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International audience; L’inventaire national du patrimoine géologique (INPG) a été lancé en France en 2007 et a pour objectif de recenser « les richesses géologiques, minéralogiques et paléontologiques ». Une originalité de l’inventaire français comparé à ceux d’autres pays est qu’il a été prévu dès l’origine d’y inclure le patrimoine géologique ex situ, c’est-à-dire, les objets du patrimoine géologique qui sont conservés en dehors de leur contexte naturel. Cela peut concerner des collections publiques ou privées, des musées et autres structures de conservation. De même, dans chaque site in situ de l’inventaire, il est possible de renseigner les collections nationales où l’on peut trouver du matériel relatif aux sites inventoriés.Ce type d’approche est rare, voire inédit, dans les autres inventaires du patrimoine naturel puisque ces derniers sont dédiés à la connaissance, la gestion ou la protection de la nature vivante. Pour les objets géologiques in situ, le recensement du patrimoine conservé en collection, des musées et lieux de diffusion de la culture scientifique géologique est pertinent dans la mesure où les sites s’ils sont détruits, inaccessibles ou épuisés de leurs ressources (minéraux, fossiles, roches) sont perdus à jamais. L’INPG compte actuellement 3500 sites validés sur tout le territoire métropolitain et ultra marin. Les fiches des sites naturels renseignent de manière très inégale et hétérogène les collections liées au site, les collections paléontologiques étant majoritairement celles qui sont mentionnées. Au total, 65 fiches concernent des collections et Musées et près de 90 autres sites sont en cours de rédaction. La région Auvergne Rhône-Alpes a récemment engagé un travail d’inventaire de ses sites muséographiques et a stimulé une réflexion autour de la méthodologie pour ces sites spécifiques. L’objectif de cette présentation sera de montrer par quelques exemples l’état des lieux des liens qui sont fait entre collections et sites de l’inventaire et de présenter, les types de musées qui sont inventoriés ainsi que l’approche choisie par les auteurs de l’inventaire. Pour finir, nous discuterons des limites de l’inventaire liées au format de l’INPG.

Cephalopod beaks provide critical information in understanding cephalopod biology, their ecology and their role in marine ecosystems. Although mandible shape has been shown to be adaptive in many vertebrate taxa, coleoid beak shape and its possible relationships with trophic ecology and habitat use has never been investigated. This is partly due to the consensus that the diet of coleoids is not diversified enough for the beaks to reflect dietary adaptations. More recently, studies have proposed that the beaks of paralarvae of octopods, argonauts, and some squid show features that may facilitate prey ingestion, and that the diet varies during the life cycle, ranging from detritivory in paralarvae to carnivory in adults in some ommastrephid species. This suggests that the debate on the possible adaptive signal in cephalopod beaks should be revisited. Here, we investigated whether variation in cephalopod beak shape reflects ecology and/or, is driven by phylogenetic relatedness. We imaged 101 lower and 108 upper beaks in 3D belonging to 75 species of octopods and squids. Morphometric analysis shows that there is a significant but only moderate phylogenetic signal. Comparative, phylogenetically informed, analyses demonstrate that beak shape is also driven by ecology. We detected significant differences in beak shape between species inhabiting different habitats (pelagic, benthic, or demersal) and of different trophic levels. These results provide new insights into the drivers of beak shape diversity in coleoids and suggest that beak shape has evolved adaptively in relation to diet and habitat use.

International audience

The National Inventory of Geological Heritage (INPG) is a fifteen year old French program. It is included in the National Inventory of Natural Heritage (INPN) which aims to record the ecological, faunistic, floristic, geological, mineralogical and paleontological resources. Established by law, the Ministry of Ecological Transition has committed itself to carrying out and financing this inventory. It serves as a resource for the implementation of public policy. For geological heritage, the objective is not only to record geological sites of scientific, educational or historical value, but also to promote and protect them. Data concerning UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGps) and other place-based designations are also included. For these purposes, an elementary prerequisite was that the inventory should be available in open access (https://inpn.mnhn.fr/accueil/recherche-de-donnees/inpg). Public authorities in charge of land use planning can, for example, be aware of sites of geological interest and consider them in local urban planning. The public authorities also rely in part on this inventory to improve policies for the protection of geological sites. For instance, a new tool for the protection of geological heritage called the Prefectural Decree of the Protection of the Geotope (APPG) was recently created in France. It allows to protect a site relatively quickly by preventing “the destruction, alteration or degradation of sites of geological interest, such as natural or artificial underground caves, and against the collection, destruction or degradation of fossils, minerals or concretions located in those sites”.Currently, a major issue in France is the renewal of the national protected areas policy for the period 2020-2030. This aims to cover at least 30% of the land territory under jurisdiction or sovereignty as protected areas and a further 10% with high-level protection. The national protected areas strategy emphasizes the reinforcement and extension of the existing network of protected areas, the qualitative management issues common to all types of protected areas as well as the mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The INPN contributes this process by providing information about the sites considered for inclusion in the strategy.UNESCO Global Geoparks are not considered protected areas in this national strategy, whereas other UNESCO labels are, such as Biosphere Reserves. France counts seven UGGp’s covering 11 600 km2. They are good examples of national geodiversity and geological heritage in France. They contribute to local economic development and to scientific dissemination and are useful not only for the popularization the links between Man and the Earth but also for raising awareness around current issues faced by society. Therefore, the question of whether UGGp’s should be considered as protected areas in public policies is a subject that deserves to be debated.The aim of this presentation is firstly to show a coupled analysis of the INPG data and the seven geoparks sites to show the heritage value of these sites and to describe the levels of protection that already exist on these sites. Then, drawing from experience, the presentation questions to what extent exclusion from the national strategy impacts UGGps and their technical and practical ability to meaningfully contribute to national conservation policies. Such approach can shed light on the importance of these sites and could in the future open a debate on the usefulness of integrating these sites in public nature protection policies.

International audience

International audience

International audience

H. luzonensis est une espèce ayant vécu il y a 50 à 67 ka BP dans le Nord des Philippines, à l’Est de la ligne de Wallace. Potentiellement isolée sur l’île pendant plusieurs centaines de milliers d’années, elle présente à la fois des caractères archaïques (i.e. présents chez les australopithèques) et dérivés (i.e. présents chez les représentants du genre Homo du Pléistocène supérieur). Ses caractères archaïques peuvent résulter soit d’une proche parenté avec des australopithèques ou des premi...

National audience

International audience; In 2002 France established in law a "Natural Heritage Inventory" covering its entire territory, and defined as "an inventory of ecological, fauna, flora, geological, mineralogical and paleontological resources". For the first time geology, or "geological sciences", are clearly mentioned and are fully part of the Environmental Code. The State has committed itself to making an inventory, which was officially launched in 2007. It aims to identify all of the sites and objects of geological interest (in situ and ex situ) in French metropolitan and overseas territories, collecting and archiving their characteristics, prioritising and validating sites of heritage value, and assessing their vulnerability and their need for protection using quantitative methods (e.g. de Wever et al 2006, Brilha 2016). The use of the inventory was also intended to be as broad as possible, ranging in scope from public environmental protection policies to the dissemination of geological knowledge to a large audience.All of the parties involved in the construction of the geoheritage inventory have chosen to carry out a systematic inventory rather than using the "frameworks" approach (Wimbledon et al., 1995, de Wever et al., 2006). To register a geological site in this inventory and to allow its official dissemination, two steps are required: 1) each region proposes a comprehensive list which is worked out by local partners specializing in geological science. 2) Then each geological site identification is validated at the regional level, and then by the National Museum of Natural History at a national level (Fig. 1, De Wever et al. 2015). More than 3 000 geosites are inventoried at the national level to date and around 2000 of these are available on the website of the INPN (National Inventory of Natural Heritage, https://inpn.mnhn.fr/accueil/index). More than 4000 geosites are expected to exist by the end of the year. The ministry in charge of the environment continues to support this program and promote its use by professionals (civil engineers, universities, etc.) as well as by the public for environmental knowledge. As the Inventory of Natural Areas of Ecological Fauna and Flora Interest (ZNIEFF), the National Geoheritage Inventory (INPG) is permanent and should become a major tool to improve national nature protection policy. A new legal tool has already been created: The Prefectural Decree of the Protection of the Geotope, in 2015 (Auberger et al., 2018). In this context, the national geoheritage inventory helps to designate candidate sites with regard to their need for protection and their geoheritage interest. In this presentation we will use examples to explain how the inventory is built and how it could be used to improve the level of protection of national geoheritage.

International audience

International audience

International audience; • Technical advances in 3D imaging have contributed to quantifying and understanding biological variability and complexity. However, small, dry-sensitive objects are not easy to reconstruct using common and easily available techniques such as photogrammetry, surface scanning, or micro-CT scanning. Here, we use cephalopod beaks as an example as their size, thickness, transparency, and dry-sensitive nature make them particularly challenging. We developed a new, underwater, photogrammetry protocol in order to add these types of biological structures to the panel of photogrammetric possibilities. • We used a camera with a macrophotography mode in a waterproof housing fixed in a tank with clear water. The beak was painted and fixed on a colored rotating support. Three angles of view, two acquisitions, and around 300 pictures per specimen were taken in order to reconstruct a full 3D model. These models were compared with others obtained with micro-CT scanning to verify their accuracy.• The models can be obtained quickly and cheaply compared with micro-CT scanning and have sufficient precision for quantitative interspecific morphological analyses. Our work shows that underwater photogrammetry is a fast, noninvasive, efficient, and accurate way to reconstruct 3D models of dry-sensitive objects while conserving their shape. While the reconstruction of the shape is accurate, some internal parts cannot be reconstructed with photogrammetry as they are not visible. In contrast, these structures are visible using reconstructions based on micro-CT scanning. The mean difference between both methods is very small (10−5 to 10−4 mm) and is significantly lower than differences between meshes of different individuals.• This photogrammetry protocol is portable, easy-to- use, fast, and reproducible. Micro-CT scanning, in contrast, is time-consuming, expensive, and nonportable. This protocol can be applied to reconstruct the 3D shape of many other dry-sensitive objects such as shells of shellfish, cartilage, plants, and other chitinous materials.

Homo luzonensis is a species that lived until at least 50,000 to 67,000 years ago in northern Philippines, East of the Wallace line [1]. Likely to have been isolated on Luzon Island for tens to hundreds of thousands of years, they show both archaic features (i.e., occurring in the australopiths) and derived characters (i.e., occurring in the upper Pleistocene Homo species). Their archaic features could result either from a close phylogenetic relationship with the Australopithecines or the early members of the genus Homo. It may also result from the effects of island evolution that favored reversals (i.e., return to primitive characters), correlated with a close phylogenetic relationship with a more derived hominin species (e.g., Asian Homo erectus). To test these two main hypotheses, we carried out a cladistic analysis based on the dental(premolars and molars) and postcranial (hand and foot bones) remains of adult H. luzonensis and most of the modern and fossil species recognized in the family Hominidae. The matrix used for this analysis contains characters frequently found in paleoanthropological studies, such as frequency-defined ASUDAS characters [2], and new characters we created to describe hand and foot remains. The various trees obtained indicate that both hypotheses are possible. The phylogenetic hypotheses where H. luzonensis is derived from H. erectus are supported by higher retention index and average group support after symmetric resampling. However, those where H. luzonensis is basal to the whole Homo genus are obtained using implied weighting [3], a method whose relevance is discussed when island taxa are analyzed. Moreover,H. luzonensis probably had reduced body dimensions and adaptations of his locomotor repertoire which have parallels in other insular mammals [4]. Besides, the tropical forest environment present on Luzon Island [5] could have favored the selection of such features. Combining our results with the state of the art concerning the hominin fossil record in Asia, island evolution and the environmental context of H. luzonensis, we conclude that H. luzonensis most probably results from an insular evolution with an Asian H. erectus ancestor.