBASE and PubMed. We searched the related literature by using the key terms including diabetes mellitus, air pollution, occupational and environmental pollution, gaseous, NO2, particulate matter pollutants PM2.5, and PM10. Studies in which diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, air pollution, occupational and environmental pollution was discussed were included in the study. No confines on publication status, study design or language of publication were considered. Descriptive and quantitative information were extracted from the selected literature. Finally we included 21 publications and remaining studies were excluded., Results: Air pollution is a leading cause of insulin resistance and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The association between air pollution and diabetes is stronger for traffic associated pollutants, gaseous, nitrogen dioxide, tobacco smoke and particulate matter., Conclusions: Exposure to air pollutants is significantly associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is suggested that, environmental protection officials must take high priority steps to minimize the air pollution, hence to decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To determine the role of apoptosis inhibition in the prevention of diabetic neuropathy using the antiFas cell surface death receptor (Fas) antagonistic monoclonal antibody ZB4., Methods: This prospective study enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes with and without neuropathy and a group of healthy controls. The serum concentrations of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) were measured in all study participants using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The ability of serum from study participants to induce apoptosis was evaluated in a human neuronal cell line using flow cytometry., Results: A total of 28 healthy subjects and 57 patients with diabetes were enrolled in the study. Serum Fas concentrations were significantly increased in diabetes patients with and without neuropathy compared with the controls. Cells treated with the serum from diabetes patients with neuropathy had significantly higher rates of early apoptosis compared with cells treated with control serum. Monoclonal antibody ZB4 was able to block serum-induced apoptosis., Conclusions: Serum-induced apoptosis of a human neuronal cell line appeared to be mediated via Fas, which suggests that targeting and inhibiting Fas might offer a therapeutic target for diabetic neuropathy., (© The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.)

Objective: To determine the distribution of clinical symptoms based on the gender and age of patients with Carpel Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)., Study Design: A cross-sectional observational study., Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from April 2009 to June 2011., Methodology: Two hundred and twenty seven subjects with carpal tunnel syndrome symptom were recruited. CTS was diagnosed based on the clinical history and examination. For further confirmation of CTS symptoms, nerve conduction studies (NCS) were conducted., Results: There were 67 (29.5%) males and 160 (70.5%) females with mean age of 47.79 ± 5.53 years. Distributions of symptoms were 34.3% at the level of whole three lateral fingers, 14.9% were at the level of hand and forearm, was common in males compared to females. However, 48.8% symptoms at the level of whole hand, and 11.3% at the tips of the three lateral fingers were common in females compared to males. Distribution of symptoms in the whole three lateral fingers (41.6%) were significantly higher (p = 0.0001) in patients who were more than 50 years of age and symptoms at the level of wrist region (12.7%) were significantly higher (p = 0.001) in patients with age group less than 50 years., Conclusion: The distribution of CTS symptoms at the level of whole of three lateral fingers, hand and forearm were higher in males compared to females, and symptoms at the lateral three tips of the fingers and whole hand were common in females compared to males. Furthermore, the symptoms in whole three lateral fingers were higher in patients with more than 50 years of age and at the level of wrist region were higher in patients with age less than 50 years.